Humoral immune response is important in fighting pathogens by the production of specific antibodies by B cells. In germinal centers, T follicular helper (TFH) cells provide important help to B-cell antibody production but also contribute to HIV persistence. T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells, which inhibit the function of TFH cells, express similar surface markers. Since FOXP3 is the only marker that distinguishes TFR from TFH cells it is unknown whether the increase in TFH cells observed in HIV infection and HIV persistence may be partly due to an increase in TFR cells. Using multicolor flow cytometry to detect TFH and TFR cells in cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected and non-infected participants in the UCLA Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), we identified CD3+CXCR5+CD4+CD8−BCL6+ peripheral blood TFH (pTFH) cells and CD3+CXCR5+CD4+CD8−FOXP3+ peripheral blood TFR (pTFR) cells. Unlike TFR cells in germinal centers, pTFR cells do not express B cell
Increased Frequency of Air Travel, Accompanied with Rising Security Threats Across the Globe Calls for Enhanced Airport Security Solutions Market | Insight
/PRNewswire/ The global nasal spray market is likely to exhibit a CAGR of 6.5% while procuring US$ 6 Billion during the forecast period. Changing lifestyles.
What will the New Year bring in cyber space? Here’s your annual roundup of the top security industry forecasts, trends and cybersecurity prediction reports for calendar year 2022.