faced with major labor shortages after world war 2. it relied on gust our bytes. i literally guessed workers to fill in the gaps. one of them was armando rodriguez, da south officially proclaimed as the one millionth gast arbiter, he was gifted a moped. when he arrived these days, the narrative around to labor migration has shifted. and we often hear about the negative impact associated with brain drain will have more on thus, in a moments of the coming up. how women are sidelines in product design has been land is becoming a leader in nickel extraction on the race to find an alternative to lithium batteries. i'm kate ferguson. welcome to meet. you often hear people lament the fox, the poorer nations are losing their best and brightest to migration. but what if the so called brain drain weren't actually such a bad thing? reporter upon the gym, bailout shares a story that turns traditional perceptions on their head. brain brain drain. let me try it again. range rain. i don't like the term, but what is it exactly? it's supposed to refer to the loss of skilled labor. people moving from poor countries to rich ones, but people leaving a country for a chance to realize their full potential is just part of life. i was born in the us . i grew up in zambia and now i live and work in germany. so why is there such a fuss when people leave a poor country for rich one the worry about brain drain is really of as almost it has like a neo colonial flavor to it. i think like to one to keep people trapped in the places where they are, whether or not they want to leave. i think that goes against the grip, the grain of many people's values and convictions. i went to the same schools in zambia of dorothy. she studied in russia, south africa and canada, and then she worked for some years at sam give only cancer treatment center. and then last year, she left for work in new zealand and the research. and i was to be able to research in a non restrictive environment and environment that this so you know, if, if i'm not doing that, then i'm literally not utilizing my skill. and i needed to be way that could be well utilized. so in a way, yes, you know and contributing, but i wasn't really very utilized when i was holding me those who leave but only get to use their skills and talents. they also improve them. but this isn't just about their lives. they send money to support their families back home, global remittances, where at $719000000000.00 in 2020. that's la. remittances account for around 3 percent of india's, g, d, p. for mexico. it was 4 percent of g d. p. last year. for many countries, remittances are higher than foreign direct investment, or even aid, so called brain drain, also forces governments to act, to fill the skills gap. for instance, by investing more in education. the truth is home. countries tend to have the upper hand in the global competition for talent. for me, leaving home was a difficult decision. like it is for many others. i miss them. i miss my women and i miss my women cervical cancer, particularly, i think is, is a very bad thing because it's a preventable disease. and a lot of all women suffer socially. they get divorced, you know, it just socially isolating. dorothy says she will go back to zambia one day to start her own treatment center there. the term brain drain only implies the negative. but there are many positive effects when people leave their countries. and we need to keep that in mind. moving to a new place isn't without its challenges and our next report will meet men at new head who left her life in cairo behind to start afresh in berlin. having overcome the many bureaucratic hurdles that moving and tales, she's no thriving in a new role as a technical recruiter. here's how she did it. me, my name is mon them will have 27 years old and i'm from cairo, egypt. i studied business information and then i completed my masters in a stuff as a punishment. i choose to travel to germany because it's quite international, especially berlin. i think that it's one of the top country when it comes to the technology is and the moist specialize in the technical part. so for me, that was a great appreciate it. i'm working as that back mechanical me and i'm responsible for hiring the engineers to other companies as an expertly we. we are a consultant company so, so i'm trying to know what are the requirements of our clients and then i'm, i start to do the head hunting and for thing for all the engineers that fits with this requirement for a fast growing intro, take company from berlin, and were hiring, tell him from all over the world. ah, the more thing that i like in the way that they see that we hope everyone is respecting everyone and we don't care. but from where you are and your background isn't real, but we do respect your mindset and that's very, very nice to find a job abroad while i'm still in egypt or outside the p. and it wasn't easy, but it's not impossible. so it just need a lot of time, a lot of effort and like i was like, almost working to find another work after my work in the mail. the challenge is finding an appointment with the government. you're in germany because it takes a lot of time. but once they have the appointment, everything