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The complete sequence and comparative analysis of ape sex chromosomes

Apes possess two sex chromosomes—the male-specific Y chromosome and the X chromosome, which is present in both males and females. The Y chromosome is crucial for male reproduction, with deletions being linked to infertility1. The X chromosome is vital for reproduction and cognition2. Variation in mating patterns and brain function among apes suggests corresponding differences in their sex chromosomes. However, owing to their repetitive nature and incomplete reference assemblies, ape sex chromosomes have been challenging to study. Here, using the methodology developed for the telomere-to-telomere (T2T) human genome, we produced gapless assemblies of the X and Y chromosomes for five great apes (bonobo (Pan paniscus), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) and Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii)) and a lesser ape (the siamang gibbon (Symphalangus syndactylus)), and untangled the intricacies of their ....

United States , Wilson Sayres , Iturralde Martinez , Hylobates Symphalangus , Mc Cartney , Mpa Assembly , Repbase Update , Cell Genet , Integrative Genomics , Cancer Res , Improved Pairwise Alignment , Penn State , Acids Res , Annotation Toolkit , Cell Biol , Kosakovsky Pond , Genome Analysis Toolkit ,

Frontiers | Characterizing the Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Variants at a Single Pediatric Center

Since March 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has plagued the world with COVID-19 and individuals of all ages have experienced varying symptoms of disease. Older adults were experiencing more severe disease compared to children and were prioritized by vaccination efforts. While biologic therapies and vaccinations were implemented, there were changes in public health restrictions with subsequent surges resulting in more infected children. During these surges there was a rise of different SARS-CoV-2 variants with the dominant variant initially alpha (B.1.1.7 and other Pango lineages) and epsilon (B.1.427/B.1.429) in early 2021 and a dramatic shift to delta (B.1.617.2 and other Pango lineages) by mid-summer 2021. In this study we aimed to characterize the clinical severity and host factors associated with disease by SARS-CoV-2 variant and evaluate if there are differences in disease severity by circulating variant. We retrospectively included all individuals 0-25 years of age who presented to our center a ....

United States , United Kingdom , Stanford University , San Francisco Bay , South Africa , Los Angeles County , San Francisco , Santa Clara , Shapiro Wilk , Clin Microbiol , Clin Virol , Response Team , Your Health , Laboratory Methods , World Health Organization , Stanford University Institutional Review Board , Drug Administration , Stanford Healthcare At University , Stanford Children Health , Stanford Clinical Virology Laboratory , Institute Inc , Northern California Epsilon , Western United , Stanford Children , Stanford Healthcare , Emergency Room ,