I will be chairing or moderating the panel. After the three papers i will offer some brief comments, some thoughts, some questions i had in order to make it hopefully start generating conversations for us for the q a portion. I will introduce our three presenters. We will go in the order they appear on the program. The presenters will speak for roughly 20 minutes, and that i will speak for a few minutes and open things up. Our first presenter will be Graham Hodges, the George Langevin professor of history at Colgate University. He has written on africanamericans and labor in new york city, and more recently written a political apathy of david robles, and important figure in railroad activities. He is working on a book that reframes the underground railroad and will hear about his ideas about reframing, thinking about the underground railroad and a larger context if reading freedom making. Kate mazer, associate professor of history at northwestern. She has written on emancipation and washington, d. C. And recently edited a collection of essays about the war the u. S. Civil war made. Arthur presenter will be philip troutman, assistant professor of writing in history at George Washington university. He is working on a project that essentially explores of the literature and the images of radical antislavery during the antebellum period. We will hear about his approach that combination of literature and images today. We will go through these presenters and then we will move towards opening things up. All right. Thank you and good morning to everyone here. It is lovely to be in this historic church. My father was a parish minister for 50 years and i learned how to speak in places like this. I feel very much at home. I feel so very inspired by what i have seen with the taliban tubman center. , teach at Colgate University right in the middle of northstar country. Tubman lived in auburn and they will be rebuilding and recreating a center there. I hope they look to what you have done here for inspiration. It is really beautiful and moving for me. I did find one small thing wrong when going to the center yesterday, and perhaps something that is easily rectified. I hope the point in that direction this morning. There was a column that lists the places where tubman worked and helped people. It mentioned maryland and delaware in new york, pennsylvania. But not new jersey. New jersey was absent. Despite the wonderful work by childs right, who outlined the underground railroad in new jersey. Despite the fact that new jersey has a very significant black population that goes back to the origins of our nation. Between cityhis island, new york and the philadelphia airport, including new jersey, with well over 50 of americas black population. 15 of americas black population. We know in 1849 Harriet Tubman makes her famous burst to freedom. She goes to William Still. After that she begins to go back to maryland, rescue her family, bring them out of slavery. She does this for several years. We know as well according to an interview she made with franklin sanborn, one of the john brown eight of famous journalists, he talks about working as a domestic and the Cape May Hotels in the summer of 1852, and then leaving from cape may in the fall to go back to maryland to bring out nine people listed as unnamed over at the center. She brought them out. It was a failed attempt to bring up her family has kate larson talks about in her wonderful book. We know these kind of things, but there is a lot we dont know. Well we she doing besides cooking in the summer of 1852 . Who did he associate with . If you build an underground Railroad Operation there and use it over the years . We dont really know that. Cape may is a place right across from delaware. It is about 70 miles a very rough water. Water. Iles of very rough it was used only during the most dangerous and difficult of moments. Otherwise she would have gone further westwards. Cape may is a special place, as is the surrounding region. Whatever like to do is suggest to you some of the ways in which we can think about that region. The cape may slavery case goes back to 1688. They were plantations. Most notably it was a seafaring area. Most of the slaves worked for whalers or for fishermen. They were skilled at water men. Is a predominant aspect of the underground railroad from North Carolina and maryland and elsewhere. The watermen were skilled people and there were a lot of them there. New jersey begins emancipation and 18 o for. It does not end until the passage of the 13th amendment. There were enslaved people in the cape may area right until the time of the civil war. Th is a kind of a culture hear that it shares with nowhere delaware and maryland. There are a number of freed blakccks. Some of them prosperous. Most impoverished, living on slivers of land they have been able to purchase to create a hardscrabble life. To build the church is that populate the accounts down there. The kind of thing cheryl talks about further west. The emergence of these black towns as spots of freedom. It is impossible to think that was not the case in new jersey. There is a very interesting book. I look at jennifer laroches study about annamarie trustee, ad immature genealogist, woman of faith who identifies many of the families living around the cape may area, cumberland county, Foster County glouster county. All she argues as part of this underground operation. It is not always reliable, but there are nuggets of genuine insight into that book. I rely on it a lot. By the late 1840s they were coldspring,ities, goshen, springtown. These are north of cape may. They attract self emancipated people from the seventh eighth, known depots on the underground railroads, and were slave catchers would go to try to receive the survivors of retrieve the survivors of slavery. They were black women that were very important. The first lacking the minister. She is from cape may, foreign in 1783. She becomes an itinerant on her own, going all around the same culture hearth. He is the first licensed minister in the ame church, she was alive when tubman was there. A powerful fascination. I will go back to the order of people in a moment but i want to speak about the black middle classes who come out from philadelphia along with the many members of the society of friends to enjoy the ocean breezes. Cape may becomes a resort town by the 1830s and 1840s. There is a steamship that goes out everyday. Railroads come in later on. This place is where the africanamerican elite can go and enjoy good weather. There was a man named George Woolford who establishes a hotel for blacks in cape may, an area where Harriet Tubman may have found employment. There was another fascinating guy we should think more about named Stephen Smith. Anybody know this name . Stephen smith is one of the wealthiest lack men in the United States. He was somebody who worked out of philadelphia with the eminent william weber. They were involved in lumber. They would hide people in false bottoms in the car trains of their railroad. They were so notorious that at one point smith, it was worth about 500,000 at the time, board member of a number of banks, was warned by local whites that your presence is not agreeable. The less you appear in the assembly of the white, the better it is for your black hy de as many think your absence of the benefit. You are considered an injury to the Real Property of columbia. You better take