Transcripts For MSNBC War in Ukraine One Year Later - Morning Joe Special 20240706

And on that note, i wish you all a very good night. From all of our colleagues across the networks of nbc news, thanks for staying up late with me. Ill see you at the end of tomorrow. Welcome to war in ukraine one year later. A morning joe special. This time last year, europe and the world were on edge. Vladimir putin ordered his army across the Ukrainian Border with plans to take the capital city of kyiv in a matter of days. It was the start of the largest ground war in europe since world war ii. Since then, putins isolated his country. He has seen his harmony humiliated and sacrificed countless lives. All in a war of choice. What the russian president did not anticipate was the bravery and resiliency of the ukrainian people. He also gravely miscalculated the commitment of western allies, who quickly rallied behind ukraine from, and still vowing to give aid until russia is defeated. President joe bidens trip earlier this week to keefe, walking inside a war zone as Air Raid Sirens blared, hammered home americas unwavering support, despite a small faction of republican lawmakers who actually want to cut aid for ukraine. Ahead this hour, whats at stake over the next year. And, we will explore the big question how does this war end . I will talk to a number of administration officials, including Secretary Of State Antony Blinken. National security adviser jake sullivan, chairman of the joint chiefs of staff, general mark milley, and defense secretary lloyd austin. They stayed down in this cold, cramped seller for the last 27 days. Do you think the worst is over . [interpreter] i hope our soldiers tame this beast. The russian president is deranged. I wish his kids would have to go through this. Maybe then it would be different. His granddaughter, at lisa, spent her time drawing on the walls, images of happier days. It was my therapy to keep calm, she says. Wise words from a girl who just turned eight. Today, alyssa was drawing with her chalk outside. That was nbc news chief Foreign Correspondent Richard Engel reporting from kharkiv. Just one month into the war. Russias new offensive is focused on an area about three hours south of there. Richard brings us the latest from the front lines. Reporter after a year of fighting [sound of artillery] russia has failed to capture a nation a fraction of its size. The most intense battles are now on the front line in the east, where ukrainian soldiers, like this lieutenant, our defending against russias advances with the help of american weapons. Why does this war matter to americans, do you think . Because its a war for democracy, versus russia dictatorship. Reporter but further up the road, around the city a buck moot, Russian Forces are closing in. Russian forces have now surrounded buck moved on three sides and this is the only remaining route in and out of the city that Ukrainian Forces can use, the only route considered somewhat safe. Bakhmut is the main target of russias new offensive. Being carried out with blunt force. [sound of artillery] you never know exactly where the rounds are going to come in. One just landed a few seconds ago. Russian forces are already in the city. We could hear street to street fighting. Elena is one of three remaining doctors caring for the few thousand civilians still here. In the last few minutes weve been together, i have seen you interact with three patients and two of them were registering deaths. Is deaf that constant here . Every day people are coming to you with a new deaths, new every day, its happening, she says. In the village next door, mostly its the elderly whove stayed behind. Some waited too long to evacuate. Vera left her Basement Shelter two hours ago to find food. Russian artillery killed her instantly. How long will life keep going on like this, a neighbor wonders. Ukrainians are hanging on with the toughness they have shown since the start. A team of volunteers deliver aid to those who wont, or cant leave. This woman is 50 and a cafeteria cook. A volunteer is encouraging olga to go but she seems torn. She showed me why. Her threeyearold son, vitale, is nonverbal with a neurological condition. Oh guess as he gets upset moving and theyve already moved twice to a escape russian shelling. She says she does want to leave, just not yet. She wants to give it another day or two to think about it. Im not sure thats such a great idea. But there are small miracles every day. At first, what looks like another casualty is oksana, a factory worker, she has just given birth and is being evacuated to a safer town. Maxime is two hours old. His birth brings a moment of lightness to a town under fire. Some say war stops time. But, really, it speeds it up. With the decisions of life and death every day. Richard engel, nbc news, bakhmut. Fighting europe grants to a war of attrition, concern is growing about ukraines rapidly decreasing stock of ammunition. I talk to the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff, general mark milley, about what the pentagon is doing to resupply and train ukraines army. What have we learned over the past year . One is the intelligence collection and analysis, i think, by the United States was very good leading into the into this. Another key lesson, what i think is air superiority. The russians have never, even to this day, achieved air superiority. How could that be . The air Defense System of ukraine has proven remarkably resilient and effective. What that has done is denied the russian tactical airspace up to 15, 20, 