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DNA metabarcoding reveals trophic niche diversity of micro and mesozooplankton species | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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Ongoing diphtheria outbreak in Yemen: a cross-sectional and genomic epidemiology study
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Abstract
Organ development in plants predominantly occurs postembryonically through combinatorial activity of meristems; therefore, meristem and organ fate are intimately connected. Inflorescence morphogenesis in grasses (Poaceae) is complex and relies on a specialized floral meristem, called spikelet meristem, that gives rise to all other floral organs and ultimately the grain. The fate of the spikelet determines reproductive success and contributes toward yield-related traits in cereal crops. Here, we examined the transcriptional landscapes of floral meristems in the temperate crop barley (
Hordeum vulgare L.) using RNA-seq of laser capture microdissected tissues from immature, developing floral structures. Our unbiased, high-resolution approach revealed fundamental regulatory networks, previously unknown pathways, and key regulators of barley floral fate and will equally be indispensable for comparative transcriptional studies of grass meristems.
Patterns and bottlenecks
A year into the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic, we are experiencing waves of new variants emerging. Some of these variants have worrying functional implications, such as increased transmissibility or antibody treatment escape. Lythgoe
et al. have undertaken in-depth sequencing of more than 1000 hospital patients isolates to find out how the virus is mutating within individuals. Overall, there seem to be consistent and reproducible patterns of within-host virus diversity. The authors observed only one or two variants in most samples, but a few carried many variants. Although the evidence indicates strong purifying selection, including in the spike protein responsible for viral entry, the authors also saw evidence for transmission clusters associated with households and other possible superspreader events. After transmission, most variants fizzled out, but occasionally some initiated ongoing transmission and wider dissemination.
GISAID data can help scientists build visualizations such as this one of the coronavirus genome.
PHOTO: MARTIN KRZYWINSKI/SCIENCE SOURCE
In December 2020, software developer Angie Hinrichs at the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC), applied for access to a labor-saving data feed from GISAID, a nonprofit database of viral sequences including those of the pandemic coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. She wanted GISAID s data so she could display mutations on UCSC s coronavirus Genome Browser. That tool ties any position in the virus nearly 30,000-letter genome to other scientific information, much as Google Maps shows gas stations and restaurants near addresses.
With more than 700,000 genomes from more than 160 countries, GISAID is by far the world s largest database of SARS-CoV-2 sequences. Access to the free, nonprofit repository has become vital to Hinrichs and thousands of other scientists and public health agencies tracking the virus alarmingly rapid evolution.
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