>> what sites are on the list, and what makes them endangered? well, we have a variety of sites on this year's list that range from entire neighborhoods, barrio in elegundo dero inexas, the embarca san francisco, a different resource, a place that has been the subject of a great deed -- deal of protection, but is threatened by rising sea levels and the potential inadequacy of the seawall that protects the pier. the james river, close to our headquarters in washington, d.c., the james looked -- the james river is on the list, the threat is high-powered transmission lines that will mark the landscape that looks much like it did when captain john smith first explored the james river. a location in southeast utah, an important site for antiquities in the united states. and several others, several other places oliver the country. >> what is the criteria for getting on the list? >> the criteria is it -- that the place faces an imminent threat, and that there is still an opportunity to protect it. if something is, if the wrecking ball has already started tearing it down, we are not sure the list would actually be effective in changing the outcome. so we are looking every year for the places that are facing in an threat, -- an imminent and where there is the opportunity for the local community to rally support. >> how many sites do you consider before cutting the list down to 11? >> we received dozens of nominations every year, well over 100. and we accept nominations from anyone from community members to preservation organizations. and we begin a process of evaluating them in terms of the level of the threat, and also, the level of significance of the resource itself. >> wyatt is a list of 11 -- why is it a list of 11? it is a strange number. >> it goes all the way back to the very first year of the list, which predates me, but i am told that when our colleagues at the time sat down to create the list, they intended to do a top 10 list, and they couldn't get the list down to 10. so they went ahead and published a list with 11, and we have stuck with that number ever since. >> you talk a little bit about the goal, but what is the ultimate goal in highlighting about -- highlighting these places? shining ation to spotlight on these places in particular, what we hope the list will do every year is remind all of us who care about the built environment and our cultural resources that there are places that still need protecting today. community mayur not have a place on this year's list, a lot -- we hope that seeing the list will remind people that there are resources we care about in their community, and activate them to do whatever they can, locally, to make sure that preservation is alive and well. >> so you make the list of endangered places, and then what happens? who is responsible for protecting the site? ownership of the sites really varies, and in some places, it is a municipality. in some places, it is a private owner. we have a university, lincoln university, on the list as an example. in every case, the national trust is working with an organization somewhere in that community who is advocating for the protection of that place. ultimately, it is the landowner's responsibility, and purviewy, within their to protect the building. we are siding with members of the community who have raised their hand to save a need our help. >> have you come up with resistance in terms of protecting a site? >> we certainly do. not everyone enjoys having their building listed on the leaven most -- the 11 most endangered list. people take the list very seriously. when we call property owners to let them know their place will be listed, it often begins a conversation, even before the list is published, about how er preservation action could be taken and put into place. so we think the list is very effective in that way. program, wee of the have listed over 270 places, and fewer than 5% of them have been lost. this is been an effective tool for preservation nationally, for three decades. >> have you seen any themes, either among the sites this year or trends over the years, in terms of what types of sites you select for the list? see themes. a couple years ago, there were a number of places on the 11 most endangered list that related to oil and gas exploration at the beginning of the oil and gas we experienced recently. this year, there are a number of places on the list that relate to the historic resources and the contribution they make to vibrant downtown cores. it is in the of great interest to national trust, and we are seeing that increasingly across the country as cities enjoy a resurgence of population in many places, driven in large part by younger millennials, once they graduate from college, who are flocking back to the cities. that is it -- a great opportunity, and it puts our existing historic fabric under some threat as cities struggle to ensure that they have adequate housing for all of those people who are moving back to the urban cores. 