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IMAGE: Dissociation pressures of various clathrate hydrates across a range of cryogenic temperatures. The upper regions of each curve indicate stable boundaries of the clathrate hydrates. (Similar colors have been used. view more
Credit: 2021 Hideki Tanaka, Okayama Univ.
Just like on Earth, water on other planets, satellites, and even comets comes in a variety of forms depending on multiple factors such as pressure and temperature. Aside from the gaseous, liquid, and solid states we are accustomed to, water can form a different type of crystalline solid called clathrate hydrate. Although they look similar to ice, clathrate hydrates have actually small water-based cages in which smaller molecules are trapped. These trapped guest molecules are essential for preserving the crystalline structure of clathrate hydrates, which would otherwise collapse into regular ice or water.
Jan 14, 2021
Sitting in front of an iPad with a lineup of herbal sore-throat remedies behind him, Ryuta Fujii, president of pharmaceutical company Ryukakusan Co., is listening to Chinese customers’ questions over a livestream.
From Ryukakusan’s headquarters in Tokyo, Fujii broadcasts his “live e-commerce” production, picking up products and explaining details about them, with everything simultaneously interpreted into Chinese by colleagues seated next to him.
He responds directly to questions from viewers who can immediately purchase products they desire with a click on his store hosted by a platform owned by Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba Group Holding Ltd., which also provides the livestream service.