Transcripts For CSPAN3 Black Gotham 20170702

Black gotham Carla Peterson recounts the lives of black elites in new york city in the 19th century. Professor peterson examines a community of black new read more . Recounts the lives of africanamerican elites in new ork. This is about an hour, ten minutes. Um, i want the start out my talk with two quotes. Um, theyre both from the prologue of my book, and ill give a little explanation for them, um, but they introduce why i decided to write book. Write the book. So the first quote is in my own prose from the prologue. We still hold certain truths about africanamericans to be selfevident; that the phrase 19th Century Black americans refers to enslaved people. That the, that new york state before the civil war denotes a place of freedom, that blacks in this new york city esignates harlem, that the black community posits a classless and culturally unified society, that a black elite did not exist until well into the 20th century. The lives of my new york forebearers belies such assumptions. They were born free at a time when slavery was still legal in new york state. They lived in racialtymixed neighborhoods, first in Lower Manhattan and then after the civil war in brooklyn at a time when harlem was a mere village. They were part of new yorks small but Significant Community and, specifically, its elite class. So the first impulse for my writing the book was my desire to overturn these assumptions, assumptions that we live with almost on a daily basis. And, therefore, to point to the significance of the black elite in new york city. So it was a professional impulse, if you will. The second quote is from the end graph of the prologue. And it is from Toni Morrisons beloved. Denver was seeing it now and feeling it through beloved, and the more fine points she made, the more details she provided, the more beloved liked it. So she anticipated the questions by giving blood to the scraps her mother and grandmother told her. And a heartbeat. Denver spoke, beloved listened, and the two did the best they could to create what really happened. How it really was. Something only stephane knew because she alone had the mind for it and the time afterward to shape it. Create what really happened. So this second quote points to one of my great concerns in writing the book, the idea to recover my familys past. Not my mothers, but my great, great grandparents, my great grandparents and realizing that their memories were not my memories. So how could i tell the story of memories that were not my own and that had just come down to me in scraps . Be and how could i then give blood and a heartbeat to these scraps . So that was my second, much more personal motivation for writing the book. And, indeed, i had a hard time trying to give blood and a heartbeat to the scraps i found. Because i started with almost nothing, with really one false story. The false story, partly false story, basically, i was told hat i had a great grandfather, that hed been born in haiti, that his name was philippe, that at the time of the haitian revolution he left haiti, went that hed been born in haiti, to paris, became a pharmacist, then came to new york and an lo sized his name to Phillip Augustus white. The story was half true. There was no haiti in the background, here was no trip to paris. He was born, actually, in this new jersey, in the hoboken, to paris, became a pharmacist, moved very quickly [laughter] moved very quickly to new york city and did become a pharmacist. So i was faced with a real problem there. And as i started my research to find family stories, what i discovered was that there had actually been a real will to commemorate in, among 19th Century Black new yorkers that forgetting was not their way of life. They started off, first of all, in commemorations, for example, of important events like the abolition of the slave trade, january 1, 1808, and commemorated it every, every, um, year after on the same day in ceremonies, in parade. They commemorated the abolition of slavery in the state of new york which was july 4, 1827. They had newspapers, the colored american freedoms journal, where they wrote about themselves in this a desire to commemorate. They tried to erect statues, for example, one to Henry Highland Garnet who i might mention a little later. Hes really not central to this talk, but hed been an mportant black leader. They wanted to create a memorial in his honor. They managed to create but by and large did not manage to preserve. So the problem of preservation they wanted to create a became a tremendous one. When youre an undersourced community, when you dont have fund and resources, how do you preserve . So so much got lost by the wayside. And, of course, the best example i could give that all of you are familiar with is the negroes Burial Ground in downtown, right, new york. How it was the Black Cemetery all the way throughout the 18th century, got destroyed in 1795 because of really speculation, what else in new york . So the cemetery was taken over to make ground for, to lay lay ground for new lots to be sold, houses to be build, et, et. Etc. , etc. And then there was the problem of the archives. The earliest new york archive as established by john pintard, a very well known, white elite man. But black new yorkers had to but black new yorkers had to wait until the 1920s to arturo shone berg to schaumberg to establish the schaumberg center. And yet, basically, the archives were, ultimately, my only resource. Its the only place i had to go to since my family had given me so little and half of a story. So what i do in the book, and i do want to point this out, is the book unfolds on two level t. Own within levels. On one level its the story of my search, how i went through the archives looking for material, finding, not finding, how i put them together. And on the second level, of course, it is the story it. So i started out in the schaumberg, and i was really lucky, lucky to find very early on two scrapbook pages in an archival collection. And in them i found the obituary pasted on the scrapbook of my great grandfather and then my great, great grandfather. So this is the first scrapbook page. It is my great grandfather. And, of course, the name was with Phillip Augustus white, so i recognized him immediately. To give you a really quick thumbnail sketch, he was born in 1823, died in 1891. He was from a fairly poor family. His father died when he was young. He went to one of the public schools, they called them a colored school. He, afterwards, went to train with james mckeon smith whos one of our early doctors and pharmacists and was an apprentice in smiths pharmacy for two years. That then enabled him to enter the college of pharmacy of the city of new york. And he got a degree in 1844. 