the hand. When they ransacked his office, smith left her philadelphia where he operated an underground Railroad Depot unless he spent the summers in cape may. This is not the kind of man who would just stand there and let other people struggle. He would join with them. The underground railroad in western new jersey. It was also one in the east. One source for that is Thomas Clement oliver who was interviewed in 1895. He talks about how we keep passengers in greenwich with five or six wagons. We are armed and ready to be anybody. Meet i have the keys to 15 to 20 stables so they can travel quickly. Just outside cape may there was a man named john coleman. I go to the cousin of henry highland garnet. Very famous and africanAmerican History. These are all men and women, very prominent on the underground railroad. I want to go back for a moment to those hotels. Smith and course others were very important. But for most blacks the res ort world network. Black man became the dominant population in the township. I think there is a lot of sense to this. Not only did they go west towards philadelphia, but they would go along the atlantic. Oast this was a world in which i think tubman felt at home. Yes, she dealt with still and smith and garnet and later she would deal with other very prominent white people, but its the ordinary working black people in the resort hotels that she liked. These are the domestic people she would work with. Where those place hotels that were racial battlegrounds. Southerners would come up during the summer to escape the oppressive heat of the south. They would encounter sometimes self emancipated people. They would encounter free blacks. That werefistfights known to break out in the 1840s and 1850s between aggrieved whites who could understand the insolence of the waitstaff, and the waiters not willing to accept any demands for inferiority. Perhaps at that point he did not intentslight tough woman upon wrestling her family. Area tubman was there Harriet Tubman was there. Such locales the underground railroad to thrive. About the area itself. Trustee identifies people like julie sharp and ezekiel cooper, edward turner, these are all underground railroad operators who are mentioned in trustees book to live outside cape may. They live in cumberland county, cape may county. They are all ministers of the ame episcopal church. They were known to receive slavery survivors that tubman and other spring to freedom. Festivalh Mount Zion Church founded in small glouster was a rest station for weary survivors. The church would feed and house them, send them on with fresh clothing. Slate guesses were near and survivors written at a trapdoor in the secondary. Trustee uses precise information that Thomas Clement oliver provides to support her argument about the underground railroad. I see no reason to doubt them. I think this is something significant in the kind of thing tubman would have been involved with. Instances ofer underground Railroad Operations there. Still talks about a family that comes through in the 1860s. Samuel ward who becomes a prominent minister recalls his parents fully from maryland and flee from maryland and 1820. Live in springtown, burgettstown, black townships. They found numerous colored people. The quakers were truly practically friendly and they were loving in word and tongue, in deed and in truth. This part of the state does get rid of slavery fairly fast. They would help out. There are these resort town, small black towns, the churchs fraternal organizations, farmers and small slivers of land in which they would hide people. Their other prosperous black they can provide money. Smith is a fascinating guy. He is a significant abolitionist involved in all the conventions. John brown looks to him for help in 1859. He is the chief recruiter for black people, black men to go fight in the civil war in 1863. This is not a man who would stand idly aside. Im trying to show along with the betterknown routes to the west, there is a significant amount of activity going through cape may up along the coast, going to black towns. These are the places that do the heavy lifting of the underground railroad. Rescuing, transporting across delaware bay, sheltering, the lives oforing the self emancipated as they pass through the state to free soil. For a times stated new jersey. Those black towns still exist. The descendents of the people that trustee talked about her still living there. They carry on the message. The user environments in which Harriet Tubman with arrive. Also the world that William Still had contact with. David davis pointed out these of the people, prosperous, some prosperous black mostly workingclass blacks who run the underground railroad. Who do the jobs connected to transportation who operate the churches and wish people could succor. Or nots really Harriet Tubman once but probably over and over again. Does anybody know about the wild and scale wellman scale . Five points. The subject is developed. I think this area is right around a five, close to the top of what you can imagine. What is important about all this . Anything new on Harriet Tubman is important and i think we can all agree on that. I like to associate her more with the working classes, ordinary people of southern jersey. Theould help to make underground railroad more visible. A big dividen between Popular History and academic historians but myself about the underground railroad means. That is changing rapidly. The last 10 years and seen an upsurge of studies, was identified very clearly building on older work, where the underground railroad was. To make invisible. To make it a real part of American History. That is why we are here today it is a symbol of the selfless freedom making their regular people. It is something which is really a penalized by Harriet Tubman herself. Thank you. [applause] good morning. Im notg to have sure if the projector is working so im curious if it is or not. It is not . The video is out. We will survive. I would show you one slide of a map. I will just try to describe what would have been there. Its not too collocated. I teach at northwestern university. I was really delighted to hear on the last panel joe polaski , what most struck you about learning the underground railroad for the show . He said this was the spy network for the civil war. I was like, that is what im talking about. I hope this will connect. This is the very beginning of the civil war and some of the things that were going on in maryland, virginia borderland. If i had my slide, i would show you a map of the Potomac River. , talking about the southern Potomac River that stretches from washington, d. C. Down through the border between virginia and maryland. In maryland, it is prince georges county, charles, and st. Marys county. Thats the location im talking about today. I will target with the river and what was going on on both sides of the river, but primarily on the maryland side. Will bethe papers talking about the kind of northsouth or slave statefree stay borderlands so integral to the career of Harriet Tubman and many aspects of marylands history. I will talk about a different kind of border. The boarder created in april, 1861 in the state of virginia declared itself separate from United States and enjoy the extremity known as the Confederate States of america. Going tos paper im talk about how africanamericans on both sides of that brand medical border soft freedom and