30,000 feet. That has denied the russians air superiority. Because they dont have the air superiority, that has given Freedom Of Movement on the ground to the ukrainians. Another key lesson i think is in the areas we called the west mission command. The russian army comes out of the soviet models. The Ukrainian Army came out of the soviet models, which were the top down, centralized command and control systems. Where subordinates have very little initiative, very little tactical consequently, war is a very dynamic, very fluid situation, a very unpredictable. It gets very dynamic at the tactical level. Youve got to let subordinates call the plays at the moment in time. That meant, when the russians invaded a year ago with probably around 200,000 troops, and that was a very scripted concept of the operation they had. They went off script because of the bravery, the resilience and toughness. They also went off script because of a tactical skill of the ukrainian force, and because of their decisionmaking. The ukraine decisionmaking was much more agile, flexible. It was decentralized. You said before that the russians have already lost the war. What did you mean by that . Their initial political objective was to seize most, if not, all of ukraine and collapse the government. That failed. They did not achieve their political objectives they set out to do. They did not they fail strategically. Operationally, they tried to seize the capital, they tried to seize all of the donbas, and they tried to seize various other parts of the country. That failed as well. The ukrainian people, if we roll the clock back, theyve been a free, independent country since 1991. This is a country who the vast majority of the population thats alive today in ukraine knows nothing but freedom. And you just dont conquer countries that are free. They dont want to be occupied. Its obvious to all of us that the cranes will fight. Even if they fought with sticks and stones, if they fought with just rifles, they were going to fight, they were not going to give up. The russian army has been mauled, really severely damaged. The Russian Air Force is not. The Russian Air Force has held back all these bombings that you see are coming from over when they are Firing Ammunitions from over russia. Why have they held back . Because of the Ukrainian Air defenses, and they get shot down. Because the Ukrainian Air Defense System has been very effective and the russian aircraft has been shot down in significant number, the Russian Air Force has not entered the frayed in terms of close air support, in terms of bringing their substantial power they have in their air force. Its just too high risk for them to do that. Right now, the focus right now needs to be air Defense Artillery and artillery, just basic runofthemill block and attack artillery for this Battle Unfolding in ukraine. They also need tanks, those sorts of Weapon Systems to fight a conventional ground, which is what they are doing. How do we move toward an endgame . How do we move toward a negotiated peace . Thats up for the ukrainians to decide. That what is acceptable to ukraine, thats territory intact. Whatever that answer is going to be. Is it militarily possible for us to get russians for the ukrainians, get every russian troop out of the country and crimea . I dont think is militarily possible for the russians to achieve their initial political objectives by military means. I dont think thats possible anymore. On the flip side, the ukrainians, i think, for this year, it will be very difficult, and not impossible, but very difficult for the ukrainians to achieve their political objectives. Their stated political objective is to, for every single russian, to leave every single inch of the ukrainian territory. I think thats a very high bar. I think from a military standpoint, that would be extraordinarily difficult to achieve, militarily. What is achievable, i think, is significant liberation of ukrainian territory. Maybe, if we are lucky, touch wood, the diplomats will enter the fray and they will get to a Negotiating Table at some point. At the end of the day, president biden, president zelenskyy, Every European Leader has said the same thing, which is this war will end at the Negotiating Table. Thats probably right. My interview with the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff, general mark milley. Up next, the delicate ask america has in this conflict is to help ukraine, or avoiding the next world war. My conversation with Secretary Of State Antony Blinken, National Security advisor jake sullivan. You are watching war in ukraine one year later, a morning joe special. It all began from a desk before dawn, when russian president Vladimir Putin declared a special Military Operation on russian television. Russia cannot feel safe developing and exist with a constant threat emanating from the territory of modern ukraine, he said, of neonazis determined to build Nuclear Weapons. At the end of the day, president biden, president zelenskyy, Every European Leader has said the same thing, which is this war will end at the Negotiating Table. Thats probably right. My interview with the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff, general mark milley. Up next, the delicate ask america has in this conflict is to help ukraine, or avoiding the next world war. My conversation with Secretary Of State Antony Blinken, National Security advisor jake sullivan. You are watching war in ukraine one year later, a morning joe special. It all began from a desk before dawn, when russian president Vladimir Putin declared a special Military Operation on russian television. Russia cannot feel safe developing and exist with a constant threat emanating from the territory of modern ukraine, he said, of neonazis determined to build Nuclear Weapons. male announcer Important Information for viewers age 50 to 85. 