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Four Essential Principles of Quantum Computation
The answer to the question “what is a quantum computer?” encompasses quantum mechanics (QM), quantum information theory (QIT) and computer science (CS). It is a device that leverages specific properties described by quantum mechanics to perform computation. We are entering a new era of computation that will catalyze discoveries in science and technology. Novel computing platforms will probe the fundamental laws of our universe and aid in solving hard problems that affect all of us. In this post I briefly outline four essential principles of quantum mechanical systems: superposition, the Born rule, entanglement, and reversible computation.
Magazine’s Abstractions blog.
The thorny thought experiment has been turned into a real experiment one that physicists use to probe the physics of information.Illustration by Samuel Velasco / Quanta Magazine
The universe bets on disorder. Imagine, for example, dropping a thimbleful of red dye into a swimming pool. All of those dye molecules are going to slowly spread throughout the water.
Physicists quantify this tendency to spread by counting the number of possible ways the dye molecules can be arranged. There’s one possible state where the molecules are crowded into the thimble. There’s another where, say, the molecules settle in a tidy clump at the pool’s bottom. But there are uncountable billions of permutations where the molecules spread out in different ways throughout the water. If the universe chooses from all the possible states at random, you can bet that it’s going to end up with one of the vast set of disordered possibilities.