in some cases held the Union War Effort. When i was at the Harriet Tubman area last night for the first time, i was struck how the scenes in her life on display connect with what im going to talk about. I think those are mainly three things. One is continuity and africanamerican struggle for freedom. Two, the importance in the struggle of family and community. Three, the value and sophistication of enslaved peoples knowledge of the landscape and its people. I will touch on these things and i want to emphasize that beyond the familiar roles that fugitives from slavery played as laborers for the u. S. Forces, know that familiar image of contraband labor working in manual jobs and doing work for forces, theyates offered information which was often called intelligence it was extremely important to the war effort. This is also a story about geography. My focus is on the western shore of the chesapeake, the counties you would see there. Prince georges, charles and st. Marys. Let me set the Historical Context for what im going to talk about. After the battle of bull run on january july 21, 1861, confederates increasingly took up positions on the virginia side of the Potomac River. Werenited states forces somewhat caught somewhat unawares. Navy ships were patrolling up and down truck the Potomac River. Three months after bull run some 10,000 United States soldiers commanded by general Joseph Hooker spread out across Southern Maryland trying to secure the new International Border. Now,u go to the state park you can look across the river and see mount vernon. You can imagine what it would have been like to live in a moment when the Potomac River was suddenly an International Border separating two ostensibly different nations at war with each other. That watery border between maryland and virginia had been remarkably porous to that point, with a shared history of tobacco plantations. Both part of the river were part of a agricultural region. Families often have members living of both sides of the river. On the maryland side, white residents of those counties were among the most proconfederate of maryland. It was a heavenly plantation intensive area of maryland compared to other parts of maryland. Those residents were overwhelmingly favorable towards secession and the confederate effort. Until the civil war there was little they kept those two sides of the river apart. When virginia seceded in maryland did not the river took undue importance. Confederate sympathizers in maryland developed a robust system of signaling and trading across the river. White marylanders served as conduit of goods of a be shipped from baltimore and annapolis, through the bay, up the river, and those folks on the maryland side would put them in smaller boats and a night shift them over to confederate virginia. They also sent soldiers that way. Acceptable toas officials in washington, d. C. Who wanted to stop all the illicit traffic across the potomac and ensure the confederate batteries on the virginia side did not stop commerce on the river. They were shooting down a commercial ships on the river. This is a key route for the union, from these major maryland cities, baltimore, kannapolis, to washington annapolis, to washington, d. C. They could plan an invasion of enemy territory. They wanted both sides to secure that place and be able to, if they wanted to invade, a mass armies and go over. Despite the tensions during the summer and fall, general George Mcclellan in charge of the army in washington does little to secure Southern Maryland until late october for the confederate threat became intolerable. In tobacco, the newspaper was over the supporting states rights candidates for the election. They were urging publicly a confederate invasion of Southern Maryland. A detachment of confederate skim over the maryland year for washington. Apparently on an exploratory venture. Sent smalln detachments of soldiers to investigate the terrain, the telegraph wire, they make the Potomac River increasingly impassible. At the end of october mcclellan said poker in his division of some 10,000 men south in the maryland. Poker establishes headquarters here but scary across the river from quantico and virginia. He discovered for himself what his predecessors had already learned. The local white population was always entirely hostile. He reported local citizens would not help with his investigation of where people were worshiping stuff over to the confederates over the confederate outposts were on the virginia side. He called the town a nasa secessionists. A nest of secessionists. Pos sometimes suffer from a lack of discipline, but they were disposed to magnify trifles in the mountains. Navy present and in something very different to enslaved people in the region. This was an opportunity to claim freedom. Here i want to connect this history with the largest larger topic of this conference, slave escapes and ties and the underground railroad. The history of slavery is the history of fairly unbroken line of resistance. Most often manifested not in enslaved peoples violent uprising against owners, but in efforts to get away, to get free anywhere they could. Shows, ins history peacetime people sometimes manage to make their way to freedom, helge lund the other black people and sometimes by sympathetic whites. Theime the equiva equation changes completely as new forces that can challenge the power of slaveowners tended to destabilize slavery and create new opportunities. In fact, almost 50 years before the start of the civil war the chesapeake region and the Potomac River had seen a similar situation in which warships representing the british and the americans had vied for control of the river. Alan taylor has shown during the war of 1812 in slate People Living on both sides of the potomac and regularly escaped british forces. For some enslaved people in the area at the beginning of the civil war this would have been within living memory. Similar hing 61, a 1861, a similar dynamic is enforced. The summit was a carefully guarded International Border. On the soldiers perspective different rules apply on each side of the border. , in the summer of 1861 Congress Passed the confiscation act that allows u. S. Forces to hold onto enslaved people who ran away and came to the union lines and claimed their owners have in forcing them to labor for the confederacy. This is where the term contraband will, from, calling people escaping contraband. Believeficers did not that confiscation act was applicable in slave states that remain in the union. Such as maryland. Although many White Marylanders sympathize for the confederacy and were helping the rebels, the state itself is not an insurrection against United States government. White narrowwent white marylande entitled to the usual rights including the right to claim human beings as their property. This enslaved marylanders faced more precarious situations that virginians did. If the maryland owners came to get them, the u. S. Army was inclined to permit it. From the earliest days of the occupation of Southern Maryland, the u. S. Forces understood black people in their midst had viable information and that perception only increased as months went on. As officers took full measure of the hostility of the white population, it was slaves coming into union camps who subscribed to the proconfederate networks in the region who told him who is signaling across the river, hiding in small boats and