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I lead line dancing three times a week, i exercise, and im just living a great life now. Its so easy to use. Dexcom g6 has given me confidence and control that everything i need is right there on my phone. female announcer dexcom g6 is the 1 recommended cgm system by doctors and patients. Call now to get started. bright music everythings changing so quickly. Before the xfinity 10g network, we didnt have internet that let us play all at once. Every device . In every room . Why are you up here . When i was your age, we couldnt stream a movie when the power went out. Youre only a year older than me. You have no idea how good youve got it. Huh . What a time to be alive. Introducing the next generation 10g network. Only from xfinity. The future starts now. The war in europe is for the renewed focus on the need for global alliances. An element of diplomacy that was often overlooked in the last u. S. President ial administration. Our next guest has played a key role in helping america once again become a trusted ally of europe. Also navigating a potential economic crisis brought on by Vladimir Putins war. Shes the president of the european commission, ursula von der leyen. Madam president , thank you so much for being with us. Let me ask you first of all, what has been the impact of the last year on the eu, european unity . I think we have seen that putin has done three massive strategic mistakes, many mistakes, but these were exceptional. First of, all he has completely miscalculated the bravery and courage of the ukrainian people. But he has also completely miscalculated the unity and the determination and resolve of the european union. The third point was that he tried to blackmail as with energy. We were over dependent on russian fossil fuels before the war started. He tried to blackmail us with energy. He completely miscalculated that we would stand together, diversify away from the russian fossil fuels, and invest massively in renewables so that, today, we are independent of russian fossil fuels. This year brought along an increased unity, determination, and resolve of the european union. I have heard some skepticism among european leaders privately i have the ability of ukraine to ever become an eu member, because of concerns of ongoing corruption and parts of the economy and the society. What do you say to those skeptics, even within your own membership, about the need, the importance of ukraine eventually becoming a member of the eu . It is amazing, heartwarming to see the deep wish, the longing of ukraine to become a member of the european union. I am personally deeply impressed by the willingness to undergo deep reforms for example, to fight Corruption In Ukraine in order to progress in this path towards europe. And indeed, if it wouldnt have been for ukraines willingness, really, to reform, and they would not be today a candidate country to the accession to the european union. It is impressive to see how fast they delivered. The Accession Process is a merits based process. Its not a rigid one. And the better you perform, the better you reform, the sooner and there is access to the european union. It depends on the progress in ukraine itself. And ukraine, as i see it today, is absolutely willing to fight corruption, to put in the rule of law, to abide to all the necessary, follow the necessary reforms. Its up to them to deliver. Madam president , thank you so much for being with us. We greatly appreciate it. Here we are, together, making a group of mighty foes who seek our ruin. Here we are, together, defending all that two free men s do. Not only for the territory, for the east, other parts of europe, the battle is not only for life, freedom, and security of ukrainians, whether it will be a democracy of ukraine and for americans for all. Former british Prime Minister Winston Churchill and ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy standing in the same spot to address a joint session of u. S. Congress. Almost 81 years apart to the day. Last april, just two months after russias invasion of ukraine, Secretary Of State Antony Blinken and defense secretary lloyd austin became the highest ranking u. S. Officials at the time to make the dangerous trip to kyiv. And there, blinken would read from the white houses commitment to ukraine in a face to face meeting with president zelenskyy. I spoke with the secretary at the state department. Do you ever just stop and think about what an extraordinary passage of time weve gone through over the past year, that youve been at the center of . Usually, theres not enough time to sit back and think about it. But every once in a while you do. You try to put it in perspective, even as you are working every single day to sustain the strong support weve built for ukraine, to impose incredible pressure on russia, to make sure the Nato Alliance is a strong as it can be. You try to put it in perspective. You really are at an inflection point, where the post cold war era is over, and there is kind of a race, a competition going out to shape what comes next. Part of that is dealing with the fact that we have, unfortunately, a very aggressive russia. You now have, a year in, a ukraine that is more united and more united against russia than