1844, black man from the college of pharmacy. His great then he established a pharmacy, a drug tore in downtown new york. T is on the corner of what was rankfurt and gold street and part of Pace University is there now. He made quite a bit of money through his drugstore. The money he had he gave back to two causes, one the education of black children and the other his church. St. Phillips Episcopal Church. When he moved to brooklyn in 1870, he settled there. In 1883 seth lowe, who was then mayor of brooklyn, aponted him to the appointed him to the brooklyn board of education. He had the first plaque seat on the brook black seat on the brooklyn board of education. So that is my great grandfather. This is his fatherinlaw, my great, great grandfather. So you can check your family e tree. Phillip white marries elizabeth, and this is elizabeths father. He was the one who no, his parent were haitian. He was born in new york. He was born in 1813, died in the early 1880s. Went to a school that i come back and talk to you, talk about later. Did a variety of odd jobs, married my great, great grandmother who died very young, i know nothing about her. And in his second marriage he married into the ray family. They were a prominent family, and cornelius brother, Peter Williams gray, had a pharmacy. So he was brought into the drugstore as a pharmacist. He had no background the way my great grandfather did, no training, but he could become a pharmacist. He, too, was very devoted to st. Phillips. Um, the other treasuretrove that i found at the schaumberg were the Harry Williamson papers. And, again, if you look down on the family tree, you will see him there. And i wont go into any detail, and maybe that doesnt show up too well. But in the, in doing the family research, the woman on the right here is mary joseph yons, and she is the sister of my great, great grandmother, rebecca marshall. So, and she married this man, lyons. And i bring them up although im not going to talk about them much in this talk tonight, i bring them up because albro lyons said to his daughter so shes on the family tree hat he wanted to write the story, the history of his generation. But he never got further than the title, and the title he had picked was the gentleman in black. So he said to his daughter, i am not going to be able to do it. I want you to do it. So in this same collection of papers we have a typed manuscript about 85 pages, pretty much in draft form, organizeally at least, and what she said was that from the vast output of fugitive scrap she was going to try and write her memoir. And she titled it memory t of yesterdays memories of yesterdays. All of which i saw and part of hich i was, an autobiography. So she wrote the 85 pages but didnt get it published. So i consider my book black gotham, to be the final event, the final publication of this idea of writing the history of the gentleman in black which goes well back into the 19th century. And i just hope if theyre looking down listening, watching, reading that they approve of what i did. [laughter] um, but what i want to say is that the word scrap really stuck with me. The scrapbook pages that i found, and then the daughter saying that she wrote her memoir from the vast output of fugitive scraps. So i see my book very much as a scrapbook. There are parts, i choose an event or a story, i tell it. My chronology, its a chronological story, but there are gaps which i cant possibly fill in, and i dont try to. So think of my book as a scrapbook. I also talk about it as a partial history meaning im not trying to give an entire history, im not even trying to give an objective history. My history is partial. Its partial because its about my family, and its because its only a part of black new york history and because i am partial to it. Its also a chronological history but very much a cyclical one because what it does is traces the ups and downs of black new yorkers. Every time they feel that theyve made social, political, economic progress something happens to slap them in the face and bring them down again. Lastly, though, i also think of it as a spatial history. And thats why i titled the book, black gotham, to show the way in which the degree to which so much of their life was formed by where they lived, the city of gotham and the neighborhoods in it. So im going to name the five, um, spaces. I think of it, the space as concentric circles. And im going to name the five of them now, and then im going to come back, and im only going to talk about a couple of them. If i tried to do the whole thing, wed be here all night. So the first one, then, is what alexander krummel called the wide circle of the leading citizens of new york and the vicinity, basically the black elite. The second is the black community, and im sure thats a term you all hear a lot, the black community this, that and the other. So just to give you a sense of some numbers for those of you who like numbers, n 1840 the number of black inhabitants was about 16,400 out of 313,000. This is all approximate. And then it declines to about 12,500, um, out of 814,000 in 1860. So just some kind of ballpark numbers. The third, which im going to come pack, is the city itself, gotham, where they lived in raciallymixed neighborhoods and had a variety of contact with whites and blacks. So thats something i will definitely come back to. Then beyond goth maam gotham, the contacts that they had with blacks in other cities like philadelphia, boston, so forth. And last weekend if one of my audiences, there was a man from philly, and we can have a real go to because the differences in sensibility and culture in th century 19th Century Black philadelphia and boston were very different from new york, and we can talk about that in q a, if you want to. And finally and not the least important is the sense of being black philadelphia and boston a citizen of the world. That they were cosmopolitan, that they belonged to the entire world, that they were part of the entire world. So let me start by talking a little bit about the elite and this idea of the wide circle of the leading citizens of new york and vicinity. So the first thing that i want to point out is the way in which education was really absolutely foundational to this elite. If nothing else, i could say this is a book about education. Education, education, education. So what ou hear now is not new at all. I mean, turn on new york one, and youre hearing about the school system, etc. , etc. Same issues back then. This is the Famous School of the early 19th century. Its an africanfree