2016w that the list for have been named, what are the next steps? >> they are different in each one. the threats that face these places are different. in all instances, the community will be working to take -- thege of a great great publicity generated by the 11 most endangered list, to protections.ater >> stephanie meeks is the ceo of the national trust for historic preservation. thank you for your time. >> we appreciate your interest. thank you very much. >> "first ladies" is the book. rkas, what is this? mark: it grew out of a series on television about first ladies. we have taken every single program, we had some of the greatest historians on the presidency and first ladies, and put them into narrative form in each chapter. every first lady has a chapter, in which we learn their biography, that includes their time as first lady. some of them had great influence, some of them had less of an in humans. >> was it hard to find records on first ladies? some first ladies -- isk: some first ladies, it easy. abigail adams has thousands of letters where she is lottery -- lobbying john adams to remember the ladies. --tha washington has all of has only two letters that exist. the further along you make it in time, you see the adaptation of technology and the role of first lady begins to emerge. now, we have a very public role for the first lady. in the past, they could get away if they wanted to be behind the scenes. you can't do that anymore. >> former first ladies running for president. mark: the chapter on hillary clinton, for anyone who wants to know how she approaches campaigning and politics, read that chapter. number one, you note -- you know right away, she is the most famous woman in the world. with her on the campaign trail in 1992 where things were getting rough. it shows how hillary reacted. things that she would rather not happened, but she goes on the attack with republicans. it shows a saddened first lady savvy firstan -- a lady and politician even back then. my favorite stories are the ones about theew nothing first lady. lucy hayes is knowing -- known as lemonade lucy for prohibiting alcohol in the white house. she is pushing causes, and ahead of her time. was almost a rock star in her time. she is the opposite of calvin coolidge. you learn about the modern first lady, lady bird johnson, and you learn us in the book, all first ladies though back to her as a role model because she is one of the first two takes on causes. eleanor roosevelt does, but there is a bit of a break. ofy bird takes on the cause beautification. it is environmentalism. inearned they do play a role the public stage, and the pulpit they have now, they can get a lot done. >> what is the involvement of the historian richard norton smith? mark: he is a guest on the martha washington program and the betty for program and he makes a good point. ladies, when you think about it, probably had as much, if not more, influence on the way we live our lives. look at that he ford. -- betty ford. saying things gerald wants to hear, but you think about her causes after her time in the white house. like substance abuse. she had an effect on a lot of people's lives, maybe more than some of the present -- the presidents. >> here is the book. of 45about the lives iconic american women. it is now available online and at your favorite bookseller. >> this month, former secretary of state madeleine albright received the great american's word from the national museum of american history. this weekend, we will show the ceremony and her remarks. here is a preview. my -- myfirst of all, grandmother apparently, there was a play in prague at the time i was a little girl. it was called madeleine in the brick factory. she decided that the name madeleine was a good name. however, my mother never pronounced anything right, and i muddlin." i never knew how to spell it. when i went to school in switzerland, they spelled the french way. but my legal name is different. when i got my first passport issued, i would in fact, you have to sign your name, and they would say, this is not you. i would say, it is. it was not until i was secretary a state when i could order passport that said madeleine albright. the entire program sunday at 8:55 p.m. eastern. american history tv, only on c-span3. >> the second presidential debate is sunday night at washington university in st. louis, missouri. at 7:30r live coverage p.m. eastern for a preview, and at eight: 30, the predebate briefing. 9:00 p.m., live coverage of the debate followed by viewer reaction. the second presidential debate. watch live on c-span, or on-demand using your desk top, phone, and tablet on www.c-span.org. listen on your phone with the c-span radio app, available in the app store and google play. >> next, on american history tv, republican vice presidential nominee governor mike pence and -- his daughter charlotte tour the good -- the battlefield where men from several indiana regiments fought. he lays a wreath at the indian at thet and stops cemetery where the gettysburg address was delivered. >> governor pence, welcome to gettysburg national military park. i want to provide you with a brief overview of the battle and campaign and indiana's contributions to the battle. indiana, a prominent state during the civil war. go -- governor oliver morton supported abraham lincoln. he was elected in 1850. contributed 200,000 soldiers to the war effort. only about 2200 fought here. there were two cavalry resume -- regiments during the three a battle. -- the three-day battle. one out of every four indiana soldiers set foot on these fields. gettysburg is remembered as the bloodiest that'll america's bloodiest war. three days of combat. in actuality, it was 30 hours of combat. gettysburg was also the battle that ended the second confederate invasion of the union. confederate army would turn its ink on gettysburg pennsylvania and would never make its way this far north again. that is how we remember gettysburg. unfortunately, i have the -- it has the dubious distinction of the bloodiest battle of the civil war. fieldsppened upon these helped ensure that this government of, by, and for the people would not perish. robert e. lee was the confederate commander. in junen pennsylvania 1863. [inaudible] -- vettori us in virginia, but he did not have the impact he was looking for. he was thinking that pennsylvania would [inaudible] willingness to fight the war. perhaps pressure on the people to not reelect abraham lincoln in 1864. the reason why the battle came about here at gettysburg