its ever been. Generations of ukrainians are going to hate russia for what it is doing to them. Youve got a nato that is stronger and more united than any time in my experience. Lets talk about that for a second. And nato, an organization that obviously is at the center of u. S. Foreign policy since 1947, the last president who wanted to get rid of it. I want you to talk about the groundwork you had to lay to rebuild those relationships with france, germany, britain. Some of our closest allies that have made such a huge difference in this fight. Job one, the first assignment i got from president biden, actually before day one of this administration, was to get in there and to reenergize, rejuvenate, reengage all of our core alliances and partnerships, as well as build some new ones that were fit for purpose for specific issues. Im sorry, i find it so fascinating that you wear the one that went to president zelenskyy and said, you are going to be invaded by russia. Get ready. Can you talk about . That its an incredibly sobering moment to have to tell another leader of another country that we think their country will be invaded. We have extraordinary information, not only about what we were seeing, and other countries seeing about the massing Russian Forces, but we have information about what they were intending to do, what their plans were. It was a perfect storm that was in the making. The president asked me to go see is a lynskey, he was at the same meeting in europe. Sitting basically the way we are right now, i was able to share with him the information we had and tell him, we think that its more likely than not the russians are coming, and you need to be ready, we need to be ready, and we will do this together. His reaction was very sober, very sober. He asked a lot of the details of what we had. From that moment on, we were working very closely with ukrainians to make sure they were ready. Part of the result was, when the russians came, and they had in handle a lot of the things that they needed. We started, going back to labor day, before the aggression, acquiring, getting them the equipment they needed, javelins, stingers. We did not advertise it. There was no point giving the russians an excuse to do what they were going to do anyway. But we wanted to make sure the ukrainians had what they needed in hand when the russians came. As a result, when they wanted kyiv, the ukrainians had what they did. They were able to push everything to the east and south. For president zelenskyy, he had a real balancing act. He had to make sure he was getting his country ready, but he also dont want to panic people. He needed to keep his economy going. He had that balancing act for the months leading up to the russian aggression. Expand out about how this has been a Grand Strategic failure, just of historic proportions. As i, said you have a ukrainian thats unified and a nato that is more united than its ever been. The Defense Budgets are going up in order to protect against possible russian aggression. We are on the verge of bringing into new members. That was an thought of before. Filaments within. The baltic cities the nato lake. It really is unbelievable. This has done exactly what putin wanted to avoid, which is to move nato closer to russia. But not to attack russia, thats never been part of nato s plants, and it wont be. It is to make sure that their countries of nato feel protected, feel safe, because they see a russia thats acting with increasing aggression. It goes further than that, joe. Look at what has happened inside russia. More than 1 million russians have left since february of last year. More than 1000 businesses from around the world have left russia because the reputational cost of Doing Business there is too great. Terrifically, public members, 200,000 russian casualties have been wounded in ukraine in less than a year. The impact of the sanctions and Export Controls that we have enforced with dozens of other countries, and that will have a heavier impact going on russia going forward. It means sectors of their economy, the industries they need to make Real Progress on technology, and energy extraction, on defense, they will not have the technology they need to really succeed. The last thing im going to say is this. I wish that we could talk even more directly to the russian people. If we could, and we tried, i think the question to ask is this hows what putin has done in ukraine has done anything to make your life better . How has it improved your life . My conversation with Secretary Of State Antony Blinken. Still ahead, we will explain the significance of this moment had on the course of the entire war. Well be right back. [interpreter] preter have a clue. Thats crazy well, not everyone knows coventrys helped thousands of people sell their policies for cash. Even term policies. I cant believe theyre just sitting up there sitting on all this cash. If you own a Life Insurance policy of 100,000 or more, you can sell all or part of it to coventry. Even a term policy. For cash, or a combination of cash and coverage, with no future premiums. Someone needs to tell them, that theyre sitting on a goldmine, and you have no idea hey, guys youre sitting on a goldmine come on, guys do you hear that . I dont hear anything anymore. Find out if youre sitting on a goldmine. Call Coventry Direct today at the number on your screen, or visit coventrydirect. Com. [speaking nonenglish] one year ago, ukrainian president zelenskyy refusing to leave kyiv, even as russian tanks rolled closer to the . Capital city. In the first year