school. It was called the mulberry Street School. And that is where my great, great grandfather peter went to school. And he went to school with a bunch of young men who turned out to be leaders, real leaders of the black community both in new york and beyond. And ill just name the ones that im going to come and talk about later. There was George Downing, charles reason and his brother patrick, and james mckeon smith. So the values there were very much the values of a liberal arts egg, what today we would call the Solid Foundation of a liberal arts education. In addition to that, there were development or education in other areas. Character was one. Respectability, another. The acquisition of wealth. This is new york. Basically, work hard, become very skilled in your trade or in your profession and make money in the process. But then give money back to the community. And finally, in this idea of cosmopolitanism. Read shakespeare, read milton, read wordsworth and have a sense of the entire world. So what i think is really important to think of here is the way in which when we say blackamerican or africanamerican, you know, an image immediately comes to mind, and i kind of static. What i want to point out is the very dynamic process of making identity in this period. People have been kidnapped from and brought enslaved to the new world, to the United States, to america, to the United States, to new york. And they didnt become blackamerican or africanamericans overnight, but the the a process of struggle. And that was of trying to forge identity. And thats what the schooling was all about. So to pass on that circle number one, to pass on circle number two is the, um, black community it with all the institutions, literate society, political societies, so forth. And im not going to spend much time talking about these. We can come back in the q a period. I will say theyre mainly male organizations. Women are not members. Theyre definitely not officers. The definitely not officers. Theyre invited as companions to a talk like now, right . But they would never be a member of the Greenwich Village society for historic preservation. [laughter] but they could accompany their spouse to it. And that presented, that was an incredible Research Problem for me which i could talk about later. Um, the other thing, um, so that, basically, is the black community, and im going to pass on. Um, so education schools were one, um, and churches the other. And my familys church was st. Hillips Episcopal Church. It was down here in Lower Manhattan and is now up in harlem. So the third circle, m, is that of gotham, and this is where im going to spend the rest of my time talking. Um, and i have a section in my book titled distance and proximity because what i want to point out is no matter how distant black new yorkers were from their white counterparts, either poor, nativeborn irish immigrants, german immigrants or even wealthier whites, um, they were never, there was still proximity. Because they lived downtown in raciallymixed neighborhoods, um, in ward four and ward fife fife ward five and ward six and ward eight. They were always close to others, people who were not like them. Not necessarily in the same house or the same tenement, but maybe tenements on the street or at least block to block. And what this led to were some really surprising, to me surprising and to them also unpredictable contacts with whites. And im just going to mention a couple of things, um, that i talk about and that i think are, make point. The first is all new yorkers xperience the same indignity of living in new york, the same filth, the same pigs who are running around, right . Rooting eating garbage and knocking people over and biting you in the leg. The same disease like smallpox, like cholera, like yellow fever. Unless you were wealthy and could escape town. But the other thing maybe more important is this idea of what i call whimsy, that theres no real set protocol for race relations. You would think that in the 1840s, 50s, 60s with a city in which racial discrimination, hostility is so intense that every boundary would be tightly drawn, and you would really know what to do. And yet they ncountered what i call whimsy. And i get this from mari texas cha. My new toy. If her memoir says writing for colored folks depended on the whim whims of drivers. She talks about going to school at times she was free to get on the railroad car. At other times she was like, no, you have to wait for the colored car. Another would be going to Crystal Palace which was the great exhibit which was put on in the 1850s modeled after londons Crystal Palace, this great exhibit hall. Nd a comment in a newspaper is that black new yorkers have been casting the horoscope as to whether colored people would be admitted. Um, so one day you could be admitted, another not. That black new yorkers have there were high cultural events, and in a way the black elite hoped that class would trump race, that if they had education, understood kind of high culture, that they would be free to go. And that was true a lot of times. They went to the opera, they went to plays, they went to bookstore, they went to art galleries. But in one instance they were forbidden to enter. And this is when one of their own, an opera singer named Elizabeth Taylor greenfield, came up from philadelphia, black singer, to sing. And the Elizabeth Taylor greenfield, hall in which she was to sing did not have a segregated section. And so the black elite were turned away and told that they couldnt enter. So they raised a brouhaha and were finally allowed to get in. So that is to show the confusion. The real whimsy that operated in new york for the black elite and for all black new yorkers. So, um, for the remainder, for my next half of the talk im the real whimsy that operated going to focus on this area which is something that dana asked me to do, and im going to be focusing specifically on three sites. One is broadway, another is lawrence street which was parallel to thompson street north of houseton, and the third is and thats the lawrence Street School. And the third is the african grove theater which was located on mercer street. And i want to show two things. One, the way in which distance nd proximity still obtained in this area, and the other is i think i see a way to also point out while im talking about place and what happened in certain places to point out some of the moral values underlying the happenings. So what happens, im going to talk a little bit about the white elite first. The white elite, of course, started downtown like everybody did, and they gradually start to move up. Theyre trying to flee the