was completely unplanned. neither commander [inaudible] but lee's army [inaudible] northlvania, the west and of us. when robert e. lee found out the union army was closing in, he [inaudible] lee's army is divided across pennsylvania. appealing,ettysburg behind your recorders of a mile, there are hundreds of [inaudible] it was the ideal [inaudible] hisave the order for commanders, make your way towards gettysburg, but [inaudible] the union army got here first. it deployed up across the line in front of you. john beaufort's cavalry, and within the division, the indiana cavalry from indiana [inaudible] [inaudible]d instruction, they fought the [inaudible] another, and it developed. things got out of hand as more confederates began to arrive from the west and the north on a very hot july morning in 1860 he. before this was a battlefield, this was someone's backyard. [inaudible] was living in washington [inaudible] familyy to a young farm [inaudible] it seemed as though the confederate army was going to rush back the advance of the union army and drive away the cavalry. that is the union [inaudible] he had 10,000 soldiers, and they will arrive in the nick of time to push back the initial confederate [inaudible] with reynolds in the first army corps, it was one of the hardest fighting [inaudible] [inaudible] the 19th indiana would enjoy [inaudible] the 19th indiana [inaudible] wasg those to fall that day [inaudible] [inaudible] and was shot through the hip. [inaudible] the 19th indiana, [inaudible] [inaudible] the next two days of battle [inaudible] punch [inaudible] [inaudible] coupling, that made sense to you. as we go through the rest of the [inaudible] [inaudible] just to the west, the 19th indiana would advance over the pike on the south side of this, and as they emerged, they can look -- a collided with the confederate infantry. [inaudible] [car horn] [inaudible] they went into the fight with 339 men. that was [inaudible] [inaudible] i will talk about the actions of the 27th, the 14th, and the seventh. >> they were small in number, but they had an impact on the fight. where we headed now? >> we will head [inaudible] that is thek off, 27th indiana memorial. right there. thatands atop a rock would've provided shelter to the wounded men of the regiment. the ground we are standing upon literally was swept across my soldiers of the 27th. they are attacking in this direction here, and behind the soldiers on the rock wall, there is a brigade of virginia soldiers. essentially, the men from making a determined and gallant effort. within the ranks of the 27th indiana was the tallest known soldier in the union army, from monroe county. at a time when the average .oldier was 5'6", he was 6'11" he weighed close to 400 pounds. he was captured the year before outside richmond, and the confederate president jefferson davis heard he was there and went down to talk with him. he asked them, i have to ask you, are all your brothers the same as you? and he looked at the president of the confederacy and said, not my brothers, but each of my to kisshas to bend over me goodbye. he had a well rehearsed answer to that question. they are charging across the field, a virginia captain yelled, if we can't hit him, we don't deserve to win the war. the 27th indiana will make it to this point here. you can see there is a small right in this open field, before the fire coming from the virginians was too heavy, too troops came indiana back. charging next to them was the second massachusetts. the commander was a student at harvard, who was among the fallen. these two units are given the assignment, they almost impossible assignment to drive the confederate soldiers from behind the wall and they suffered heavy casualties as a result. nearly 40% casualties. representediers are -- >> how many were in the 27th? consulting myfor notes, there were a total of 339 men in that unit, 111 casualties. 33%. four color bearers were killed carrying the united states flag across the field from that tree line to that point right there. , indiana wasrers present on the first, second, and their day, and they have a prominent role at gettysburg. >> where we headed next? >> i will be writing back. with us.n ride >> i believe that to you. -- i will leave that to you. >> at this point, the regiment 1863, came up, the base of the hill. indiana limestone. that is pretty. ok. >> the first day, the battle was fought west of town. the union army was driven back. they rally on cemetery hill. there was an actual cemetery there. cemetery hill is off hill. it was imperative that the union army occupied cemetery hill. , theel grover from indiana seventh infantry, and these fellas were 11 miles away. they were assigned to guard the wagons. they were at emmitsburg and they heard the battle miles away at gettysburg, and they are looking at wagons. the kernel of the regiments had, you know what? we need to go where the battle is. frommarched all the way emmitsburg to hear, 11-12 miles, and got to the top of the hill just in time to drive back the confederate soldiers that were on the hillside. this part of the field, as liftedely, is not as little round top, but it is an important part of the story. as we go up the hill, we will see a number of monuments. of the war tragedy is that it pits family against family. the state of maryland was a state divided. of union andits to turnate that had down here, around this hill. part of the confederate force [inaudible] against the first marilyn union. >> so indiana was coming through? >> absolutely right. [inaudible] picture the confederates lined up behind the boulders. [inaudible] >> he made it through. his wife gave birth to a baby girl in september 1864, that they named gettysburg. quite a name for that girl. in 1872e he