went very fast. back in egypt, i had to like, prepare a lot of documents, but my company supported me. so just give me a list of what should i prepare? what i like them. awesome berlin, it's very international. i think like we can meet a lot of people from different nationalities in just one place and you can smell the fresh air anywhere and everywhere. mm mm. i traveled years totally along. so at the beginning i was like, okay, i need to do all my stuff by my own, and that's a huge responsibility because our culture is quite different. i used to live with my family, like this is how it is usually met, is to stay with your family until you get my i was even don't know how to cook. honestly, i just start to do that here in germany. ah, i really love this, but i do a lot of the thought that i was not able to even imagine that i can do it. i was thinking like all, i can all wavelengths where not that tone, but then when it starts doing that, i was like, okay, i could do is ah, you can really be both. so i can like, do wait left thing and gymnastics, and also be like a lazy in my place though. it doesn't have like any conflicts. they advised that i wouldn't give to any young people to travel abroad is that's actually take the step, the not think a lot of all the talented because it's really what we will all feel like. it's my comfort zone. i don't want to go always and we cared from like new society. but when we do with we really explore ourselves is an opportunity. if you feel a free in the bottom, you just have to do with me changing topic. now have you ever thought about how the products you use every day were designed? whether it's the car you're driving or the piano you're playing, chances are its features were designed with a man, not a woman in mind. the implications of that bias can be dramatic. men of the norman. so what about women? so the greek philosopher aristotle man was the measure of all things. women were simply the deviation from the norm. that's largely still true. today, our world is made by men before men, women, often just a footnote. the piano keyboards are designed for men's hands and their average hand span is larger than in. one study showed that female concept pianist are more likely to suffer hand injuries the result. smartphones aren't designed with women in mind, but so that the average man can use them. one hand it syria and alexa typically use female voices better, better at recognizing male ones. no wonder since the algorithms were trained on men and office temperatures a standardized to suit a man who's 40 and weighs 70 kilos. 5 degrees celsius to cold for young women. public restrooms are the same size for men and women, but men also have your idols. no wonder the lines are often so long for women. in medicine, the gender gap can even be deadly. heart attacks and strokes are recognized less often and women who often have what are viewed as a typical symptoms. instead of chest and on pain, women often have stomach pain and nausea and shortness of breath, making it 50 percent more likely they'll be misdiagnosed. we're still waiting for female and pregnant crash test dummies. in the e u, the standard is still a man. 1.77 meters tool, weighing 76 kilos. seat belts, air bags, and seats in cars that don't protect women as well. in an accident, women have a 47 percent higher risk of injury and a 17 percent higher risk of death. some female crash test dummies have finally been built, but real world performance data and testing are still needed when it comes to men and women, the gender data gaps still needs to be closed. so that men a no longer the measure of all things. this switch to renewable energy means we'll all be seeing a whole lot more electric vehicles on the roads in the coming years. according to a recent study, a global demand for lithium ion battery is, is expected to rise from the current figure of around 230 gigawatt hours per year to well over $3000.00. in the year 2030 electric car bought 3 are expected to account for about 2 thirds of the demand present. carmakers here in europe still depend heavily on china for about 3 supplies. but the race to produce home grown equivalence is on much depends on the availability of raw materials. in our next report will take you to a nickel mine in finland, which could help me demand. lou, the land of hunger, that's good. local people used to call this area in the middle of the finnish wilderness, but then geologist discovered large quantities of nickel and cobalt in the ground. all these critical, raw materials are urgently needed for the production of e car batteries. the market is being the company operating here, sells its raw materials worldwide. and the managing director, yoni lucas, growing and can hardly keep up with the orders. his firm delivers mostly to asia, especially china. but he wants to change that. my person always is that the that the they're, they're all mother i offer here money factor law, buttery optic aysa will remain for them all thought in a german made causal friends. my daughter, read is made cause our paradox on a sufficient for 1000000 l, i think all the heck also barrier. that's more or less delafield bag of rocks and of the whole europe today. telephone runs one of the largest nickel mines in europe . there are thought to be huge deposits throughout scandinavia. when europe soon switches to exclusively producing e cars, huge amounts of nickel booking needed for the batteries. so far, china has dominated the world market in raw materials for e car batteries. 