remembrance day service in london after spraining her back. hello and welcome to bbc news. the president of the cop26 climate summit has said that china and india will have to explain their reasons for not agreeing to phase out the use of coal, but the two nations did agree to phase down use, and there is still concerned that wealthy, developed nations are not paying enough to the global south to help fund change. we are expecting to hear from the british fund change. we are expecting to hearfrom the british prime minister, borisjohnson, any moment now. he is due to hold a news conference at downing street to give his take on the cop deal. we have the acting director of the energy climate change agreement. it was a mammoth session at the summit in glasgow. thank you forjoining us. the day after it all ends, what is your overall sense now of how successful it was? i your overall sense now of how successful it was?— your overall sense now of how successful it was? i think it has absolutely _ successful it was? i think it has absolutely been _ successful it was? i think it has absolutely been a _ successful it was? i think it has| absolutely been a breakthrough summit, but of course the next 12 months are going to be absolutely critical to make sure that countries deliver not only on their promises to reduce their emissions and ensure they develop plans to reduce emissions, but that the developed world does deliver the finance required by the developing world in order to make this transition and adapt to the effects of climate change and its impact is that they are already feeling today. find change and its impact is that they are already feeling today. and that whole question _ are already feeling today. and that whole question of— are already feeling today. and that whole question of what _ are already feeling today. and that whole question of what happened l are already feeling today. and that. whole question of what happened with china and india and coal, has it become any clearer as to what happened at the very end? from what i understand. — happened at the very end? from what i understand, there _ happened at the very end? from what i understand, there was _ happened at the very end? from what i understand, there was a _ happened at the very end? from what i understand, there was a huddle - i understand, there was a huddle between the chinese, the indians but also the us and the europeans, to cut this deal. and as you will have seen from the plenary afterwards, many small island nations, developing countries, were very disappointed with the watering down of the language. however, it is still the first time that fossil fuels have been mentioned in the cover text of this political agreement in over two decades, and some liken it to talking about the pandemic without naming the virus, or talking about lung cancer without talking about cigarettes. it has been a case of talking about climate change without talking about its causes for about two decades, so it is a historic moment to mention fossil fuels, is a historic moment to mention fossilfuels, but not is a historic moment to mention fossil fuels, but not only that, outside of the formal negotiations, there was a huge amount of progress to actually end international fossil fuel subsidies, so for coal, oiland gas, from countries, big supporters of subsidies overseas such as the us and canada. so there has been movement both inside the formal negotiations and outside. find movement both inside the formal negotiations and outside. and the auestion negotiations and outside. and the question of _ negotiations and outside. and the question of finance, _ negotiations and outside. and the question of finance, loss - negotiations and outside. and the question of finance, loss and - question of finance, loss and damage, the whole funding question, if developed nations had been willing to pay more, could there have been more movement on coal and fossilfuels generally? have been more movement on coal and fossil fuels generally?— fossil fuels generally? possibly, because the _ fossil fuels generally? possibly, because the reality _ fossil fuels generally? possibly, because the reality is _ fossil fuels generally? possibly, because the reality is that - fossil fuels generally? possibly, because the reality is that the l because the reality is that the chinese and the indians were not happy with the text, but they were able to ally themselves with some of the developing world or take cover from the fact that the developing world was disappointed, that promises were broken to the developing world about this finance that was promised from 2020. just to put that into context, what was promised i2 put that into context, what was promised 12 years ago now to the developing countries was $100 billion per year in climate finance. now, that is one seventh of the us military budget alone, and to remember, this $100 billion is to be divided amongst all developed economies, so in the context of these economies, it is actually not a huge amount, and so the disappointment from the developing world about the lack of delivery on that promise really well have held back some of the negotiating points. how much would be needed, if you were to try to quantify achieving real change. what proportion of developed economies�* budgets should go on this? it is developed economies' budgets should no on this? , ., ., ., go on this? it is not all about finance and _ go on this? it is not all about finance and grants. _ go on this? it is not all about finance and grants. it - go on this? it is not all about finance and grants. it is - go on