Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem, with an estimated
296 million people chronically infected and 820 000 deaths worldwide in 2019. Diagnosis
of HBV infection requires serological testing for HBsAg and for acute infection additional
testing for IgM hepatitis B core antibody (IgM anti-HBc, for the window period when
neither HBsAg nor anti-HBs is detected). Assessment of HBV replication status to guide
treatment decisions involves testing for HBV DNA, whereas assessment of liver disease
activity and staging is mainly based on aminotransferases, platelet count, and elastography.
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