of the war, zelenskyys spirit would come to embody that fight of the ukrainian people. It inspired not just those in neighboring europe, but all across the world. With us now to talk about the events of the past year and tell us what we may see in the year to come, Pulitzer Prize winning historian and staff writer at the atlantic, and applebaum, Associate Editor and columnist for the Washington Post, david ignatius, and pentagon correspondent at the new york times, it leaned cooper. Lets talk about what youve learned this year about the nature of warfare in 2020 and 2023. The first thing i learned is the importance of physical courage. The fact that he had the guts to stay there. When he came out of the bunker in the video clip we showed, there he was in his fatigues with his buddies around him. He said, we are here, we are not moving. That was a powerful statement, a personal courage. The second thing i learned was the importance of technology. The technology the United States has provided to ukraine s extraordinary. We have the ability to use the most modern tools of a. I. , other ways of precisely locating where the enemy is, and then putting fires from himars, from artillery pieces, everything the u. S. Can provide with what it said is allowable, its targeted very precisely. When you read that Building Full of russian generals and Senior Officers got hit, that is no accident. That was very specifically targeted. The third thing i learned is the importance of intelligence. The way in which the United States has used intelligence to constantly stay on the front, to take advantage of what russia, preempt russian actions. The way in which russian intelligence has been so stupid. I mean, they let putin believe his fantasies about ukraine, that its not a real country, they wont fight back. Somehow, the Wanton Russian Intelligence Machine completely broke down in this war. Elaine, lets talk about what weve learned over the past year, not only the United States but, russia and ukraine, lets just say other observers, like china. February 24th, i still remember going to bed that night and i think the night after thinking, okay, im going to sleep right now, when i wake up in the morning, zelenskyy will be dead, his wife will be dead, itll be this will be over. And i remember when i read when i watched that video that they put out and it went like lightning across twitter across all social media these guys are not playing. And they are here to stay and they will fight. They are not playing by the old rules either. No. That was like nothing we had ever seen. We had never seen this kind of the swiss savvy social media, but it was also this is how you lead. Remember, this is coming right after we had watched the afghanistan fall. We were numb at this point and we were braced for ukraine to follow a similar part. To see that video, to see them put out that sees a lynskey put out that we are here tweet was a very big moment in what was going to be a huge year. You have a rotting Russian Military then you have the opening scenes from the war, made for instagram with zelenskyy out in the street. I think what shocks me was how much that electrified not only americans but people across the world. There are two things that are important but zelenskyy that explain that amazing appeal. I should say, its not only in the United States, its also all across europe. And one, as you say, he is very good at social media. And they do think a lot about it they think about communication, how to do, it how to talk to people, they deliberately show how their authenticity and their emotion, when he is dressed in his Green Tea Shirts and his green sweatshirts, and that is the uniform of the Ukrainian Territorial army. Hes not saying im a general, im not in charge of the army, im an ordinary soldier. Im a guy like everybody else. So lewinskys tv, this comedian would grow into being this historic of a figure, we never really know, do we, who will rise . Theres another important thing about him, in the american context, but also the european context, which is that if you think about our culture wars, roughly, very crudely, liberal values on the one hand and nationalism or patriotism, whatever language you want to use on the other hand, zelenskyy showed us its possible to have a muscular patriotic defense of liberal values. And anne, we talked about the ukrainians fighting spirit, and how they keep pushing back against russia. The stakes, as youve written, its existential. Talk about the brutal nature of russias occupation, and why it is at stake here for not only that ukrainians but the world. There are real elements of democracy in ukraine. The russians have sought to crush that, destroy it. Every liberated territory, theyve discovered torture chambers, makeshift jails, thousands of ukrainians have been deported to russia, including ukrainian children, whove been separated from their parents. We dont even know the full numbers. Its many thousands, it maybe up to ten of thousands. Knowing that this is what happens on occupied territory, knowing this is what happens on their land, ukrainians cant not fight. The amazing torture, the amazing destruction on the territory theyve occupied is something we are going to learn a lot about over the next few years. It explains both why the ukrainians fight and it also explains why its going to be so difficult to end the war. All right. The atlantics anne applebaum, the Washington Post david ignatius, and Eileen Cooper with the new york times. Thank you all so much for being with us. Our next guest was with President