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A Z-RNA nanoswitch encoded by


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IMAGE: The front ribbon of the Z-RNA Double-Helix points upwards to the left. In A-RNA and in Watson-Crick B-DNA the foremost ribbon points upwards to the right. Left handed Z-RNA.
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Credit: Alan Herbert
In a paper published in the May 13th, 2021 issue of
PLOS Genetics, a Z-RNA nanoswitch that regulates interferon immune responses is described. The switch, less than 5 nanometer in length, is based on sequences, called flipons, that change outcomes by altering their three dimensional conformation. The Z-RNA nanoswitch flips from the shorter right-handed A-RNA helix ( on ) to the longer left-handed Z-RNA helix ( off ). The flip ends immune responses against self RNAs, but not against viruses. Surprisingly, the Z-RNA nanoswitch sequence is encoded by junk DNA . The Z-RNA nanoswitch is used by some cancers to silence anti-tumor immune responses. In other cases, a malfunction of the Z-RNA nanoswitch causes inflammatory disease. ....

Alan Herbert , Framingham Heart , Biomechanics Biophysics , Cell Biology , Molecular Biology , Immunology Allergies Asthma , Infectious Emerging Diseases , Nanotechnology Micromachines , ஆலன் ஹெர்பர்ட் , ஃப்ரேமிங்ஹாம் இதயம் ,

Highlights of the 4th African Space Generation Workshop


Highlights of the 4th African Space Generation Workshop
Highlights of the 4th African Space Generation Workshop
The 4th AF-SGW was themed, A United Africa for Space Innovation: A Step Towards Our Common Future . It was a hybrid event: attendees who couldn t travel to Ghana to attend in-person joined virtually.
In collaboration with its sponsors and partners, the Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC) held the 4th African Space Generation Workshop (AF-SGW) on February 25–26, 2021, at the GIMPA Conference Hall Accra, Ghana.
The 4th AF-SGW ought to have held in November 2020, but it was postponed due to the coronavirus pandemic. Hence, a call for a hosting city has been put out for the 5th AF-SGW. The call is open to SGAC members in the African region. But countries that have hosted a major SGAC regional event in the past three years cannot bid again. These include Ethiopia, Ghana, Mauritius, and Nigeria. ....

United States , Greater Accra , Nzeussi Mbouendeu , Miguel Bello , Agnes Kobusinge , Raina Toukebri , Yeshurun Alemayehu , Valanathan Munsami , Melvin Hoare , Dewald Llyod , Francis Dubem Chiaza , Aderonke Obafaye , Luciano Geisso , Mohamed El Quosi , Vangiliya Pereira , Peter Martinez , Allen Herbert , Mahama Ouedraogo , Ricardo Conde , Timiebi Aganaba Jeanty , Thomas Reemer , Samuel Dampare , International Space University , Atlantic International Research Centre , National Space Research , Egyptian Space Agency ,