100 percent of graphite refining occurs in china as this nearly all manganese processing and the majority of cobalt nicko and lithium refining. the mine side extends over 60 square kilometers the mind mineral or is stored and irrigated in these stockpiles. ready why they're human to warm and steaming. this is because bacteria help to release the critical raw materials from the rock. biological leaching or bio leaching is what the experts call it. the entire process takes 4 years and replaces the energy intensive conventional smelting process. oh, i c o 2, a footprint is then extremely important. our seal to footprint is on the other. it's 60 percent lower than i am in the us. yeah. but it's, ah, that is very important for of all of our customers in conventional production or is smelted at extremely high temperatures. a process with a big carbon footprint which isn't necessary in the finish mind. in sweden, the company north fault has been waiting for a climate conscious raw materials supplier, the company builds car batteries and wants to improve their carbon footprint. electricity for the factory already comes entirely from renewable sources. what is still missing or carbon neutral? raw materials? the major component there is really energy, what type of energy debt you're feeding into your system than there are other things august like adding recycling to your production and working and not least, which are your suppliers for components and raw materials to lower their mission. but the dominance of asian and chinese suppliers is also an important issue. as a european manufacturer of car batteries, north salt is urgently looking for more raw material suppliers with good environmental credentials. long term we want to have a more local or regional supply chain based in europe. we think that will helped also in terms of c o 2 emissions or isn't just a fractured at the cheddar farm in mind. it's also refined, for example, intern, nickel and cobalt basic materials for electric car batteries. that's what happens in this plant. much of it takes place inside tubes and machines are uni, luka, growing its company is ranked the nice top mining company in the world. he says he can see that finland is experiencing a boom in the production of e car. batteries. german abby is f ha gone stockton, a blog in audio all the for fall big. i'm a paradox on. ah, you mccord which is one of the big carissa. also, we're having activities in philadelphia london have all the chances to the be a big guy mining allegation, critical raw materials for car batteries are plentiful in finland. many mines have not yet been explored. meaning the deposits throughout northern europe could even be enough to make europe's e car industry less dependent on chinese exporters. we saw that graph earlier showing just how much demand for lithium ion battery is, is expected to rise in the coming decade. but what if there were an alternative cleaner way of storing renewable energy? the porter bina to presents from promising ideas. we all know that the future of energy is in renewables. they were the world's cheapest source of power in 2020. this is good news, but we've got a small problem. how do we store all of it? it's not sunny all the time, nor is it windy, 247. so we need a way to keep reserves. the dominant battery solution for renewables has been lithium ion, but mining pollutes exploit people and the batteries have a habit of blowing up. they don't last long enough and we're going to need a lot more capacity. enter salt water gravity, really hot air, really cold air and enormous piles of sand. could these things actually solve our energy storage problem? so lithium ion batteries can't be the only solution to store energy, especially on a grid scale. the i. e. a says we're going to need 10000 gigawatt hours of energy storage worldwide by 2040 to make climate goals. that's 50 times the size of the current market. today, it's actually pumped hydro storage that comprises a whopping 96 percent of global power storage capacity. and it basically relies on pretty simple gravitational principles. this is rami, a swami, nathan. she's the head of a thermal storage company. you've got to read worse or links one high and one low. and when you have a lot of excess power, you use that accessed power to pump the water of pills in a higher reservoir. but you want them harbor, you let the water run downstream and turn in a turbine generator. however, those products are hartsville, these reservoirs take a massive amounts of space and you need the right geography to lakes and a hill. a lot of them also work with in conventional hydro electric dams, which require lots of upfront capitol and disrupt habitat. storing renewable energy is going to need more flexibility than these reservoirs. one, a missing alternative that's making headway comes from something you can find right on your kitchen table. so