this? it is not all about finance and grants. it is not l go on this? it is not all about. finance and grants. it is not all about concessional finance from concessional economies, it is all about the movement of private finance, but private finance doesn't invest in adaptations such as a sea wall to protect coastal communities. they may invest in a power plant that will deliver a return on their investment. so the reality is there has to be a balance between public and private finance, but there has been some calculations to say that what the developing world actually needs in terms of both public and private finance is roughly ten times what is even being offered at this stage. so even what is being offered but hasn't been delivered is not nearly enough. fik. but hasn't been delivered is not nearly enough-— but hasn't been delivered is not nearly enough. 0k. sepi, 'ust stay with us at the h nearly enough. 0k. sepi, 'ust stay with us at the moment. _ nearly enough. 0k. sepi, just stay with us at the moment. many - nearly enough. 0k. sepi, just stay . with us at the moment. many experts have calculated that the glasgow climate pact will not limit warming to 1.5 degrees, so what sort of increases are we likely to expect? currently global temperatures are already 1.1 degrees over preindustrial levels. if every nation actually carries out its long—term, we get to 1.8 degrees, if you look at what countries are doing, experts suggest the more likely outcome is 2.4 degrees. sepi staying with us as we wait for a press conference on the british prime minister. why is there that disparity in terms of what the temperature increase should be compared with what has been pledged and what nations are actually doing? i think the first point to make is that we always knew that glasgow wasn't going to deliver the pledge is necessary to close the gap to 1.5, but what it was designed to do was make sure that countries are given a checkpoint every year, rather than every five years which was the previous agreement�*s stipulation, to come back every year to improve their pledges and their ambition and their policies. so that is a huge development in terms of closing the gap. some of the things that haven't been calculated in that 4 degrees projection are some of the pledges made outside the formal... sepi, just a cut in, sorry to interrupt. borisjohnson, the british prime minister, is now speaking. i'm very pleased to be joined by alok sharma and my friend, the president of the cop. for two weeks... campaigners from around the world have been locked in talks about how to keep our planet habitable for future generations by getting real about climate change. it was the biggest political guy —— gathering of any kind. all these world leaders came to glasgow for the because their politicians are telling them that they need to act, and we have heard about the peril that we face if we fail, and we have heard from the individuals who are already living with the effects. yesterday evening we finally came to the kind of game changing agreement that the world needed to see. almost 200 countries have put their name to the glasgow climate pact, marking a decisive shift in the world's approach to tackling climate emissions. setting a clear road map to limiting the rising global temperatures to 1.5 degrees and marking the beginning of the end for coal power. because, for the first time ever, a un climate change conference has delivered a mandate to cut the use of coal power generation. and it is backed up by real action from individual countries. for example, we have arranged a multi—billion pound partnership to help south africa ditch coal and create new green jobs instead. on top of that, we have brokered a deal with the g20 to end international finance for coal by the end of next month. we have persuaded most of western europe and north america to mirror the commitment i made last december by pulling the plug on financial support for all overseas fossil fuel projects by this time next year. and when you add all that together, it is beyond question that glasgow has sounded the death knell for coal power. it is a fantastic achievement, and it isjust one of many to emerge from cop26. 90% of the world's economy is now following our lead here in the uk by committing to net zero, ending their contribution to climate change altogether. don't forget that when alok took the reigns of cop, it wasn't even a third that were committed to net zero. the target is a little later than we would have liked, but over 130 countries have signed up to halt and reverse deforestation by 2030 will stop and between them, those countries are home to more than 90% of the world's forests. we have got trillions of pounds of private sector assets lined up with climate goals, and we have managed to do something that has eluded the world for six years, by finalising the paris robot, allowing us to move from interminable debates about how to measure emissions and instead get on with cutting them. of course, my delight at this progress is tinged with disappointment. those for whom climate change is already a matter of life and death, who can only stand by as their islands are submerged, theirfarmland turn stand by as their islands are submerged, their farmland turn to desert, their homes battered by storms, they demanded a high level of ambition from the summit, and while many of us were willing to go there, that wasn't true of everybody. sadly, that is the nature of diplomacy. we can lobby, we can cajole and we can encourage, but we cannot force sovereign nations to do what they do not wish to do. it is ultimately