West Wicklow Youthreach has received a ‘Global Passport’ from WorldWise Global Schools, Irish Aid’s national Global Citizenship Education programme for post-primary settings, for its work towards creating a better world.
Immuno-Oncology In Vitro Assays
By Ben Tyrrell and Katie Chapple, Sartorius Stedim Biooutsource
We offer a wide range of assay types and formats to characterize immune-oncology monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In this application note, we discuss our recently developed assay format to characterize checkpoint inhibitor mAbs, specifically discussing those that target the PD-1 PD-L1 pathway.
Targeting immune checkpoints such as the PD-1 PD-L1 pathway has proven in recent years to be an effective treatment approach resulting in a range of approved mAbs that bind PD-1 or its ligand PD-L1. The checkpoint inhibitor pathways continue to be an area of intensive research and development to bring other Mab treatments to the market. Characterizing the mechanism of action (MoA) of these molecules requires complex assays using primary cells because the MoA rely upon the interaction between T cells and antigen presenting cells.
60 Stabiliser suckler cows crossed to a Red Angus/Simmental-cross
700 Highlander ewes
Farm rises to 260m above sea level
Clay loam soil
Insect protein
An avian premix of vitamins and trace elements is supplemented with insects and worms as the birds follow a rotational grazing system behind cattle.
Crucially, the wild insect protein helps to offset the removal of soya from the diet. “I believe this element of the diet is crucial to the flavour, and definitely helps in terms of protein requirements, but the feed ration my supplier has devised is a complete feed in itself.”
Mr Chapple also grows multispecies leys and direct drills oats and barley; he is considering producing insects too. “If we can do that within the rules in this country that would be great, but there are some Defra regulations that restrict the use of insects,” he says.