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the Supreme People s Court;
the higher people s courts, which sit in each province and four municipalities (ie, Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Chongqing) and are directly under the central government;
the intermediate people s courts; and
the basic people s courts.
To improve trial quality and efficiency, specialised courts have been established since 2015. The Chinese court system has also been developing diversified methods of dispute resolution, such as mediation, and novel forms of virtual trial, such as online hearings.
This article provides an overview of updates to the circuit court system implemented between 2015 and 2020.
Overview
Circuit courts sit directly under the Supreme People s Court and are dispatched by the Supreme People s Court to local cities outside Beijing (where the Supreme People s Court sits). Although the official Chinese media calls them courts in English, their function and position are the same as those of tribunals. The establishment of circuit