During the 18th and 19th centuries, the focus of Irish agriculture shifted from potato farming to livestock rearing, leading to widespread eviction of tenant farmers. Many emigrated to England or America; others starved in the famine of 1845 to 1852. But some formed secret societies to fight back. The Molly Maguires were one of the best known.
While pledging to cherish and respect the Good Landlord, and Good Agent , they were accused of assault and even murder. Their efforts were generally unsuccessful in stopping evictions, but the publicity generated inspired many in the Irish diaspora to emulate them including in the far-flung coal fields of Pennsylvania, in the United States, where brutal conditions and hefty wage cuts (resulting from the Great Panic of 1873) had brought labour relations to boiling point.
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