passed away . he was in his early 40's. it could have been the elements, so many of the soldiers are not living long lives. [inaudible] >> most of the monuments you see were placed here by veterans. there are placed here by the union, and the states country needed money. in pennsylvania, the veterans would have pooled their resources and pitched in a few hundred dollars. the state of pennsylvania would have contributed $1000 more for a monument. there is a moratorium on new monuments on the battlefield today. there were some recent monuments as of 1998, i believe, but that was the last time monument was placed on the battlefield. most of the monuments are also part of the history, because the veterans wrote the text that goes along with it. many ofe to mention, the leaders of these units would go on to political careers after the war. resident,mous indiana a kernel of the 70th indiana -- of the 70th indiana, joshua chamberlain, who became governor after the war. the commander of the 16th alabama became governor of alabama. [inaudible] geary became governor of pennsylvania, as well. it amazes me that even after getting through the battle, they were determined [inaudible] here, john geary served as a general in the civil war and as governor of pennsylvania. there were a lot of people there whose most prominent story had yet to be told. >> and texas? we are going to go by texas? >> they are on the other field. they have a small memorial, raised in 1960. [inaudible] i used to work in western and the, at antietam, indiana unit was the unit that found the plans. >> what an incredible story. wanted to camp south of frederick, and there is a satchel in the grass. they found the league's orders -- they found lee's orders. >> indiana 27th? they literally found the satchel? >> yes. >> with all of the battle plans? >> yes. was the special order 191, the order. they also [inaudible] that was the big find for the soldiers. the sad part about it was, the he read who found it, it and he was like him i should pass this along. so it got elevated up the chain of command. but he never got to enjoy his discovery. antietam, the 27th indiana was in the cornfield, as was the texas unit. the first texas infantry at antietam suffered 82% casualties. general, the commander of the 12th army corps, the army of the potomac, the union army here, is divided into the seventh infantry corps and they each had a major-general commanding it. point,locum went to west and is from new york. what strikes me is the age of these guys. slocum was 35. oliver howard, 33. stuart, also young. youngas a war fought by people. the general at antietam was younger than me. i can't imagine the responsibility of 80,000 lives. [inaudible] are 35, 33.ls behind me as cemetery hill, we are looking at cemetery hill. [inaudible] core --r of the second the second corps./ >> is this where lincoln did the speech? >> lincoln stood near the top. the commander of the second corps ran against james garfield for the presidency. [inaudible] upon top of the hill, as we travel past, at the time, there were far fewer [inaudible] >> i want to stop and see where lincoln gave his speech. >> the close to 3600 civil war dead here. from the spanish-american war, world war i, world war ii, korea, and vietnam. it was deemed full in the 1970's. >> how many americans are interred here? >> 6600 in total. civil war dead, 3600. >> i see the civil war markers. sure.are not 100% some historians tell you it was right here, where this grave is. others maintain it was where the mausoleum is on top of the higher point. either way, it was not behind you. that little marker there is a memorial. we have to imagine that this stand by the way, used to around lafayette park. it was brought here in the 1930's. the platform where lincoln stood was somewhere here. >> and it was in a norm is crowd? >> it was. 20,000. enraptured bywere edward everett, who spoke for two hours straight from memory. before?incoln speak >> after. the problem was getting the crowd to why it down. after everett spoke, it was so loud and the applause kept going and going until finally, a choir began to sing, and lincoln stood. he stood in place. everett was very dramatic and eloquent. lincoln stood, looking down. he had two pieces of paper. and it was over so fast. when he was invited to speak, he was told to just deliver a few appropriate remarks. he took that to heart. a few appropriate remarks. that thene so fast crowd did and even know he was finished. they looked at each other like, well. is that it? is that all he has got? for lincoln, apparently, he sat down and turned to everett and said, [inaudible] thetually, it became american speech. >> one of the most important speeches in the history of the world. >> absolutely. as relevant and meaningful today as it was then. thank you very much. >> on "the communicators," we talk what a professional or of electrical -- a professor of electrical and communications. >> this is the cadillac you see behind me, and google has built, think of them as foundation two. the next generation is something that focuses on, or basically, creates technologies completely. they will be able to deal with a lot more scenarios on the roads than these can, and they should be able to drive on >> watch the communicators, monday at 8:00 on c-span2. join us next week on the communicators for the confusion -- for the conclusion of the series about cars and talk with each other and the road. >> next on american history tvs "the negca, from 1945, ro sailor." this follows a draftee from his civilian job at a black newspaper through boot camp. the film celebrates teamwork, diversity, and the actions of several distinguished african american sailors. this film was recently restored by the national archives.