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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibits variable immunity responses among hosts based on symptom severity. Whether immunity in recovered individuals is effective for avoiding reinfection is poorly understood. Determination of immune memory status against SARS-CoV-2 helps identify reinfection risk and vaccine efficacy. Hence, after recovery from COVID-19, evaluation of protective effectiveness and durable immunity of prior disease could be significant. Recent reports described the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 -specific humoral and cellular responses for more than six months in convalescent SARS-CoV-2 individuals. Given the current evidence, NK cell subpopulations, especially the memory-like NK cell subset, indicate a significant role in determining COVID-19 severity. Still, the information on the long-term NK cell immunity conferred by SARS-CoV-2 infection is scant. The evidence from vaccine clinical trials and observational studies indicates that hybrid natural/ ....
African swine fever (ASF) is among the most devastating viral diseases of pigs and wild boar worldwide. In recent years, the disease has spread alarmingly. Despite intensive research activities, a commercialized vaccine is still not available, and efficacious live attenuated vaccine candidates raise safety concerns. From a safety perspective, inactivated preparations would be most favourable. However, both historical and more recent trials with chemical inactivation did not show an appreciable protective effect. Under the assumption that the integrity of viral particles could enhance presentation of antigens, we used gamma irradiation for inactivation. To this means, gamma irradiated ASFV “Estonia 2014” was adjuvanted with either Polygen™ or Montanide™ ISA 201 VG, respectively. Subsequently, five weaner pigs per preparation were immunized twice with a three-week interval. Six weeks after the first immunization, all animals were challenged with the highly virulent ASFV strain � ....
1 Abstract The devastating Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2013-2016 accelerated the progress of several medical countermeasures (MCMs) against Ebola virus disease (EVD). Several IPs were used during that outbreak, but no conclusion on efficacy could be drawn. Only the Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) on ZMapp was promising but inconclusive. More recently, during the second largest Ebola outbreak in North Kivu and Ituri provinces, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), four IPs (Remdesivir, Regeneron, ZMapp and MAb114) have been evaluated in a RCT, the Pamoja Tulinde Maisha (PALM) study. Two products (Regeneron and MAb114) demonstrated efficacy as compared to the control arm, ZMapp. Very few side effects have been reported. Results from this scientifically sound study led the FDA to license both products, representing a milestone in EVD therapeutic field. These products can be produced relatively inexpensively and can be stockpiled. The administration of mAbs on EVD patients appears ....