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Hezbollah Al-Hejaz: A Saudi Shi'a Group Cloaked in Mystery

Since the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran, Saudi Arabia has been concerned about the potential influence of Iran’s supreme leader among its Shi’a population, especially since Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Khamenei took on the title of Vali-ye faqih, or “guardian-jurist.” Such concern is understandable given that the two countries are both neighbors and rivals: Khamenei is a marj’a, the highest-ranking Shi’a religious authority, but he is also the commander-in-chief of the Iranian Armed Forces. This concern over Iranian influence among the Saudi Shi’a community reached its peak following the Khobar Towers bombing on June 25, 1996, a terrorist attack that targeted members of the United States Air Force’s 4404th Wing (Provisional). This paper aims to investigate the Iranian influence within the Shi’a community in Saudi Arabia by focusing on the followers of the supreme leader’s marj’aiyyah, known as “Khat al-Imam,” and its military wing, “Hezbollah Al-Hejaz,” often he ....

Al Madinah , Saudi Arabia , Ash Sharqiyah , United States , Government Printing Office , District Of Columbia , North West Frontier , An Najaf , Grand Valley , United Kingdom , Georgetown University , Wal Jihad , New York , Muhammad Baqir , Sala Ad Din , Ar Riya , City Of , Arabian Peninsula , Saudi Arabia General , The Kingdom , Krung Thep Mahanakhon , Az Arbayjane Gharbi , Matthew Levitt , Joshua Teitelbaum , Al Majalla , Thawra Al Islamiyya ,

Issues Of The Environment: Commemorating 30 Years Of The Environmental Justice Movement

Overview
It is widely recognized that the environmental justice movement first gained traction in 1982 in a predominately African-American community in Warren County, North Carolina. University of Michigan professors Bunyan Bryant (a graduate of EMU) and Paul Mohai were pioneers in the movement. Bunyan Bryant who in 1972 had become the first African American to join the SNRE faculty attended a meeting at the Federation of Southern Cooperative in Sumter County. Shortly after, he joined with Professor Mohai in Ann Arbor.
In the early 1990s, during the Clinton years, it was the period when the environmental justice concept “hit the radar” of the EPA and federal government. Professors Byrant and Mohai led a team of academics and activists to advise the U.S. EPA on environmental justice policy. Drs. Bryant and Mohai published ....

United States , Ann Arbor , North Carolina , Warren County , Environmental Protection Agency , District Of Columbia , Sumter County , United Church , Comunidad Autonoma De Cataluna , Rebecca Hardin , Richard Mero , David Kerhner , Robin Saha , Brett Zeuner , Harley Rouda , Sara Orvis , Katy Hintzen , Gretchen Whitmer , Bunyan Bryant , Dorceta Taylor , Sanyun Lee , Beverly Wright , Paula Lantz , Paul Mohai , Rashida Tlaib , Alejandro Colsa ,