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 E-Mail IMAGE: Design and fabrication principle of the MAIPAMs. (A) Schematic of the skeleton-free muscular hydrostats. (B) The morphology of the designed MAIPAMs. (C) Multiple-mode actuations of the MAIPAMs. (D) Schematic of. view more  Credit: @Science China Press Biological organisms (such as elephant trunks, octopus tentacles, and human tongues) show remarkable dexterity and self-adaptation in unstructured environments, relying on the multiple-mode actuations of the skeleton-free muscular hydrostats. In general, muscular hydrostats mainly consist of well-ranged active 3D muscle-fiber arrays bundled by passive connective tissues (Fig. 1A). By selectively actuating the active 3D muscle-fiber arrays, muscular hydrostats can generate elongation, bending, contraction and twisting. Producing such multiple-mode actuation of muscular hydrostats is an interesting but long-lasting challenge in the field of robotics.

Miao fengNicholasx fangXiangyang zhuJiang zouDezhi yangGuoying guHaipeng xuPeinan yanShanghai jiao tong universityNational natural science foundation of chinaChina postdoctoral science foundationTechnology commission of shanghai municipalityNational scienceNational natural science foundationTechnology commissionShanghai municipality