very thing they were creating, right . Commercialization, brouhaha in the city. So they come up to the village, to st. Johns park and broadway. And then at a certain point, of course, they move north of bleaker street. And so there was that phrase, you know, above bleaker street, and thats where the upper tendom, as they called, lived. And they were also in the, in to bond street, Lafayette Place area. So i want to read now a little passage from my book in which i talk about George Foster and the way in which he capture ors broadway and that period. So going all the way up broadway starting maybe a little bit below houseton going up. What was so i talk about the way in which the, um, bond street Lafayette Place area is nice and quiet. What was not quiet was roadway, an avenue marked by contrast. Writer George Foster well captured it flavor in his recent book. It was the ontrast of morning and afternoon. At daybreak broadway was hushed and solitary. The few who were about could amuse themselves watching the awakened swine gallop furiously downward to have the first cut afternoon. At daybreak broadway at the new garbage. Later in the day, however, a mass of people would surge through the street, a human river in fresh roaring and foaming towards the sea. Then there were the contrasts of buildings. Some had sprung up haphazardly. A brick schoolhouse, a penitentiary or pound there. Finally, what caught your eye depended on where you looked. Down, a rotten cellar door. Straight ahead, a plate glass window stuffed with gaudy cashmeres and mildewed muslims. Above, an interminable line of crooked well posts armed with glass bottles and held together by wire clotheslines. What foster failed to mention was the contrast between day and night. Because come nightfall the area around houseton street would be overrun with people. Customers in search of good food, good drink, good entertainment and, yes, good sex. The area had ecome a center of the citys sex trade. Prostitutes were everywhere, in hotels, in the private supper rooms of restaurants, in upstairs drinking rooms and saloons, in the brothels that lined the streets, on streets where they handed out cards. Walt whitman was certain that in no other place could vice show it so impudently. So that is broadway. Then i want to move on to my second place which is the lawrence or lawrence Street School for colored children located a few block north of houseton and i do not, unfortunately, i do not have an image of it. And this is where my great grandfather, so my great, great grandfather goes to the mulberry Street School, and my great grandfather goes to the lawrence Street School. And i know a lot about my great grandfather because of the, um, very lengthy eulogy that this man, George Downing, wrote and published in the brooklyn citizen at the time of my great grandfathers death. And so what he says is that my great grandfather, that Phillip Whites father was named thomas white, that he was a white man from northern england. He says absolutely nothing about phillips mother, but from looking at the, at phillips death certificate, it says that she comes from jamaica. Her name was Elizabeth Steele. She was undoubtedly black. Shes the one who because of her my great grandfather is labeled, was labeled colored or mulatto. I dont know where they met, i dont know whether she was slave or free. I dont know whether they actually married. I dont know how they ended up in the United States. But thomas dies in 1835, and then its up to Elizabeth Steele white to give her children an education. And she gets phillip goes to the lawrence Street School. So you see, in what hard times they were and how they had to scramble. So, philip went to the school and the boys principle was charles reason and he was the one who ive gone to school with my greatgrandfather in, at the mulberry Street School in the 1820s. So what i think is so significant here is that at the mulberry Street School, white teachers have taught these young black men. Peter, George Downing, charles reason, et cetera, et cetera. And now black teachers are teaching black youth. So this active mentor ship was so incredibly important for the elite. Philip took many different kinds of courses. He studied latin and history, both ancient and modern. And richard, then 25 years later, as charles reason as a teacher, the same teacher. This is what she says about him. Professor reason cultured refined inclined to be a little supercilious was quite intolerant of mediocrity. He instinctively shun ordinary and the commonplace, and kept himself aloof from all that was awkward and unseemly. He could and would teach, but only if allowed his right choice in the selection of his pupils. Those willing and able to submit to his processes found ompensation far in excess of both ancient and modern. And richard, then 25 years later, as charles reason as a teacher, the same teacher. This is what she says about him. Professor reason cultured refined inclined to be a little supercilious was quite intolerant of mediocrity. He instinctively shun ordinary and the commonplace, and kept himself aloof from all that was awkward and unseemly. He could and would teach, but only if allowed his right choice in the selection of his pupils. Those willing and able to submit to his processes found compensation far in excess of exaction. He taught had to study, develop a love of study or studies sake to those mentally alert, inspiring and diligent he disclosed interest. Satisfaction and wonder, whoever could be trying to enjoy what he enjoyed in the way it pleased him. Had measureless content and complete as exceptional. I dont know whether he would like to have him as your teacher, but thats what he was. So philip was, according to george, a very good student, worked very hard and did very well at the school. Salon graduation he needed to learn a trade. So his mother, elizabeth, with the help of George Downing, placed him first with patrick reason. So patrick is Charles Older brother i think. And yet become an engraver. He had worked. He had become quite a wellknown and greater, and he took philip into his shop as an apprentice. It didnt work out. So, downing says a three months probation satisfied parent and master hat the apprentice had not the slightest aptitude for the work. So then philip came forward with his own idea and pronounced that he wanted to be a pharmacist. So thats what he was sent to apprentice with gene smith in his pharmacy on est broadway, Anthony Coscia two years apprenticeship he was able to go to the college of pharmacy. And you know the rest of the story. So, what i want to point out, not only that these men made toward philip, but