El Nino is an atmospheric-oceanic interaction phenomenon. Its prediction is done using hydrodynamical coupled ocean-atmosphere models and statistical models. The atmospheric component brings out speed and directional changes of the trade winds.
Long range predictions indicate gradual warming of Tropical Pacific, to reach ENSO neutral by Feb-Mar 2023. However, accuracy is generally lower for long range forecast made at this time of the year. Therefore, ENSO pattern need to be carefully tracked during the spring season.
Official Climate Prediction Centre (CPC) ENSO probability forecast , based on observational and predictive information from early in the month of January, projected evolving El Nino conditions during the Indian Summer Monsoon.
Last 3 years have seen an unusual run of consecutive La Nina event. Its gradual decline is imminent. Early forecast suggest return of El Nino later half of 2023. El Nino, if materialises, will be riding on the back of climate change and the two put together may spell adverse weather conditions over large part of the globe.