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I want the start out my talk with two quotes. Um, theyre both from the prologue of my book, and ill give a little explanation for them, um, but they introduce why i decided to write book. So the first quote is in my own prose from the prologue. We still hold certain truths about africanamericans to be selfevident; that the phrase 19th Century Black americans refers to enslaved people. That the, that new york state before the civil war denotes a place of freedom, that blacks in this new york city designates harlem, that the black community posits a classless and culturally unified society, that a black elite did not exist until well into the 20th century. The lives of my new york forebearers belies such assumptions. They were born free at a time when slavery was still legal in new york state. They lived in racialtymixed neighborhoods, first in Lower Manhattan and then after the civil war in brooklyn at a time when harlem was a mere village. They were part of new yorks small but Signific

United statesNew yorkFrance generalColumbia universityCity ofUnited kingdomGreenwich villageNorthern englandMary joseph lyonsDavid rugglesPhillip augustusWilliam powellToni morrisonAmerica hewlettJames hewlettRichard rowe