also that they were businessmen in their own right. And i want to emphasize the degree to which entrepreneurship was so important in the black community. The hard work, to show that youre working hard, the satisfaction of doing eally well, im becoming really skilled in your trade or in your profession. And, finally, as i said, making money in order to buy property, become a property owner, be able to vote because there was a 250 minimum to vote. And in order to get back to the community. So George Downing had a store on broadway right, i think its north of bleecker. Right about the leader. And he placed ads in the new york daily tribune that boast of such specialties as pickled oysters and bone turkey. He was appealing then to both white and black customers in patrick reasons integrating shop was on bond street and was patronized ither families on bond street, the white elite with last names like ward, schermerhorn, lowell, et cetera. So these men were doing very well. Wealth was not the only important thing for the black elite. As i aid before. One was respect. Another was respectably. You had to behave in respectable way. As well as character. So character is the formation, the moral formation, right, of the celtic and respectability is its outward manifestation. If youre an upright moral person come if you work hard, if you go to church, if you treat your family well and so forth, then it would automatically show on the outside in proper behavior, proper forms of dress, and so forth. So respectability was as important, probably more important than wealth in acquiring come in becoming part of the black elite. To give you a sense of let me see. I want to show you let me see. Thats my greatgrandfather, philip white. So he is, think of him as the image of respectability, okay . He has this drugstore, makes quite a bit of money, he promotes black education. Hes the pillar of Saint Philips Episcopal Church. He is mr. Respectability himself. So i now want to go on to the disrespectful because we get an idea of about this respectability, about respectability by looking at this respectability. So here he is. You can turn to my family tree. This is my great, great grandparent, Joseph Marshall and Elizabeth Hulett marshall. This is elizabeth brother. Hes my great, great great grand uncle and his name is jean sheila. The only way i could really give you a flavor of hat he was like is to read a passage from a book. Im going to do a little reading now. The details of hewlett career are fascinating but incomplete. He was a member of the african theater form by William Brown in 1821. This is a location on ercer street so this is my third place. Iq broadly, lawrence street and now this is mercer street. So the african grove theatre in 181. Initially the african grove was simply a tea garden in browns backyard were black new Yorkers Congress for musical events and social activities. Once the Theater Company was formed it played in different ring to downtown locations until brown opened his own space on mercer street in 1822. From then until the early 1830s should perform with Browns Company and also in many other venues to close to home at the military garden in brooklyn, somewhat farther afield in philadelphia, saratoga and alexandria, virginia. And even across the seas in london and south america. Hewlett expired to be a pure shakespearean actor. He played the lead role in richard the third and also gave solo performances of scenes from a fellow. Much like other bunning actors of the day, he honed his craft by imitating famous shakespearean performers like edmund kean. Some of his other roles are more explicitly subversive, however. Indirectly hinting at the subordination and resistance of black americans. The warriors need achieved in the ballet pantomime of some, the rebel leader of team shot away, or the insurrection of the anticolonial lyrics of nationalist scottish ballads. Black new yorkers flocked to performances at the african grove theatre. So might not have been hewletts acting or even his politics that his family found so offensive. They might well because of that they drum him out of the family so theres a note in the paper saying he was a play actor in his day and he was drummed out of the family. So its not necessary his acting or even his politics that his family found so offensive. They might ell have enjoyed watching them and roles of richard the third or team shot away. But racism made theatergoing a dangerous activity. From the start what new yorkers were hostile to browns enterprise. They complained about noise from the tea garden. They objected to the theater staging of shakes fist of popular play of the day come and they resented browns aggressive recruitment of white ustomers. In 1822 conflict burst out into the open. The please read the theater during a january performance and arrested the actors. A group of rowdy whites follow suit in august storm the theater and causing a riot. Hewlett seems to have escaped bodily harm although brown was severely burst out into the open. The beaten. Its also true that hewlett could singlehandedly stirred up plenty of bad publicity that must have made his family cringe. First they were on complementary reports, possibly true, possibly not, about his performances that smacked of stereotypes of the childlike permissive black. Snipes insisted that when hewlett sang ballads he translates the lyrics into black dialect, reciting lines like is dara harton, is a heart that never loved, for example . British actor matthews who had befriended hewlett while touring the United States also satirized them in public. Returning to london, matthews created a show based on his american trip in which he mocked hewlett is strange alterations to hamlet which include his singing of a real negro melody at the end of the performance. Hewlett respond by publishing a rebuttal in the local newspaper, defending his own acting abilities as well as the right of blacks to perform shakespeare. Although a viable active selfdefense, the letter also opened hewlett up to more bad publicity. Then there were hewlett repeated problems with the law. In some cases he was addicted or mere bystander. When he decided to open a scattering shop which was a dry cleaners, in 1823 to make ends meet, a competitor beat him up. In 1825 hewlett took a position as stewart onboard a ship but was obliged to testify in court after passenger was accused of repeatedly assaulting the only other passenger on board. But in later years of hewlett turned perpetrator. In 1835 he again signed up as a step trashed a ship stood. He was arrested and convicted of stealing very articles from toshiba click several bottles of wine