it's much more undone and it's chemically similar to a young st. robin the burglary fable. this is rosa palace seen. she's a battery researcher at the institute of material science in barcelona. she says it's the best alternative because it mimics lithium, ion battery technology. sodium has also got one valence electron, the number of electrons in the outermost layer. but sodium is far more abundant, is 20 to 40 percent cheaper and isn't temperature sensitive? so no blowing up, but it has lower energy density, thus heavier batteries, so it hasn't been commercialized sooner for the grid. it won't matter since everything is stationary. right now, time is of the essence. so mine is so way higher in acknowledgement than as level ah, so much closer to the mercedes, asian, and expect them to be produced at scale in the next few years. speaking of salt, what if we could store energy in the form of heat in really hot salt, swami nathan's company malta is doing that in the us. we take electrical energy, either directly from renewable generation like wender solar or just from the grid. and we convert that into the thermal energy. turns out that molten salt is a great preserver of heat. it kind of looks like water and has roughly the same viscosity. so when there's excess electricity generated, the energy is used to heat, a large insulated storage tank of molten salt at very high temperatures. a high melting point means the salt can absorb a lot of energy, it loses little heat and can keep it for 6 plus hours. lithium batteries manage only for when the grid needs power. the plant re converts heat back into electricity through a turbine. one of these plants would provide enough for a large town, for at least an ours. you can do something similar with the piles of sound we mentioned earlier. a couple of finish guys decided to use some local piles to solve one of finland's biggest energy issues. heating, instead of converting the heat back into electricity, they just use it directly to storage diversity. miano calling from time. i'm only doing buffers. margaret e learning co founded a company that makes sand batteries return dealers to heat america. so she did a redundant with large volumes of energy, how much sand onto dundas, and it can store heat at around $5.00 to $600.00 degrees for months. this heat them warms, municipal buildings, most importantly, it could provide heat the heavy industry sector, which is one of the biggest emitters of greenhouse gases in cold countries. this pollution makes a lot of sense. the company currently has one system that is heating can, can pay a south western town with a population of 13000. the 100 tons sand battery can technically stay hot for months, but they recharged this one in 2 weeks cycles to keep it efficient. these are just a couple of solutions. there are dozens of technologies out there each vying for their place in the market flow. redox batteries, for instance, are another big contender for grid scale storage. they don't functional that differently from lithium ion batteries. in the latter electrons travel between 2 electrodes through a liquid called and electrolyte, creating a current in a flow battery. this liquid electrolyte is stored externally. the larger the tank, the more storage capacity, which means the flow battery can be scaled really easily. and what needs scale the grid. truth is, we're not going to quit the lithium ion any time soon. the huge demand for electric cars means that some of the technologies and efficiencies will spill over to the grid. but the fossil fuel industry is built into the economy. it's a huge challenge to adapt entire systems, including infrastructure and policy, to renewable alternatives. at the end of the day, cost is the biggest factor limiting adoption of new technology. it'll be the market that dictates how far they've come and how far they'll go. as we come to the end of today. so on labor migration and innovation, one thing seems clear, the more diversity, the better, the chances of good ideas coming to the for. that's certainly the case here at the w, where we have people from all over the world working in more than 30 languages. the more cultural exchange, the more innovation and creativity, whether in the communal struggle to save our planet, or the day to day conversations in the newsroom. thanks so much for watching until next time, if the bye take with ah, with ah, who, a conflict with sebastian? if you really want to know about the war who's murdering and torturing, who's giving me orders and which weapons are being used? much of it is out there on the internet. and higgins, british and boundary of the group planning cap of being mining that who data and incriminating the brutal and powerful conflict zone. in 30 minutes on d. w. and as an environmental mm. a clothing graveyard. chilion uses where things well being industrial nations no longer need to waste, get stranded about the fun in the global fashion industry, global 3090 minutes on d. w. our interest, the global economy, our portfolio d w. business beyond here is a closer look at the project. our mission. to analyze the fight for market dominance. get us did 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