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"Exploring Metamorphic Testing for Fake-News Detection Software: A Case" by Lin Miao, Dave Towey et al.

Concerns have been growing over fake news and its impact. Software that can automatically detect fake news is becoming more popular. However, the accuracy and reliability of such fake-news detection software remains questionable, partly due to a lack of testing and verification. Testing this kind of software may face the oracle problem, which refers to difficulty (or inability) of identifying the correctness of the software's output in a reasonable amount of time. Metamorphic testing (MT) has a record of effectively alleviating the oracle problem, and has been successfully applied to testing fake-news detection software. This paper reports on a study, extending previous work, exploring the use of MT for fake-news detection software. The study includes new metamorphic relations and additional experimental results and analysis. Some alternative MR-generation approaches are also explored. The study targets software where the output is a real/fake news decision, enhancing the applicab ....

Fake News , Fake News Detection , Ake News Detection Software , Etamorphic Relation , Metamorphic Testing , Oracle Problem , Software Testing ,

"In-Place Metamorphic Testing and Exploration" by Zhi Quan Zhou, Junting Zhu et al.

In this paper, we consider the testing of software whose input involves a data stream, such as in video analysis applications. To address the oracle problem in testing this kind of software, existing metamorphic testing (MT) and metamorphic exploration (ME) techniques typically generate both source and follow-up input streams. In contrast, we propose a different strategy: an inplace method. Instead of examining relations among multiple input streams, our method works on a finer granularity by investigating relations among the data frames within a single input stream - such as the relations among the image frames within a video stream - treating a frame, rather than a stream, as a test case. Because our method does not generate any follow-up input stream, or change any frame values, it is also suitable for runtime error detection. We have applied this in-place method to testing video streams in Baidu Apollo, a real-life autonomous driving system. Our study identified previously-unknown ....

Baidu Apollo , Autonomous Driving , Baidu Apollo , Metamorphic Exploration , Etamorphic Relation , Etamorphic Runtime Checking , Metamorphic Testing , Object Detection , Oracle Problem , Tream And Frame , Video Content Analysis ,

"Metamorphic testing for block ciphers" by Mingjia Zhang, Dave Towey et al.

Information is indispensable in modern society. People’s daily communication and work depend on information transmission. Unsafe storage or transmission of data may result in privacy and security problems. One way to attempt to prevent such issues is to use encryption algorithms to transform information into encrypted forms. Because the encryption steps of most encryption algorithms are complex, deciding the correctness of the encrypted output may take a long time in practice. This kind of problem is called the Test Oracle problem. In contrast to traditional software testing, Metamorphic Testing (MT) does not focus on the correctness of each individual output, but examines whether the inputs and outputs of multiple executions of a Program Under Test (PUT) satisfy necessary relations of the PUT, called metamorphic relations. This paper reports on an experience of applying MT to test three encryption algorithms Data Encryption Standard (DES), Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES), a ....

Program Under Test , Test Oracle , Metamorphic Testing , Data Encryption Standard , Triple Data Encryption Standard , Advanced Encryption Standard , Data Encryption Standard , Etamorphic Relation , Metamorphic Testing , Oracle Problem , Triple Data Encryption Standard ,

"Using metamorphic relations to verify and enhance Artcode classificati" by Liming Xu, Dave Towey et al.

Software testing is often hindered where it is impossible or impractical to determine the correctness of the behaviour or output of the software under test (SUT), a situation known as the oracle problem. An example of an area facing the oracle problem is automatic image classification, using machine learning to classify an input image as one of a set of predefined classes. An approach to software testing that alleviates the oracle problem is metamorphic testing (MT). While traditional software testing examines the correctness of individual test cases, MT instead examines the relations amongst multiple executions of test cases and their outputs. These relations are called metamorphic relations (MRs): if an MR is found to be violated, then a fault must exist in the SUT. This paper examines the problem of classifying images containing visually hidden markers called Artcodes, and applies MT to verify and enhance the trained classifiers. This paper further examines two MRs, Separation and O ....

Random Forests , Machine Learning , Etamorphic Relation , Metamorphic Testing , Software Verification ,

"Metamorphic testing of fake news detection software" by Yingrui Ma, Dave Towey et al.

Since the popularization of social media, news has entered our lives digitally. While news is spreading broader and faster, fake news is becoming an increasingly popular topic. Fake news detection is therefore important in both social media and research areas. With artificial intelligence technology, software engineers have developed a lot of fake news detection systems. One of the biggest challenges for such systems is that they may face the oracle problem, which means that there may not be a way, or it may take too long time, to confirm the correctness of a specific output. Metamorphic Testing has been applied successfully to alleviate the oracle problem in many different areas, including in artificial intelligence. In this paper, we propose several metamorphic relations for fake news detection and report on experiments using metamorphic testing on fake news detection applications. ....

Fake News , Fake News Detection , Etamorphic Relation , Etamorphic Relation Pattern , Metamorphic Testing , Oracle Problem ,