and border. And serve a sixmonth sentence. In 1837 he was accused of seducing and abandoning a white woman and was sentenced one month hard labor. Later that same year he was caught stealing a watch from the house of a man who had just died and was returned to prison. Despite his pleas, gentlemen, dont put me in the newspapers, it will hurt my character, his misdeeds were widely reported in the press. After this episode hewlett disappears from public view. So i did my best to try tracing down, but with no luck. So that give you an example of disrespectability, the kind of thing that lack elite and that my family shunned and wanted to have no part of it. So i want to come back and say a little bit about women, and what i can say, i can talk more about what they actually did in the queue and a. But here i just want to point out the way in which women as part of the black elite helped to police the norms of respectable behavior. So they were the ones who were very prominent in defining norms of respectability. Riches memoir offers a rare and fascinating glimpse into the social lives of the black elite. It tells of the pleasures that they enjoy despite the heart conditions under which they labored. Among the friends of our family, richard rowe, where two circles founded on personal preference. These were led respectively by mrs. Reason, charles wife. And mrs. Elizabeth bowers, the farmer gathered about are the studious and conservative, and kept open house for all visitors of no. The latter was surrounded by loving folk, young and old. In this not have a good time was impossible. To mrs. Reason belongs the honor of being able to hold a soninlaw. Her string of french blood major clean of entertainers and covered her with a case in the social functions that were irreproachable. Many pages later, richard added a third woman, her mother. So if i can go back. Thats mary joseph lyons. Her mother to the left. Mother was the life of a migrant of young single and married folks who found in her asocial woman whose company was as agreeable as when she was a maiden. With her it was possible to have a good time without fuss and feathers. Her guests were frequent. They danced, played or sung, play games or so for charity. And all alike founded opportunity to pass many delightful hours with her in the home where courtesy, sociability and friend and his reign supreme. It was permissible for families to move from one circle to another. No hard and fast lines were drawn, however. The same persons could be met now in one circle, now an editor so you can understand how somebody ike James Hewlett with his play acting career, with his brushes with the law, with his time spent in prison with his hard labor, so forth, would not have been welcomed in these salons where courtesy, sociability and courtesy play acting career, with his reigned supreme. The other thing i can point out about this passage, i think it is you a glimpse into something that i try but really had a very hard time talking about it in my book, which was pleasure but because were so used to talking about oppressed, subordinated people, as oppressed and subordinated. And being victims having a downtrodden life, and always had a sense of obligation of duty and so forth. And one of the things i tried to capture ere in their social life but also in their participation in Saint Philips Episcopal Church was the sense of pleasure and appreciation of beauty. Thats certainly true i think of the episcopal denomination and rituals. And the ability, yeah, to enjoy beauty, to enjoy the aesthetic experience. So im oing to close now. If you read my book, we go from Lower Manhattan over to brooklyn in 1870, and the book goes out to about 1895. So we had a kind of scattering of the black population. And, of course, later on they go to harlem, right, in about, after 1910 or whatever. So the conclusion rather than talk about scattering, i want to talk about coming back together. On a windy october day last fall, i took a trip to Cypress Hills cemetery in brooklyn armed with a map provided by the front office, i went searching for the grace of my forebears and their friends would let Lower Manhattan and later brooklyn for their final resting place. The white family plot late on the flat land near a broad path surrounded by tall, leafy trees. Trees. Barry diller philips mother, elizabeth, two of his history and their family, and philip and his family. Alexander, charles and their families lay nearby. So i did have a chance to talk about them in this talk, but they figure primarily in the book. Right next to phillips grave like that of james, recently rediscovered and commemorate with a brandnew market. I was astonished to discover that all these men have bought their plots at the same time, between january and may of 1850, determined that not even death would separate them. Crossing the path and walking up the hill i found the land that Saint Philips church a bot for its parishioners in the late 1850s. The ray family plot which included peter, was notable for tall that generous country in the waning days of the 19th century, new yorks black elite reunited in this Burial Ground. Their grades or physical reminders of their lives and commemorations other deaths. They serve as an archive, a place for safekeeping. A place for storing memories of the past that are simply waiting to be brought back to life and life in the likeness of time. Thank you. Any questions . Thank you for your presentation. Thank you. What did he feel like when you have this aha moment of finding a puzzle piece . And also discovering that you are missing other pieces, in your putting together these threads, did you ask any of the sources how they came to have his information . The first thing i will point out, and its not exactly what you asked me but i want to make this clear i had nobody living to ask. I had a couple of leads, a woman who contacted me after seeing something that i wrote on the web, and i was so excited that day. I remember going, i teach at the university of maryland English Department at i remember saying latest afternoon, im going to call us on as she will fill in the gaps. And no, she wanted information from me. So i was o disappointed. Then the second question is finding the manuscript material. I mean, i which is shake. I was just shaken corporate to find the first ones, finding that release expected there expected there were 12 shoeboxes, you know, about like that. Remember the old days . And i got to box eight and it was a moment and which were sets in and youre like how can i do this . When i thought, i would go hot and cold and you shake. Youre any manuscript room, and you are wearing gloves