whose barns were used to store supplies for the confederates. A reporter who was famously embedded with general daniel sigels troops in Southern Maryland observed the army seemed unwilling to protect even those maryland slaves who had supplied them with information. He reported even after giving valuable information, the u. S. Forces, some of them had been recouped by their masters. In some known cases, those who gave info to the u. S. Were brutally with. And in one case, he was whipped so severely that he died for telling what he knew. Hookereless, general maintained a rigid stance on the rights of maryland state slaveowners. His policy was neither he nor his officers would go in pursuit of enslaved people at an owner possibly hast. They wouldnt go after them, but if claimants could point out runaway slaves in army camps, hooker would instruct his guards to remove them, placing them at the mercy of their owner. Ofsaid the loyalty individual maryland slaveowners made no difference, he would enforce the customary Property Rights of marylanders so long as maryland declares itself on the side of the union. The law he thought he was going along with the confiscation act of 1861 permitted. Many of the u. S. Soldiers and officers resisted. They were disturbed by his willingness to let slaveowners retrieve people from camps. The was in a new york soldiers had no desire to cooperate with White Marylanders who they saw thought colluding with the enemy. The Brigade Commander later testified to congress that the soldiers supposedly to honor the requests was an extremely disagreeable one and it is very odious to that regiment and the practice it persisted and would lead to serious and unpleasant events in the regiment. I think what was happening was was the officers were trying to pass down instructions they had to cooperate and the soldiers were saying we dont want to. There is fighting and disagreement within the regiment. Switching over to people slave people coming in from virginia. Their status was a bit simpler. The confiscation act all military officials to put those folks to work if they said their owners and try to use them in the confederate war effort. Virginians began bringing in less information to the u. S. Forces as soon as the conflict began. A large group of enslaved virginians came over to maryland after the u. S. Forces made a foray across the river. By some accounts, about 90 people cross the river as with the soldiers as they returned to maryland. Some came on gunboats, but several came on a boat the enslaved people themselves had captured from the confederates on the virginia side and sailed over to maryland. As was the case with Harriet Tubman and so many others who escape bondage, getting away by yourself was rarely enough. It was often men who made the first escape unencumbered by the rest of their family members. There is a lot of evidence even from this particular situation im talking about in Southern Maryland that they were eager to ensure the freedom of their 10. Consider the case of james locke who became a renowned spy. Incame aboard a u. S. Ship september 1860 one and impress naval officers with the specificity of the information he provided about confederate positions. A naval commander interviewed him about the information and sent him to washington, reporting he was a servant and quite an intelligent man who would help them considerably. Returned tot he Southern Maryland and in january he made it known he wanted to rescue his wife and four children from slavery in virginia. Naval officials were incredulous he was the debt he would be able to go back and get people and bring them out into maryland, but they dropped them off on the virginia side of the river and about 24 hours later he came back with his wife and four children. They crossed back into maryland. This caught the attention of officers, including hooker who was not inclined to think highly of the intelligence at first at escapingered by slaves. He was ready and willing to visit the district any night. He had made it clear he would go back there any time. In fact, scabies from virginia brought something that became increasingly valuable to u. S. Forces, information about the terrain and knowledge of personnel in enemy territory. Why commander sometimes mark a particular person was especially intelligent, perhaps indicating their preconceptions about race and ability. They would say this person is especially intelligent. They also use the term intelligence to talk about information and military intelligence. There is an interesting connection between the words. Even if their views about race and inequality were being challenged, regardless of whether they were being challenged by the intelligence and information and the remarkable savvy those folks had , they were relying on them no matter what. They were desperate and they were interested in taking on as much information as they could and trying to discern who had the most information who was likely to be the most reliable. As an example, the New York Times reporter embedded in Southern Maryland noted a slave from virginia tells the story with a clearness in perpetuity hardly to be expected from someone in his condition. They were having these white northerners having to expectations challenged by the people they were encountering. The army spent a anxious and cold winter in Southern Maryland hoping they would soon be permitted to moving to virginia. , somethe refugees included james lawson, they were known as daring and effective spies. Even hooker was thinking they were increasingly reliable. Things started to shift in march when the confederate and virginia side of activated. They burned all of the remaining fortifications and left. This caused the people on the maryland side to say what is going on. Finally theyre going to start moving. At this point, general hooker instructed sickles specifically to send the negro spies to learn the number of troops some 30 miles away in fredericksburg. Offer any price for this information, he instructed. He added the men who went for their wives seem to be the most likely to learn through their friends. You can see these Union Officers were learning by and how the escaping people could serve them and they valued the kind of experience and information they had. Sickle engaged james lawson who travel through enemy territory. Asy returned two days later anticipated brought the detailed report on a number of confederate troops concentrating below the towns, the locations of their trend mens. And the standards of civilian population. Were to hooker that james lawson to be liberally rewarded. This is the fourth or fifth successful scouting he has done, he should have 100. Lawsons bravery and effectiveness became renowned among officers and garnered press attention. The New York Times profiled him and sat down to interview him. He made it on the pages of the New York Times where the reporter said he was a hero who deserve more honor than that afforded to tucson new butcher on theto testify conduct, sickles readily confirmed soldiers in Southern Maryland had relied on information provided by escaping slaves. He said unequivocally the most valuable and reliable information of the Enemy Movement in our vicinity that we have been able to get is derived from negros coming to our lines. Many of them were persons of remarkable intelligence. Similar servitude if rendered by white men would according to the