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Frontiers | Subsurface Microbial Community Composition in Anchialine Environments Is Influenced by Original Organic Carbon Source at Time of Deposition

Prokaryotes constitute the majority of sedimentary biomass, where they cycle organic carbon and regulate organic matter transformation. The microbes inhabiting sediment are diverse, and the factors controlling microbial community composition are not fully understood. Here, we characterized the prokaryotic community using 16S rRNA gene sequencing in 24 stratigraphic layers within a 89 cm (dated to ~1900 years old) sediment core from an anchialine sinkhole in the Bahamas with a stratified water column and anoxic bottom water. The microbial community was dominated by members of the Alphaproteobacteria, Dehalococcoidia, Gammaproteobacteria, Bathyarchaeota, and Campylobacter classes. Most interestingly, subsurface microbial community structure could be correlated to previous evidence for timewise changes in the main source of organic matter that was supplied to the sediment accumulating during the last 2000 years, which itself was caused by regional terrestrial vegetation changes. The C:N r ....

United States , Black Sea , Oceans General , New York , Central Abaco , Papua New Guinea , Abaco Island , Great Abaco Island , South China Sea , Brunei General , Yax Chen , Quintana Roo , Baja California , Texas City , Tidal Flat , The Bahamas , Obligately Organohalide , Rhone Prodelta , Atlantic Ocean , Van Rijswijk , Rhizobiaceae Salter , Chloroflexi Cetecio , Dneasy Powersoil , Pelagibacterales Clade , Van Beusekom , Dehalococcoides Mccartyi Gen ,

Frontiers | The One That Got Away: How Macrophage-Derived IL-1β Escapes the Mycolactone-Dependent Sec61 Blockade in Buruli Ulcer

Buruli ulcer (BU), caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, is a devastating necrotizing skin disease. Key to its pathogenesis is mycolactone, the exotoxin virulence factor that is both immunosuppressive and cytotoxic. The discovery that the essential Sec61 translocon is the major cellular target of mycolactone explains much of the disease pathology, including the immune blockade. Sec61 inhibition leads to a loss in production of nearly all cytokines from monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and T cells, as well as antigen presentation pathway proteins and costimulatory molecules. However, there has long been evidence that the immune system is not completely incapable of responding to M. ulcerans infection. In particular, IL-1beta was recently shown to be present in BU lesions, and to be induced from M. ulcerans-exposed macrophages in a mycolactone-dependent manner. This has important implications for our understanding of BU, showing that mycolactone can act as the “second signal” for ....

United States , Western Australia , Le Bon , Scandj Rheumatol , Rheumatol Oxford , M Ulcerans Mycolactone Cytotoxicity , Pedrosaj Mycolactone , Waal Malefyt , Sarpong Duah , Rajko Reljic , Van Haver , Van Puyenbroeck , Thyet Mycolactone , Mycolactone Polyketide Synthases , Prof Pamela Small University Of Knoxville , Riverside Research Ethics Committee , Kennedy Institute Trustees , Wellcome Trust Investigator Award In Science , Streptomycin For Limited Buruli Ulcer Lesions , Prof Yoshito Kishi Harvard University , Lancet Glob Health , Dr Justice Boakye Appiah St George University London , West Africa , Immune Response , Buruli Ulcer , Wellcome Trust Investigator Award ,