in this book is open, you are facing the archivists to be sure that you dont run away with anything and it just something called this a snake to put down to hold things down. And then youve got your magnifying glass. Youve got all the paraphernalia around you, and its so hard to get i mean, i could feel the emotion but its so hard to express them. So when they found the one at the New York Historical society, and that was days and days of just going through these written records, and i was like, y. Am i doing this . And the young man there, his name was fernando, and i went and told him and he said to me, he got really excited that this was the one excitement, he said i could give you this book. You know i cant. So thats never too. And your third question was about when i yes, okay. So at the schaumburg, the woman had written a book called the free negro in antebellum new york. It was a colombian dissertation from the 1970s, and she died efore publishing it. Her husband had gotten it published as a book, and then gave the manuscript collection to the schaumburg. And i the book is all than anybody says, go to the recent scholarship. She had really, really done her homework. I mean, she did everything. And i ended up just repeating what she did, just for verifying that everything she had a hand out. So she had given it to the schaumburg so the material i saw in her book, i kind of expected to find there. You know, as a primary source not just as a footnote. I was really stunned to find, to find that. And nobody knows where the scrapbook page comes from. And thats another one, i think, the gaps that i cant go in, where does it come from. Someone cared enough. There are poems next to the obituaries, and each poem i realize it is a poem about something significant in my great grandfathers life. So theres trinity, the Mother Church of saint philip. There is why johnny cant read, about education. References is about dying and going to have it and god saying, you know, so why do you deserve to be here . And he says ask my wife and daughters. And so the person really new philip and really loved him. I mean, thats the whole commemoration right there. Hi. Im with a lower is a history project or i want to thank you for this wonderful resentation. It gives me goosebumps that one of your relatives is james hewitt. Its amazing. I just did the walking to a few weeks ago and i did mention him. So this is amazing. So my question is, what was at the lawrence schools located . It was on florence street, hich was one block parallel to thomson. Oh, it is la cortinada. Thank you, george. And patrick reasons integration engraving shop, you have an address for that . Its in my book. I think it is 50 something. That wouldve been approximately what youre . What year . That wouldve been the 50s and again its about. Okay, great. He moved to cleveland after, and im not sure whether he ever comes back. Ease in cleveland in the 1860s. He comes back to visit but not to live. So i would say the shop was from the 1850s. Im pretty sure its in the 1850s. Thank you so much. I dont remember if you mention how long it took you from the day you decided to do this until the actual book came out, but im sure you want to such an up and down escalator of emotions. How did you know when you are all done, and how did you feel when youre finished with the . I would wonder. Thats a really good question. Because nobody else knew, and im not sure i did. I just i was tenacious, and i would just dig and dig and i ould not give it a rest. And after about two or three years my husband said, well, why dont you start writing what i said i dont have anything to write. And hes a been working at this for two or three years. I said i have an outline, i after about two or three years have the bare bones of it, but i know that it is the detail to make the book sizzle. Its all going to be in the detail. So getting the date i think it is 56. You know, getting that stuff right is going to make all the difference in the world. So i would say to him, why start writing if im just going to have to go over and do it . So i really wanted the detail, and i dug and dug and dug long before, long after people told me to stop, especially historians. And im a literary critic by training. I teach in English Department. I am not a historian, but people were laughing and saying, give it a rest. So i will give you one example. An independent scholar i knew had said about phillips a pitch where what it said the apprentice with smith. And the somewhat cranky indie discos how do you know . Its just in the obit so how do you know . I said its an obit. Hes like well, you dont know. So i decide i should really try and track it down. And i started looking for the apprenticeship, and then going to the college of pharmacy at the city of new york which is also in the obit. And i found out that the college of pharmacy have become part of columbia in 1903 or 1904 i thing. And then was part of the college of, the school of pharmacy and its been disbanded in the 1970s. So i called up the archivist at columbia and started pestering him come and he said no, we dont have them. We probably threw it out, which i was like i dont believe you. So i decided i was going to keep on looking. So i started calling historians of American Pharmacy around the country, and i called here and there and elsewhere. And i finally said, this is my last phone call, and i reached him and someplace, i think it was ohio state. It was in ohio, and he said to me, well, you know the best cash of pharmacy papers are at the Wisconsin Historical society. I was like, i did know that. And he said yeah, because wisconsin, the university of wisconsin was the first school to establish a graduate department and pharmacy, sometime back in the 19th century. So i booked a plane ticket and went out, and thats when my historian friends were just really, really laughing. But i found it. I would through the minutes and i found the record of wind, of his entrance, of his graduation, and then 30 years later of his admission to the college as a member of the college, which is like being, like having a professional membership. The big story is of the colored or fined asylum and the way in which it was run by white women seen as the llegitimate act of a part of im wondering what happened to your family then. I doo. About the 1860s and civil war and what happened with your you have any scraps. I do. Do. I have a great story. Of the draft, im going to talk about the draft riots. They were the week of july 13, 1863, and its possible that black elite e thought that class would trump safeand that they would be and they werent. They were attacked. Destroyed. Were