their decision to make, and they must stand by it. but for all that, we can be immensely proud of what has been achieved by alok sharma and his team. i want to take this opportunity to thank him for his many months of tireless diplomacy, and thank everyone involved in making cop26 a success, from the bobble hat it volunteers to peter hill and his team in the cop unit. i know it is tempting to be cynical, and to dismiss these types of summits as talking shops, but we came to cop with a call for real action on coal, cars, cash and trees, and real action is exactly what we have got. and just look at what we have got. and just look at what it all means for our planet. before paris, the world was on course for a devastating 4 degrees warming by the end of the century. after paris we were heading for three degrees. at glasgow we have turned that dial down to around 2 degrees increase, and of course that is still far too high. but for all our disagreements, the world is undeniably heading in the right direction. even the most pessimistic commentator will tell you that 1.5 degrees, that goal of restricting the growth in temperatures to 1.5 degrees is still alive. now the work continues to make that ambition a reality. alok is going to keep pushing, along with everybody else in the uk government to strengthen the promises made in glasgow and to make sure that they are delivered and not diluted. the uk government is going to get on with our own extraordinary record of decarbonisation, get on with delivering our green industrial revolution, and exporting that revolution, and exporting that revolution worldwide. there is still a long journey ahead of us, and very little time to complete it. but cop26 has shown that we can do this. we can end our reliance on coal and fossil fuels, we can end our reliance on coal and fossilfuels, we can put we can end our reliance on coal and fossil fuels, we can put the we can end our reliance on coal and fossilfuels, we can put the brakes on runaway climate change, and we can preserve our unique planet for generations to come. i want to finish by thinking once again the people of glasgow for putting on a spectacular summit and of course i want to thank police scotland as well for everything that they did. and now over to you, to the media, for some questions. damian grammaticas, bbc news. prime minister, thank _ grammaticas, bbc news. prime minister, thank you _ grammaticas, bbc news. prime minister, thank you very - grammaticas, bbc news. prime minister, thank you very much. | minister, thank you very much. first. _ minister, thank you very much. first. for— minister, thank you very much. first. for all— minister, thank you very much. first, for all its achievements, after_ first, for all its achievements, after they— first, for all its achievements, after they summit it is the case that we — after they summit it is the case that we are still on course on climate — that we are still on course on climate change and climate change at dangerous _ climate change and climate change at dangerous levels, and what has happened is yes there have been successes, — happened is yes there have been successes, but the ball has been passed _ successes, but the ball has been passed to — successes, but the ball has been passed to the next summit, the next cop. _ passed to the next summit, the next cop. and _ passed to the next summit, the next cop. and mr— passed to the next summit, the next cop, and mr sharma, you were nearly intears— cop, and mr sharma, you were nearly intearsat— cop, and mr sharma, you were nearly intears at the— cop, and mr sharma, you were nearly in tears at the end of the cop. you had just— in tears at the end of the cop. you had just allowed china and india to make _ had just allowed china and india to make final— had just allowed china and india to make final changes that would water things— make final changes that would water things down, that really angered and disappointed the small island states, — disappointed the small island states, because it has left them still vulnerable and still threatened. and, prime minister, 'ust threatened. and, prime minister, just one _ threatened. and, prime minister, just one supplementary. just over a week_ just one supplementary. just over a week ago. — just one supplementary. just over a week ago, you demanded that all conservative mps vote to delay any punishment of owen paterson while the system for governing mps was looked _ the system for governing mps was looked into, but it is the case that parliament— looked into, but it is the case that parliament has a commissioner for standards. — parliament has a commissioner for standards, who answers to you as welt _ standards, who answers to you as welt so _ standards, who answers to you as welt so can — standards, who answers to you as well. so can i ask you, just very simply, — well. so can i ask you, just very simply, do _ well. so can i ask you, just very simply, do you have confidence in her, _ simply, do you have confidence in her. yes— simply, do you have confidence in her. yes or— simply, do you have confidence in her, yes or no, and it is a simple question. — her, yes or no, and it is a simple question, because if you don't say yes. _ question, because if you don't say yes, people will think that you don't — yes, people will think that you don't like _ yes, people will think that you don't like her in thatjob. yes, people will think that you don't like her in that job. don't like her in that “oh. thank ou, don't like her in that “oh. thank you. damien. h don't like her in that “oh. thank you, damien. let_ don't like her in