The fate of plastics entering the 3D ocean circulation from rivers discharge is examined through the Lagrangian analysis of neutrally buoyant particles. Particles are released continuously over 1991-2010 at the surface along the coasts according to monthly estimates of rivers plastic waste input. They are advected by daily currents from a state-of-the-art global ocean model at 1/12° resolution. At the end of the simulation, particles remaining in the surface layer of 1~m thickness represent less than 2\% of the total particles released. These are concentrated in the center of subtropical gyres, mostly in the South Indian Ocean and the North Pacific, in relation with the large sources from Asia, and in good agreement with previous 2D numerical experiments in the surface layer. These patterns remain similar down to about 30 m depth, this upper layer strongly influenced by Ekman currents trapping about 20\% of the total released particles. About 50\% of the total released particles r
The history of the continent from an African perspective. With hundreds of pages, and multi-media, the BBC investigates the events and characters that have made African history from the origins of humankind to the end of South African apartheid.
5 Reasons to Visit Thanda Island Private Marine Reserve luxurytravelmagazine.com - get the latest breaking news, showbiz & celebrity photos, sport news & rumours, viral videos and top stories from luxurytravelmagazine.com Daily Mail and Mail on Sunday newspapers.