as if they were just because they were black. The e big story is that of olored orphan asylum and the way in which it was run by white as an ill een then legitimate act of white women undeserving black children and that was destroyed. He home of William Powell was destroyed. Lyons was albra destroyed. It was burned to the ground on assault. D so in williamsons papers, i its downs a note and there. I wont read it. A sergeant writes to albra going to try im to help you. I dont know what today will bring. Me at said drugstore at you p. M. And i will conduct to safety. Lyons and Phillip White from one a few doors another and Phillip Whites pharmacy was right around the corner. I speculate that, thats the pharmacy. Amazing to think that the neighbor when he went in was mixed. As time went on, it became more irish. E poor irish. Nd according to all the accounts i read, he was a good neighbor. O he sold he made up their medications for them, sold them their medications. When they didnt have money, he medications away for free. He gave away money. Clothes. Away so when the draft rioted appened, they did not want to see that drugstore demolished. They did not want to see phillip harmed. So the New York Times prints a business men the of the neighborhood who also eally liked the area was called the swamp. And the business men of the swamp saw what was happening. To run away need and he said, no, i dont. Rioters have y come down upon me as many eighbors i have who will protect me and the drugstore was not disturbed. Good story. Yeah. That was a real goose bump moment. Bump bump e moment. Moment. Goosebump okay. What made you write about your history, your family tree. Been trying to research my own, and i find it to be very hard. Find ery difficult to things that go past the 1800s. 1800s. Past the so i was wondering if you could ive me any advice to tell me how did you find yours exactly . You have to have the passion. Without the passion, you cant. This took me 11 years. So youve got to be prepared to aside a bunch of time. Ou have to have the passion, the drive, the determination, the willingness to look and look then all ofhing and a sudden find something. One of the reasons why i took did because i theres so many ways in which i could have written a history of the 19th yorkers in century but it was exactly for that reason, to encourage people family d look for their histories. People say, oh, carla, youre so you know, you had a family to write about and found material. I cant do that. And i say have you tried . And they say no. Things i want to do is encourage people to go try. Indeed lucky because i found, you know, enough boy, dol about them but, i wish that my, you know, a fore had been james smith or george downy. You would have found a lot more material on them. You take what you have, you now, that scrap, and you try and embroider on the scrap ithout going into fiction or making up lies but really to the around and maybe give scrap context. Have to do ay you it. Dont give up. Up. T give laughter] im julie finch. We have discovered an underground Railroad Site on our neighborhood on 29th street. Oh, yeah. Of feeling stead satisfied, thats made my obsessednd i even more with research. O i recognize the phrase looking for a needle in a hay stack. To a question . Haystack. ] am i coming to a question . [laughter] i was lucky i got well, my research id a lot of of the quaker abolitionists who ived in the building that was destroyed during the draft riots. Ut then i kept researching for more letters of the givens hotly and i was sent with a wellman, a h historian who told me go to i found university and a record of fugitives by sidney that sent and so then me off onto a real search because i found the most thing. Dinary sarah moore was married to her jacob moore in the givens previous home. Sarah im trying to find moore. O i did find her listed in new haven, connecticut, but its een thats taken me two years to find that. Go back but i wanted to say i shouldnt say record, but there is one me. F member who terrified he was so mean and im going to get my courage and go back. [laughter] ive had experience with that too. Good. But ill talk to you later. Okay. [laughter]. Ill talk to you later and give you the name of somebody who is really, really wonderful will help you. Oh, thank you. And i just saw her a couple of nights ago and shes really lovely. I just bought your book. Okay. All right. But let me thank you. Tell you, um, there is societies, the africanamerican vigilant societies. O you could look around for that. David rugals would be one name to research and Graham Hodges out. Has a book i think its a year old. On david rugals. I have that. Okay. A question. Ave you ever heard of Lewis Napoleon. Guy in ther than the france. Im trying to find him too. This woman and he was working with sidney then editor o was everything y and do for the antislavery society. So charles ray, his daughter put out a memoir of his life died. He i think its 1886. The shamburg. At he was also a member of the vigilant society. Very much with the vigilant society because my couldnt find any relationship between that and my family and i just couldnt start everything. Ut my editors were already going book. T the length of the so i would say david rugals, charles rays d memoir, what about pursuing beacher . Henry ward i just started to scratch the surface with that. Okay. Because Lewis Napoleon worked with him too. In the two afternoons Brooklyn Historical society and realized that as very helpful as they were, i was searching in collections. Yes. That happened to me too. Yeah. Brooklyn historical society. O a woman named i have to stop. Okay. All right. We can talk and ill give you later. Okay. All right. Thank you, carla. Applause] maybe 200, 300 feet from the main body in the trench. Night, they put two men out there just to listen and arn that there was going to be a sneak attack. But they were doing the same thing. So this particular night, henry ohnson, who is one of the greatest heros even greater than which Everybody Knows of, was out there when attacked this post. 24 germans ately attacked. Slugged almost immediately. Off. Johnson fought them he shot and he caught and he he g his rifle around and defeated 24 germans. Out. He had 21 wounds in his body, to die. Efused it took johnson and roberts who finally got out there in the morning and dragged their bodies back. They were not dead. And both lived through it. Say today that theyre both gone. Today i can say almost anything them are most all of gone. Im 75 years old, and i was only 17 then. So it aint many guys that were or 30 thats here to or 30you. What im telling