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Ultra-processed foods damage health and shorten life Hundreds of epidemiological studies and meta-analyses have reported associations between ultra-processed food consumption and adverse health outcomes. In a linked paper (doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-077310), Lane and colleagues have now carefully reviewed the evidence from 45 meta-analyses encompassing almost 10 million participants.1 They found direct associations between exposure to ultra-processed foods and 32 health parameters including mortality, cancer, and mental, respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and metabolic ill health. For instance, a pooled analysis of seven cohorts showed a 10% increase in ultra-processed food consumption to be associated with a 12% (95% confidence interval 1.11 to 1.13) higher incidence of type 2 diabetes. The quality of the evidence was strong for all cause mortality, obesity, and type 2 diabetes (this evidence was rated as of moderate quality using the GRADE system, which initially considers al

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