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A dedicated hypothalamic oxytocin circuit controls aversive social learning

To survive in a complex social group, one needs to know who to approach and, more importantly, who to avoid. In mice, a single defeat causes the losing mouse to stay away from the winner for weeks1. Here through a series of functional manipulation and recording experiments, we identify oxytocin neurons in the retrochiasmatic supraoptic nucleus (SOROXT) and oxytocin-receptor-expressing cells in the anterior subdivision of the ventromedial hypothalamus, ventrolateral part (aVMHvlOXTR) as a key circuit motif for defeat-induced social avoidance. Before defeat, aVMHvlOXTR cells minimally respond to aggressor cues. During defeat, aVMHvlOXTR cells are highly activated and, with the help of an exclusive oxytocin supply from the SOR, potentiate their responses to aggressor cues. After defeat, strong aggressor-induced aVMHvlOXTR cell activation drives the animal to avoid the aggressor and minimizes future defeat. Our study uncovers a neural process that supports rapid social learning caused by d

Syria
Syrian
Development-team
California-institute-of-technology
Brain-funct
Early-childhood-education
Brain-res
Cell-rep
Tissue-res
Multimodal-analysis
Cell-types

Rehabilitation Through Stimulation: Exploring Noninvasive Brain Stimulation for Substance Use Disorders

In this CME article, review the current treatment modalities for noninvasive brain stimulation in the treatment of substance use disorders, and to explore the potential for further expansion of indications.

Toronto
Ontario
Canada
Photogranary-adobestock
Ann-neurosci
Cohen-kadosh
Goldmand-neuromodulation
Clin-neurophysiol
Neurosci-lett
Labatt-family-network-for-research
University-of-toronto
Centre-for-addiction

Term planned delivery based on fetal growth assessment with or without the cerebroplacental ratio in low-risk pregnancies (RATIO37): an international, multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial

Term planned delivery based on fetal growth assessment with or without the cerebroplacental ratio in low-risk pregnancies (RATIO37): an international, multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial
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Englj-med
Database-syst-rev
Obstet-gynecol
Brain-res
Ecol-evol
Obstet-gynecol-scand

Large-scale single-neuron speech sound encoding across the depth of human cortex

Understanding the neural basis of speech perception requires that we study the human brain both at the scale of the fundamental computational unit of neurons and in their organization across the depth of cortex. Here we used high-density Neuropixels arrays1–3 to record from 685 neurons across cortical layers at nine sites in a high-level auditory region that is critical for speech, the superior temporal gyrus4,5, while participants listened to spoken sentences. Single neurons encoded a wide range of speech sound cues, including features of consonants and vowels, relative vocal pitch, onsets, amplitude envelope and sequence statistics. Neurons at each cross-laminar recording exhibited dominant tuning to a primary speech feature while also containing a substantial proportion of neurons that encoded other features contributing to heterogeneous selectivity. Spatially, neurons at similar cortical depths tended to encode similar speech features. Activity across all corti

International-conference-on-machine
Brain-res
Recon-technical-report
Sound-pattern
Speech-perception
International-conference
Machine-learning

Noninvasive theta-burst stimulation of the human striatum enhances striatal activity and motor skill learning

The stimulation of deep brain structures has thus far only been possible with invasive methods. Transcranial electrical temporal interference stimulation (tTIS) is a novel, noninvasive technology that might overcome this limitation. The initial proof-of-concept was obtained through modeling, physics experiments and rodent models. Here we show successful noninvasive neuromodulation of the striatum via tTIS in humans using computational modeling, functional magnetic resonance imaging studies and behavioral evaluations. Theta-burst patterned striatal tTIS increased activity in the striatum and associated motor network. Furthermore, striatal tTIS enhanced motor performance, especially in healthy older participants as they have lower natural learning skills than younger subjects. These findings place tTIS as an exciting new method to target deep brain structures in humans noninvasively, thus enhancing our understanding of their functional role. Moreover, our results lay the groundwork for i

Japan
Miyachi
Gifu
Nagoya
Aichi
Zivari-adab
Almeida-marcelino
Trends-center
University-of-auckland
Boston-university
Elsevier
Athinoulaa-martinos-center