usages be very liberally rewarded. He was making an argument that the work that those men had done was of utmost value to the Union War Effort and that they should receive just as much compensation and honor as a white man doing the same thing. Let me wrap up because my time is up by saying to emphasize the contributions of escaped slaves, military intelligence is not to argue that their goals were entirely aligned with the u. S. War effort. As a black reporter on the maryland be reported, enslaved people in the area by no means believed the u. S. Soldiers were on the side of freedom, particularly when they saw how solicited the soldiers were of the maryland slaveowners. During the war though, the in of many people who were escaping and searching for freeing freedom coincided with the interest of the Union War Effort. Amid the destabilizing influence of union occupation, james lawson and others decided to use their knowledge or intelligence about the region and its inhabitants to support the u. S. War effort. The work of scouting and spine required bravery, conning, accuracy and strong comedic asian. The on anecdotes we still know little about the story. We should remember james lawson and other africanamerican scouts and spies who took risks to reunite their families and friends and also to advance the cause of freedom. Thank you. [applause] thank you. Im going to go to the other end of the underground railroad in the north where once you got away you had to stay away. Junior was in new york city six month before confronting it in the incarceration system. As a white man from ohio, he arrived in the fall of 1833 to found the american Antislavery Society. By march 30 four he had come personally involved in the case of henry scott, a sevenyearold boy dragged from his classroom and jailed as a fugitive slave. He intervened, helping to organize Community Meetings and raise funds for his bail and secure legal aid. When henry was released, he and his wife took him in into their home and ultimately brought him upstate. As his biographer has shown, caring for henry scott galvanized right and further develop his interaction with the Africanamerican Community in new york. And the activists there. Ofwas an early proponent interpreting the constitution as antislavery and protecting the rights of all residents through due process. He takes on a civil rather than religious form of argumentation. He also notes that scott henry scott spurred him to publish a series of articles called chronicles of kidnapping in new york detailing similar cases in highlighting the cruelty of the system from the harshness of the jail itself and jailers to the injustices of the legal system which deferred almost wholly to the claims of the accusers and was right with official corruption. What i want to explore from here are the ways that his article tried to provide some platform however narrow from which the accused themselves might witness. Beinge actions here are driven by these people we have been talking about. The people who are escaping and help each other escape and getting to the north. The African Americans themselves. To look at here is how he was trying to get those stories out to the broader public. , these areerviews based on his own interviews and his advocacy for the accused and they play two roles. They service documentary evidence. Eyewitness testimony to the workings of new yorks Justice System revealing case is not seen normally by the public and specific detail that was impossible to come by. He names the accused, the claimants, the sheriffs and judges and many details of the cases. The articles provided a semblance of a public voice for the accused. Probably obviously control the narrative, he tried to convey some sense of experience, emotions and ideas of the accused themselves. Many of these people were not actually fugitives, they were free people in new york. What i want to do is give you a sense of the detail of that voice, if we can call it that and explore the degree to which the perspectives of the accused are represented in the articles and images. I did not have enough for everyone, there are some flyers going around. In his first article, he detailed the taking of henry scott. Identifying the sheriff is originally from new england, falling short of naming the man but implying hes a wellknown collaborator with Bounty Hunters. He gave specifics of the , mrs. Millers classroom at the Public School in duane street. And describing the scenario. Most of this was quotation. As the sheriff toward him from the arms of mrs. Miller, the screeches of his schoolmates filled the room with dismay. Some things it fell, some rent for their parents and some follow the kidnapper crying kidnapper, let him alone. In the next issue, he offered the first in the series of chronicles of kidnapping in new york walking his readers through the legal steps in henry scotts case as well as conveying his trauma. When henry was taken from the classroom, that he to witness the transaction. Henry was brought solving and terrified in front of the honorable Richard Riker and claim richard hack fall of richmond, virginia as a property of his mother. Requiredt have the prove he was the alleged owners authorized agent so riker deferred the case and released henry to the promise of a couple of friends for his appearance at 11 00 tomorrow. And his wife susan appeared in court with him the next day and a number of legal gentlemen of the first respectability who had volunteered to plea on his behalf. Here wright provided dialogue. Indicated dismissively that henry was not would not suffer in virginia but would play about the yard. Acksaws brother and several witnesses swore to take the boy and noted to me in particular they paid many valuable complements. Riker ruled that hacksaws verbal evidence alone suffice to authorize him his agent. Pressed forlawyers the will granting him the claim in the first place. Riker place henry scott in prison again until hacksaw could produce the will. Further detail that henry had been brought to the city by his father. According to the confession of all parties and with the full x consent of his mother. Theher goes to see father goes to seea from the port and maintains the child from school. The legal status is not stated. The Community Managed to raise henrys bail money and he went elizer and susan who later secret at him upstate who was reunited with his father. Wright promises readers updates, but this was the last update in the emancipator. In august 1835 there was a brief story on henry in a little track on the Antislavery Society. It added some detail that when that was at wrights house he was so afraid he could hardly sleep. He would speak out in his dreams i wont go. He was free now and at school in the country somewhere. Rights stated goals were on the documentation of public cases to affect change. To put the wrongs and woes before the public who would share his outrage at the use of a law and to put their cases forward in specific detail with names and dates, what may. Let the facts sink or swim. He did warn this containing these bit of idiosyncratic perspective and Emotional Experience of the same time. Documenting the ways these reverberated among family members. , Peter Martine had been in new york about four years. He had a wife and child, he worked most recently for the merchant for a merchant on 57 water street where he had a good reputation. The salesman commence