Besides producing hydrogen from surplus renewables, electrolyzers can also provide grid ancillary services like enhancing the stability, resilience, and robustness of the power grid. The paper presents a novel electrical circuit model for a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEMEL) that has been validated using experimental data from a 400W electrolyzer. To demonstrate its adaptive capability, the proposed 400W electrical model is scaled up to a 1 MW stack, and this system is validated by comparison to another report of 1 MW stack experimental results. Results show that the developed model reproduces very similar step responses to those reported for the 400W electrolyzer and 1 MW stack. In this paper, the developed model was then used to evaluate the grid frequency response against disturbance, possible resilience advantages from frequency control services, and frequency sensitivity analysis for a modified IEEE-13-bus-distribution-feeder system. These simulations indicate that PEME
Intermittency of renewable energy sources can cause greater frequency variations and with no other intervention, the generation reserve capacity of a power system needs to be significantly increased to ensure frequency stability, resulting in increased costs. With appropriate control actions, proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEMELs) can be used to regulate power system frequency stability, but their adjustable demand-side response capabilities need to be investigated. This article first introduces the dynamic characteristics of the PEMEL stack to examine the impact of incorporating the control loop of the PEMEL stack into a single-area power system populated with solar photovoltaic units, taking into account the communication time lag during the control signal transfer process. The dynamic performance of the proposed power system and steady-state errors are then analyzed demonstrating contribution of the PEMEL stack to frequency regulation services effectively. Moreover, the fre
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