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Objective To explore new evidence on illicit practices, such as selling legal brands below the minimum legal price (MLP), and smugglers selling illicit brands at or above the MLP. Methods For the first time in Brazil, self-reported information on cigarette brand name and price paid per pack in smokers’ last purchase from a nationally representative survey conducted in 2019 was used to distinguish the illicit and the legal markets. We estimated the proportion of illicit cigarette consumption, using the combination of brand and price. Results The proportion of smuggled illicit cigarette consumption based on brands not approved on the Brazilian market was estimated at 38.6% (95% CI: 35.8% to 41.5%). When we added legal brands not paying taxes, it increased to 47.1% (95% CI: 44.2% to 49.9%). Around 25% of illicit brand cigarettes were sold at or above MLP. Conclusions In Brazil, since 2017 there is a lack of adjustment in tobacco taxes and the MLP for inflation and income growth. The

Rio grande do norteMinas geraisUnited statesDistrito federalRio grande do sulEstado de pernambucoRio de janeiroEstado do rioMato grossoRoberto iglesiasNational health surveyNational health councilMinistry of healthNational healthUnited nations statistics commissionGlobal adult tobacco survey