them as a faithful and trustworthy man and his having no fault of being too modest or unassuming. He was trusted to open the shop, which is what he was doing when kidnappers came upon him and wright narrated, one of them told them he must go with them. He replied he was engaged and could not. On this he was violently seized and received a blow to the face. The horrible fact came upon him that he was taken as a slave. He had a knife in his hand which he was accustomed to use about the store. Cotton bags, etc. With this, he defended himself to the considerate considerable injury of the deputy sheriff. A sufficient posse was in attendance and a number of butchers were brought to the assistance by the cry of thief, thief, he is stolen 1000. The whole rabble rushed to him, bruise him underfoot. Of thewas a member Sabbath School attached to the chapel street. He is treated this way. With this level of detail which the reader infers was gleaned from the personal interviews, theht sought to get full story. This was not only the truth, but also spoke to the kind of masculinity he elsewhere endorsed. Black men were men and should behave as men. He carried the series into the antislavery record, which he edited and elaborated further on the role of martins wife, who uncharacteristically perhaps wright name. He imply this expense that the Antislavery Society that of a defended her for free, but he said the promptness of action illustrated the strength of her affection. Through months of waiting for trial, she never gave up on him or his case. She appeared regularly at the door with such conference as she could procure. She raised his bail and briefly got him released. His trial went to the state Supreme Court who denied his right to a trial by jury and the claimant agents to richmond to sell him. She did not give up. She raised 600 again in the new York Community to have him purchased secretly by an agent of his employers. And brought back to new york to work for them. And it worked. Right cautioned that this was not an endorsement of his as manumission. He emphasizes these cases were not isolated. It is part of the wider corruption and abuse written into the law. In may of 1834, peter martin was one of only 11 seasons confined in the city prison as slaves in that moment. Often in cells only three and half by seven feet. Write said had fired their demanding a jury determine the facts of fugitive status and the court upon right to hold them in the first place. He went on to explain this form of writ in these cases had been declared unconstitutional and laid solelygion in the magistrate. Federal law required fugitives to be returned, but provided no means of determining whether the accused was a fugitive in the first place and even subject to arrest. Northern states generally refused to rule on a slave status and generally would call attention to the white claimants assert assertion, leaving the accused little chance to review those. Listedt wright began henry scott, william miller, james carter, william carter, william scott, peter martin, francis smith. He gave names and stories to what were otherwise often more generic accounts. These personal encounters seem to have shaped wright and his family on a personal level. They employed police two africanamericans in their home, one would been a kidnapping victim. The other, mary gordon, whose son was later murdered in cuba. They help other fugitives find housing or get out of the city as need be. Ier taught latin to a boy working in the antislavery offices. Intooices of the fugitives infuse his own writing which was caustic, sarcastic and direct. Morel talk about that later. Hed already gained a reputation for going no holds barred against the colonization is early in his career, he was known as a cantankerous speaker and did not care what others thought of him. His perspective and antislavery represented some of the africanamerican perspective. This is most clear in some images in our handout. Edited, hes he commissioned these for the antislavery record, were frequent frequently departed from the static images of. Ictimhood his image of peter martin and on the imagery of the kneeling slave, but in this case, both of these characters in the images are very actively pleading with the white man to help, either this is a magistrate or someone they are trying to get to support them financially. Just to note that the story the image was about peter martin , although the story that it follows is about stephen downing, another person that wright interviewed. Other images make bolder moves. In a chaotic scene of resistance as described in the coming story , this is the one on the lower left of the handout i believe. The viewer sees the free woman of color wielding a stick planter, whomland she had nursed as an infant. He was trying to seize harriets adult son and daughter, james and margaret and jamess wife betty. Tillman legally owned james and james and harriets daughter margaret had each individually escaped. Way tod made their philadelphia where harriet lived. Ive loste out the note. It is about 20 miles outside of philadelphia. They moved to a smaller town. A philadelphiat with them as well. She and her husband, who was also apparently free. In this scene, james is trying to escape out the door while tillman grabs margaret on the left. Others scuffle elsewhere in the scene. We can see harriets left hand reach up to pull down the top of her blouse. It recounts a gesture recounting the more famous one of the german truth. Harriet uncovers herbalism and scolds tillman, i suckled you at this breast and now you drag your my children away for me to drag into slavery. Undomesticated action was unseen anywhere else in the antislavery rags. A man may represent wrights attempt to capture something of the gestures and actions in physical remonstrating harriet had wielded upon tillman as she recounted the story later. June 1836 featured another melee described in text as recounting the black man in the center is an average american barber in buffalo helping the family at the right escape to canada. He is threatening the white pair of boatman telling them to ignore the commands from the georgia planter on horseback at left on the new york shore. The ferryman cuts the rope, allowing the family to escape to the canadian shore. The image and text juxtaposition is worth noting. We have an image of muscular resistance titled the runaway. Even though this image of the runaway some have argued is sort of passive that abolitionists circulated, in fact they are using the runaway as a symbol of resistance it so. As a result of the local encounters documented in the and otherswright worked to change the law. Hopefully chris can talk about this in his comments. Succeeded in getting jury trials required in cases of alleged fugitives in new york. As Graham Hodges has suggested, the authorities documented in the chronicles or in part helped inspire david to found the Vigilance Committee in new york and to continue this work on a more systematic basis. That is a fascinating read. These fugitives in their actions and words spurred on northern organization, not only against slavery, but for civil rights in the north as well. This was where a prominent in the rhetoric. They are not just talking about slavery, they are talking about equal rights throughout this literature. As the fugitives crossing expose all the linkages binding the north to slavery as well as the