The British were alarmed by the growing popularity and strength of Birsa Munda and his followers. They deployed a large army to crush the rebellion, which came to be known as the Ulgulan (Great Tumult) or the Munda Rebellion.
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The 19th century rebellion actually began as a movement against exploitation by Indian 'upper' caste zamindars, moneylenders, merchants and police officials who had come to dominate the economic sphere of Santhal life.