Joe Biden when he made the historic trip into ukrainian capital of kyiv earlier this week. Heres my conversation with National Security advisor jake sullivan. How costly has the past year been for Vladimir Putin . How costly has been for mushy, not just militarily, but also economically, and also geopolitically . When you suddenly have Prime Ministers of Baltic States saying, we are not scared of the Russian Military anymore, thats a pretty radical change over the past year. How damaged have a been . Vladimir putin spent 20 years building up an image in the world of being hyper competence, hyper strategic. You may hate him, you may think he has bad values, but man, youve got to admit, that Vladimir Putin, he knows what hes doing. He has destroyed that credibility in the course of a year through total miscalculation, through trying a strategic move and that is failing daybyday, and ultimately, history will judge Vladimir Putin as having made one of the most grave mistakes of this century by doing what hes done. You did something pretty remarkable at the beginning of this war. You didnt work you actually declassified information and told the world, this is coming. They lied, you said, weve got the receipts. We are telling the ukrainians an invasion is coming. We basically recognize russia was going to run its standard playbook. They would accuse the ukrainians of initiating the conflict with a false flag operation, claiming there was some genocide in the donbas, blowing some things up and saying ukrainians did, it now we have no choice but to invade. We knew that was coming first. Second, the russians would want the element of surprise. Every day, i would sit with other Senior Leaders in the Intelligence Community and say, hey, if we downgrade this information and put it up publicly, will it hurt your sources and methods . If they say, no, that will work for us, we continue to collect what we need to collect, but now you can around this information of the warfare operation, thats what we put out to the world. It meant that, unlike normal, when russia is on the front foot and we are on the back foot in the information space, and now the roles are reversed. So putin has made one miscalculation after another after another, which has been very good news for ukraine, should be good news for nato, should be good news for an American Administration that wants to promote freedom. But there, of course, is the risk as well. And that is that he will make a miscalculation that ultimately leads to world war iii, even limited use of Nuclear Weapons. How do you balance that . For us, the right balance is to be extremely aggressive, to the tune of tens of billions of dollars of enhanced weapons systems, and providing ukraine the means to defend themselves, to be forward leaning in the sharing of intelligence, but to be consistent and saying that american troops are not going to fight in ukraine and to consistently message to the russians, through multiple channels, the cost and consequences of them choosing to use Nuclear Weapons or choosing to attack nato. And also, to carefully manage any possibility that this thing spins out of control in a way that would produce world war iii. How long can putin afford to send 8 to 10,000 men to their deaths every day . Im glad you put it that way. The other thing that they have as a kind of bizarre assets is a complete disregard for the life of their soldiers. If you are willing to keep doing that on and on and on, you did some limited territory, probably cant hold it long term, and you certainly cant win this war. But that is something putin can keep at. That is a challenge. Now, the ukrainian people have proven their resilience and their resolve. They will not be cowed, they will not be pushed out. It makes a challenging. We have to think about how we get support to ukrainian economy so that people can put food on the table and send their kids to school. This is not just a military effort, its a whole society effort. How confident are you that the United States well continue to be able to support ukraine at the levels we have over the past year with republicans now in control of the house, and nato, natos alliance has strengthened over the past year. You feel confident that they will continue to stand, all the nato countries look at things to stand shoulder to shoulder . Every time we have put a package up for a vote in the congress, the congress has added funds. I know there are some critics, but the overwhelming majority, both democrats and republicans, support this effort, see it tied to our own interests and values. I think we will continue going forward. If putin is betting on the United States flagging or giving up, hes making a terrible bet. Putin made a big that, not just on american breaking, but nato breaking apart. And time after time, the Nato Alliance has shown that simply isnt going to work. At some point, thats going to dawn on putin, hes going to recognize hes up against a very formidable Coalition Standing behind ukraine as he tries to defend its own freedom. Up next, the republican, the west is working on getting ukraines president zelenskyy what he needs. But will he get what he wants . My sit down with Secretary Of Defense lloyd austin, next. Hi, im tony hawk, and like many of you, i take a statin to reduce cholesterol, but statins can also deplete coq10 levels. Thats why my doctor recommended qunol coq10. Qunol has the number one cardiologist recommended form of coq10. Qunol. The brand i trust. Amid the growing tragedy, the strength of the ukrainian people and the generosity of