south. View that the needs, interests and experience of the fugitives continually catalyzed and fueled the movement is one glimpse. Ht seems to a he was among the first white men to argue for the arming of black troops. He took the haitian revolution as his example, another radical move for a white abolitionists to make. After the war he shared a of his contemporary black activist to establish what has become finally our own understanding of emancipation and how it unfolded. Was abolished not in washington, but at fort hudson and for wagner and many other deadly beaches. Slaves won their own liberty by saving the nations life. After a most reluctantly consented to so being saved. Now for white government politicians to come along with parchments and manumission and arrogate to themselves the glory of having given liberty, there is a great injustice. It is a contemptible piece of arrogance. [applause] for a fewg to talk minutes and offer some thoughts i prepared about this work and they give you a chance to gather your thoughts and come out with a microphone and have you speak to our presenters. My comments. The underground railroad demanded africanamerican ability. Find them for the profits of slave owners. The underground railroad help slaves move beyond their owners control. It was a result of that movement. Fugitive slaves came to be Major Players in helping other people move toward the run freedom. There was a lot of mobility. One of the thing so important is that we see black civility as essential to the work of making freedom. Africanamericans in places legal representation for those seen as fugitives. They can offer their churches to runaway slaves. They could share the army about the information they had about the places they lived. Creating the underground railroad involved creating black homes and family and communities and creating knowledge in a way that used relatively stable structures to facilitate the work of the freedom. The story about people having information about a landscape and truth move troop movements. Knowledge that came from there long roots in particular places, constructing a spy network for the civil war. A couple things i was wondering about connections as you suggest antebellumbel and fugitives and wartime spies, what sense do we have about how black families were disturbing knowledge . Is most double we know coming from the records of the union army . How much can we know about the kind of connections you are suggesting between fugitive slaves and wartime people seeking freedom and aiding . Another thing that comes up here , this tension or distance between the pursuit of freedom and assistance that Union War Effort. There is an interesting language, the language of intelligence work. There is a particular political power involved in black people doing intelligence work in a context in which people doubt black intellectual capacity. I wonder about the meaning of that politics. Forhere a particular pride black people to pursue this kind of work . Compare can you compare the effort to gather intelligence to black men reclaiming their masculinity . The runawaysls of and union army, how can we know these goals . As her moments where black peoples knowledge of the union army might encourage them to see links between their interests and those of the military. Paper, im going to work through these backwards sronologically graham paper, im going to work through these backwards chronologically. The paper emerges from a question about the most Famous Underground Railroad operator and asking what Harriet Tubman did in cape may, we get a look into black people and their politics in southern new jersey. Harriet tubman is building on the labor of many other people. Africanamericans in southern new jersey, they are living on slivers of freedom and they establish networks and churches. Depots to aid those fleeing bondage. The internalt dynamics of the black community in southern new jersey. Stephen smith is another major figure in this paper. Does his particular story represent the Political Tendencies of other propertied africanamericans . The danger mightve been particularly tangible to those who were fortunate enough to have some degree of economic stability. Is there a way we could see more complex portrait of the communities and recognize that sometimes People Choose not to engage in particular political activity . Part of why i think this is important to break down the community in terms of how individuals were involved is that it would further emphasize how radical it was for someone like Stephen Smith to risk as much as he did by sheltering people who were fleeing slavery. Also along the lines on this point about danger, im curious how communities survived. Southern jersey attracts some emancipated people, but also attracts slave catchers. It is a known location for this setup rescue operation. You have a sense of how and how long these antislavery enclaves could indore. To what extent was invaluable or viable to have known stations when it was was being underground path to freedom . Part of why we know the things we do about people like tubman and the underground railroad is that abolitionist like to talk about what they were doing. I talk about when they were successful when liberating enslaved people. Thousands saw freedom and they but philip points out we dont often have a sense of these individuals lives and feeling. One of the questions i had is whether we know so little by design. Fugitives and alleged fugitives might have wanted to give a low profile. Wants to construct a platform for them and speak them out. What tensions might have this produced . For their problems that arose when a white abolitionist with certain goals might of had an idea that runs counter to those of the accused africanamericans. sm curious about wright writing and what it says about black peoples relationship to the law. What is evident in these cases . I was struck throughout the discussion of scott by how much he benefits from Legal Processes. Richardawyers, he had reicher, who was his judge, a wellknown friend of a slave owner. He requires written proof before he sends henry to the south and also the judge grants bail for henry scott m and henry once he gets that theyll is able to go run to the north. What is actually wrong here . The concept of justice is moving through the paper but i wonder what justice wouldve looked like for the people involved. It seems the injustice was slavery itself rather than any particular aspect of how the law is operating, at least in this particular case. Would justice be a set of Legal Processes who protect the rights of those accused as fugitives or would justice require destroying or rejecting a system in which it was legal to hold people as property . This question about the visions of justice is partly why wanted to talk about this last one. There is a little epilogue to the paper where he suggests some connections and parallels between antikidnapping and the black lives Matter Movement in terms of essentially publicizing the stories of the horrors inflicted upon africanamericans. I think that thinking about visions of justice might help us to interrogate the parallels. It should go without saying, but black people today dont are not antipolice. They want the justices to work fairly. But black new yorkers in the 1830s wore antislavery. They did not necessarily just want Legal Protections against kidnapping, they wanted