that job. thank you, damien. let me _ don't like her in that job. thank you, damien. let mejust - don't like her in that job. thank. you, damien. let mejust quickly don't like her in that job. thank- you, damien. let me just quickly get the last question out of the way first, the answer is yes, i think the commission has an extremely difficultjob to do and huge amount of work to do and she needs to get on and be allowed to do it. whether the system is capable of improvement or not is a matter for the standards committee and for the house. but on your main point, this summit, cop26, was never going to be able to halt climate change. we were never going to be able to stop it now in its tracks in glasgow, that was never on the cards. but what people thought we could conceivably do was slow the rate of increase and equip ourselves with the tools to turn it around. and the reason i'm so optimistic is that i think for the first time, humanity is genuinely equipping ourselves with the equipment we need to halt anthropogenic climate change altogether, and so when you look at some of the things we are doing on coal, cars, cash and trees, you can see the individual commitments that we are making, i think that alok will speak about coal, but it is an immense thing to get a commitment from 190 countries to face down phase out coal. i don't know whether the languages phase down or phase—out, it doesn't seem to me as a speaker of english to make that much difference. the direction of travel is pretty much the same, and that has never been said before. on trees, you saw this enormous commitment to protect the forests of the world, to halt and reverse the loss of forests by 2030. and on cars, even on cars, which was actually very difficult, we got a third of the world's car market, from a standing start, because it had never been discussed before, to agree to go to electric vehicles by 2035. and every country made substantial commitments, substantial granular commitments, to reduce carbon emissions. and so no, we haven't fixed it, but we have the tools. and the final thing that we, i think, got right at cop26 was an idea that everybody basically gravitated around and towards, and thatis gravitated around and towards, and that is using development aid, state money, our overseas budgets, the multilateral development banks investments, using that to trigger private sector investment, and using that to drive the big decarbonisation programmes in the countries that find it hard. and that, i think, countries that find it hard. and that, ithink, was countries that find it hard. and that, i think, was the big intellectual breakthrough at this cop, that was the real change. so things like the programme led by cyril ramaphosa in south africa to decarbonise their power system, that is something that we haven't seen before, and that offers real hope. all of this is totally contingent on governments sticking to their pledges. but i feel something very strongly. i think a tipping point has been reached in people's attitude, and those leaders, 122 leaders, more than had ever come to any political event in this country before, those leaders have been galvanised and propelled by their electorates and the social power of people demanding change. and i think actually in a very short space of time, it is going to be an acceptable to start a new coal—fired power station around the world. just in a matter of a few years, because of the global, political and social pressure, and you can see the way societies are able to effect that kind of change. and so i fully accept, i really fully and humbly accept, i really fully and humbly accept, that this is not the full solution, never could have been. but i think that alok and his team, the whole un negotiating team, have delivered just about as much as we could have hoped. getting language about coal into the conclusions, into the cover decision at all, was i think highly significant and a great achievement. alok sharma. thank you, prime minister. i do think that this is a historic achievement, and we set out by saying we wanted to keep 1.5 within reach. there were lots of people who doubted that, but we did do that, and it is notjust the uk government saying that, you heard that from the floor, from climate vulnerable countries. you've heard that from climate ngos as well. so i do think this is historic. you raise this issue about how do we ensure that people keep to their commitments. we agreed the paris rule book, and i know it is something that is fairly opaque for most people, but the reality is that it underpins the checks and balances on whether or not countries are going to be able to deliver on their commitments and whether they are indeed delivering on their commitments. and so for the first time ever, we will be able to see that when a country makes a commitment and they report on what has happened in the economy, whether or not they have stuck to those. and in terms of firsts, the prime minister made the point that coal for the very first time has ended up in one of these agreements. i remember when i first raised this, months ago, people told me this is never going to happen, you will never going to happen, you will never get coal in the language, and we have got coal in the language, and i think the other thing that we have managed to do is, and again, it is a first, we have got a commitment from every country to come back next year to look at their 2030 emission production targets, and we have got them to agree that they will look at those to keep the paris temperature goals within reach. that is historic. we have also got an