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Medieval Women in Construction Although there is some archaeological evidence that women performed manual labor on worksites in ancient times, the first written record of women construction workers dates to 13th-century Spain. Official records noted a group of women day laborers working on stone and wood structures in the city of Navarre. Historians unearthed records of women construction laborers and skilled tradespeople from the 13th to the 17th centuries in England, France, Germany and Spain. Record-keeping was spotty during the Middle Ages, so it’s impossible to know for certain how widespread this practice was. In addition, it was socially unacceptable to record construction labor by women as wage-earning work. Women were considered physically incapable of heavy labor, and working outside the domestic confines was seen as immoral. To circumvent these issues, women laborers were often left off official records or noted only by gender without specifying a proper name or work

United statesFrance generalUnited kingdomEmily warren roeblingWashington roeblingChestera arthurLillian moller gilbrethJulia morganEthel charlesRoyal institute of british architectsAmerican society of mechanical engineersMiddle agesConstruction afterIndustrial revolutionBrooklyn bridgePresident chester