The triple punch. Hiroshima, the soviet invasion of manchuria and nagasaki. Within 3 1 2 days, japan has to absorb these major blows. Finally, there is enough of an impact on the japanese Senior Leadership to make a difference. Its not that there had been no one in japan who was contemplating getting out of the war by surrendering up until this point. Certainly nobody did it publicly. But within high government circles, there are peace advocates, folks saying the war is lost, we need out of this. But they were outnumbered and outvoiced, outshouted in some cases, by the militarists who wanted to hold on. Battle. One more battle. If we can just inflict american casualties in one more big battle, then we can negotiate and really get something out of this war. But after hiroshima, after the invasion of manchuria and afterc nagasaki, the japanese high command finally allows the emperor essentially to step in and override, make the final decision to surrender. Theres a little bit of lastminu
And environmental and Health Considerations were always secondary. Primary was, you know, the russians are coming. Im sorry. Weve got to build more bombs. We built bombs like crazy. I think about schi66,000 of the over the course of 1945 to 1992. Constantly recycling. They were the things to have for the military. The military wanted them in every variety. We had two competing laboratories who supplied whatever they wanted. Sometimes gave them things they didnt even know about. So this was the dynamic of part of the arms race. The russians were coming. Competing Service Rivalry between the army, airforce, navy wanting them up. Laboratories. Good jobs in all of these places so it was in congresses interest to have good budgets to support it. This was the engine of the arms race. You know, were going to live with the legacy of what happened for decades to come. Weve already spent countless billions of dollars cleaning up the mess that was made at rocky flats at hanford, oak ridge, smalle
Decision to use the atomic bomb. In 1999, a poll of journalists ranks the bombing is the top new story of the entire 20th century. Beating out the landing on the moon, the attack on pearl harbor, and other prominent stories and events that occurred in the last century. The importance of a story of the atomic bombings of japan, has come over the last five decades or so, a enormous and highly acrimonious controversy, both among scholars and among the general public. It is safe to say that the issue of the atomic bombing is arguably and it is a strong argument the issue of the atomic bombings of japan is the most contentious debate in all of American History. I dont think we are going to settle it today. But i hope we will advance our knowledge of the subject and shed some light on some important issues and perhaps lower the volume of ill will at all to often has been a prominent part of this controversy. Trumanssy over decision to use the atomic bomb arises from two fiercely competing in
Questionsy get some focusing on the current russia. Ties with he has taught extensively, including at the university of of then history u. S. Intelligence, diplomatic oftory, cold war, history science. U. S. Army veteran. Balkans where he assisted in both civilian and military intelligence activities. So were just delighted to have you as our speaker, as the first speaker. Please help me welcome vince houghton. [applause] thank you, peter. Thank all of you for coming here today. To get to talk about the atomic spies and nuclear intelligence, this is my field. This is also my passion. I try to do everything i can to talk about this to anyone who wants to listen. So it is nice to have people to listen. I really fell in love, probably a weird word when you talk about the Nuclear Annihilation of the United States. But i fell in but i fell in love with the intricacies of the weapons system that is the worst the world has ever seen but the same time might be primarily responsible for us not
Lot have been looking at a of the treaties over the last five years and i found quite a few inequities on the part of the federal government to live up to treaties. I guess all of us are aware that this. Are days in here, roald burley was talking about a treaty made by the u. S. Government with his greatgrandfather. I believe you mentioned that the lands in oklahoma are actually in over ship of the tribes with certain restrictions. But i have a question that i would like to ask all of you and i would like to give the spec to you too. If individual families on these lands and have deeds to these lands, and over the years there have been Oil Companies drilling on these lands and they never received one penny of revenue from all of this drilling, then what is the next step to get this rectified. If they are on their land and they just took the land without considering the familys what is it that can be done . What do you recommend . For a quickime response. Get a lawyer. [laughter] i grad