agreement that every year ministers will come together to look at this issue, to see whether we are matching the commitments that we have made, and we have also got agreement that for the first time ever, every year there will be a report which sets out how countries are going forward with the commitments that they have made. i think those are all historic first. in terms of the issue of coal, you asked me about my being emotional. well, for months, people have been asking me, do you feel the weight of the world on your shoulders? and i can tell you, there was one really tense hour where i did feel the weight of the world on my shoulders, and so many people have done so much over two years, the uk team, internationally. and this deal was absolutely in jeopardy. it really was in jeopardy. absolutely in jeopardy. it really was injeopardy. we got it absolutely in jeopardy. it really was in jeopardy. we got it over the line, and the reason we were able to do this is because of the trust that we had built around the world. the reason i said sorry, by the way, at the event, was not because i thought that we didn't have a historic achievement. it is because at the end people felt the process was opaque. we spent two years being totally transparent, totally inclusive, but what i was able to do was to take the text that was being put forward by those two countries, socialise it before taking it for a formal agreement, socialise it with all the groups, and the reason we got this over the line was because people trusted the uk. they trusted that we were going to try to do something just to get this deal done, and i also want to make the point that if we had not managed to get this deal done, we would have ensured that all of those developing countries that need support, those countries that need support, those countries on the front line of climate change, would not have got the support. they are getting more funding to adapt to the changing climate. we are ensuring that we're talking for the first time about issues like loss and damage which really matter to them. none of this would have been possible if that deal had been lost, and i can tell you there was that one hour where i really felt that there was a chance that we were not going to get this deal over the line.— deal over the line. thanks very much, deal over the line. thanks very much. alok — deal over the line. thanks very much, alok itv. _ deal over the line. thanks very much, alok itv. prime - deal over the line. thanks very i much, alok itv. prime minister. before pop _ much, alok itv. prime minister. before pop you _ much, alok itv. prime minister. before pop you describe - much, alok itv. prime minister. before pop you describe the - much, alok itv. prime minister. i before pop you describe the world much, alok itv. prime minister. - before pop you describe the world as bein- before pop you describe the world as being at— before pop you describe the world as being at one minute to midnight. where _ being at one minute to midnight. where would you characterise us as being _ where would you characterise us as being now? — where would you characterise us as being now? and mr sharma, john kerry told itv— being now? and mr sharma, john kerry told itv news that he felt let down by the _ told itv news that he felt let down by the watering down of the language on coal. _ by the watering down of the language on coal. do _ by the watering down of the language on coal. do you think china and india _ on coal. do you think china and india have _ on coal. do you think china and india have let down the world's most climate _ india have let down the world's most climate vulnerable countries? i think climate vulnerable countries? think it is climate vulnerable countries? i think it is still very difficult. it is still a massive challenge for humanity, as i told you before. i think that the fatal mistake now coming out of cop26, which has unquestionably been a success, the fatal mistake now would be to think that we have in any way cracked this thing. nothing could be more damaging to our attempts to defeat climate change, disastrous climate change, than to suddenly bathe ourselves in the warm glow of self—satisfaction and think, that is climate change done, onto the next thing. we are going to have to keep going, keep the countries that have made those commitments to their promises, an event before 2030, and before 2025, we are going to have to extract some more. what we have done is keep alive that ambition of restricting the growth and the temperatures of the planet. but if you ask me and my more optimistic now, yes, iam much more you ask me and my more optimistic now, yes, i am much more optimistic, because i genuinely think this thing is now propelled by a force that is bigger than corporations and is bigger than corporations and is bigger than corporations and is bigger than governments, and that is people and consumer choice and what citizens want around the world. and that fundamentally is going to make the difference. alok? bud that fundamentally is going to make the difference. alok?— the difference. alok? and i think this oint the difference. alok? and i think this point about _ the difference. alok? and i think this point about the _ the difference. alok? and i think this point about the change - the difference. alok? and i think this point about the change of i this point about the change of language on coal. i think the first thing i would say is that once again this is the first time we have got language on coal in these agreements. that really is historic. and yes, the phrase is now face down rather than phase—out, but country still have to reduce their use of coal. and you heard the reaction from the developing nations from the floor, and the marshall islands' representative talked about the fact that she was bitterly hurt as a result of the change. these are countries on the front line of climate change. for them, 1.5 is really very bad news. 2 degrees is a death sentence. so because it matters, and there was lots emotion there. and in terms of china and india, they will on this particular issue have to explain themselves to developing countries. the one thing i would say is it wasn'tjust the negotiators. i i would say is it wasn't 'ust the negotiatorsfi i would say is it wasn't 'ust the negotiators. i think the stars of the cop for— negotiators. i think the stars of the cop for me _ negotiators. i think the stars of the cop for me was _ negotiators. i think the stars of the cop for me was so - negotiators. i think the stars of the cop for me was so often i negotiators. i think the stars of. the cop for me was so often those vulnerable island states and others who made such incredibly powerful arguments, and worked very hard. beth rigby, sky news.— beth rigby, sky news. thank you. prime minister, _ beth rigby, sky news. thank you. prime minister, you _ beth rigby, sky news. thank you. prime minister, you build - beth rigby, sky news. thank you. prime minister, you build this - beth rigby, sky news. thank you. prime minister, you build this cop is a turning — prime minister, you build this cop is a turning point in humanity, you said it _ is a turning point in humanity, you said it was — is a turning point in humanity, you said it was one minute to midnight to prevent — said it was one minute to midnight to prevent climate catastrophe, and you said _ to prevent climate catastrophe, and you said we — to prevent climate catastrophe, and you said we needed to act now. but instead. _ you said we needed to act now. but instead. and — you said we needed to act now. but instead, and i'm going to quote the un secretary general, he said that the current— un secretary general, he said that the current plans for countries to reduce _ the current plans for countries to reduce emissions would still increase _ reduce emissions would still increase emissions this decade on a pathway— increase emissions this decade on a pathway that will clearly lead to well above in temperatures 2 degrees by the _ well above in temperatures 2 degrees by the end _ well above in temperatures 2 degrees by the end of the century. sol well above in temperatures 2 degrees by the end of the century. so i put it to you. — by the end of the century. so i put it to you, isn't it a disservice to the climate _ it to you, isn't it a disservice to the climate catastrophe that we're facing _ the climate catastrophe that we're facing to _ the climate catastrophe that we're facing to pretend anything but this cop summit fell short of what you wanted _ cop summit fell short of what you wanted to— cop summit fell short of what you wanted to achieve, and what you have actually _ wanted to achieve, and what you have actually done is press pause and kicked _ actually done is press pause and kicked the — actually done is press pause and kicked the can down the road until next year. — kicked the can down the road until next year. and alok sharma, do you agree _ next year. and alok sharma, do you agree with _ next year. and alok sharma, do you agree with the prime minister that phase-out— agree with the prime minister that phase—out and phase down means the same _ phase—out and phase down means the same thing? _ phase—out and phase down means the same thing? because wasn't that the issue that _ same thing? because wasn't that the issue that actually that language is very different, and that is the controversy around it last night that upset you so much. and then 'ust that upset you so much. and then just if— that upset you so much. and then just if i_ that upset you so much. and then just if i may. _ that upset you so much. and then just if i may, prime minister, the chancellor— just if i may, prime minister, the chancellor said last week that your government needs to do better when it comes _ government needs to do better when it comes to— government needs to do better when it comes to standards. do you agree with him. _ it comes to standards. do you agree with him, and do you think you made a mistake _ with him, and do you think you made a mistake over owen paterson that you now _ a mistake over owen paterson that you now regret?— a mistake over owen paterson that you now regret? thank you, beth. i don't think— you now regret? thank you, beth. i don't think antonio _ you now regret? thank you, beth. i don't think antonio would _ you now regret? thank you, beth. i don't think antonio would want - don't think antonio would want people to think, antonia gutierrez, the secretary general of the un, that we have cracked it here at cop in edinburgh, of course not. and i totally agree with him about that. and yes, you are right. we are still on a trajectory to increase the temperature of our planet by around 2 degrees, as i said at the beginning. orthat 2 degrees, as i said at the beginning. or that is what it is looks likes. but what it houses the hope, and i don't think anybody would this, we have the hope that we can use all the tools that we've now equipped ourselves with to keep it at 1.5, and to keep 1.5 alive. and i think that was, what we have done at cop26 is slow the growth. we couldn't stop the growth, but we have unquestionably slowed it down. and i think the other thing that is so exciting and