to destroy slavery, which slavery itself may kidnapping viable. But slavery was rooted in american law. There might be a tension in terms of what justice meant in the 30s as opposed to now. The last thing i want to say is that the title of the panel and the breadth of these papers points to a larger question which is who created the underground railroad . What exactly did it look like. The term Service Number ill of crawl the work done to produce freedom in the slaveholding u. S. . My sense is that its difficult, but it is useful to draw boundaries around the term, to highlight how dangerous it was to actually usher fugitive slaves to freedom. Particularly it is useful to think about the railroad in context and the complexities of black and politics in the antebellum. Period. We will now open things up to anyone who might like to share questions, comments, queries, concerns, clause, with our presenters. Can i start with a response. It is one i thought about a lot putting these people at risk any further. There may be cases where he was and he gave certain details about family members who there were details about how is often , he of wrightsquestion interest, i think theyre conflicted as well. Yet had a larger interest in abolishing slavery, but he has these tactical interests in helping these individual people at this moment, either not be kidnapped or to get out of the situation they are in as fugitives. Think it is a good question about whether he put any of them at risk further by releasing some of the details that he did and i guess i would have to look closer at each individual case and see whether he did. In most cases they are already in jail and i would have to look at that, that is a good question. I think there they are caught in that as well. They are working outside this earlier on this. They are working ad hoc. He just arrived in new york from ohio ready to organize this thing and they immediately start going to prisons and helping people in these cases. They dont really know what they are doing in a way and they are trying to use whatever mechanisms they have. I think the injustice they discovered was that basically there was a risk you could a writ you can apply for that would let you go home with someone until you show up in court, but there is basically the magistrate gets to decide whether he will let you have the writ or not. He also gets to decide whether to take oral testimony from the Bounty Hunters or to ask for the will. He did not have to ask for the will, he did in that case. There is nothing in the law that requires him to ask for legal documentation. He could simply accept the word of the Bounty Hunter. That is the injustice they were running into. It leads them to push for jury trials to decide whether the person is indeed a fugitive or not. Enough, hi, im a living in new york city. My question is relevant to kind of the south Jersey New York city. I know thisll make sense. Do you think the fugitive antifugitive legacy in south the Current Trends of criminality in Law Enforcement in the areas today . The question is about whether or not the legacy contributes to criminality . Ill put it this way, i think we can look at the underground railroad certainly from the antebellum period as a part of what would become the great migration from the 1870s and on word which radically transforms new jerseys black population. It amplifies it a lot, more people coming from the south. These underground railroad survivors are the first part of that. Among white new jerseyans, a much greater rising about crime, a modern racism rather than the racism of slavery and anxiety caused by the treatment of blacks. I wouldnt say the people ,hemselves were inspiring crime i would say the concern about them and the rise of jim crow certainly is a reaction to the great migration. I dont think that is anything new. If we link the underground railroad to that, there are plenty of whites who are anxious about that. At the same time, i think the numbers were small enough and the black communities were wouldl enough that they weed out troublemakers. That becomes more difficult when you get thousands of people coming in up north. Because of the high population of numbers. Before the civil war, new jersey is not a whole lot different from maryland in that a black person is either whose statusomeone is not clear. After the war and this is something that kate can speak to more accurately, there is an enormous anxiety about these new freedoms and the mobility of blacks into the north. Racism anda lot more anxiety about labor displacement, but just about proximity. Jim crow happens pretty rapidly, especially, and this beast to what we were talking about earlier, which is cape may. Who is in the water or the beach . Area along with schools of greatest contest. Schools be separate . Yes they have to be. Already beaches separate . More and more they become separate. I think that is where i can go on that. I would say the system of incarceration built in new york is defaultingvery to the claimant. It defaults to the people claiming. The system is built and abused in all kinds of way. Your kidnapping rings paying off the shares to arrest people on accusations and they claim them and turn them into slaves. The systems are institutionally building in the false that are continuous. All for ato thank you very informative panel and a particular want to thank you graham for thinking about Something Like the work that wouldve been uniformly dismissed by a serious historian and engaging with that and using and thinking about it and his story sizing what she talked about. I have a specific question for kate and it is very short. Were those spies ever actually paid . I think that they were. I think lawson and the people lawson is by far the most visible and hit every time he is mentioned, it is sort of like lawson and his colleagues are doing this and that. Tell from this, lawson and paying lawson comes up several different times in different types of records. The last one chronologically i have seen was when sickles is testifying before the committee and he says that is why recommended he be paid just as well as a white person. There is probably a record somewhere, i would think there might. You could see if someone literally with accounting books pay lawson. I havent done that research, but from what im hearing sickles saying is that he in fact was paid. He is not sickles is not saying why arent you paying him , he is saying that is why recommended he be paid generously. Somebody as visible as lawson. There are also records that are between hooker and sickles where hooker is saying pay them whatever it takes. He said that before sickles commissioned lawson. There would be a paper trail. Likely was lawson paid. The many other people who are more anonymous who did not rise to that level, they probably were not compensated in any expense either with pay or even just recognition and notoriety that theyat should have been. If you compare it as chris was suggesting, compare that service to the country with soldiering, one thing is they were much more regularly courted as soldiers, paid in equitably and then more equitably and eligible for pensions. It is possible someone like lawson who was working at a spot as a spy would have been enlisted when it became possible to enlist. Im just going by the implication and record up to 1862. But i dont have concrete evidence he was paid. It seems the tone of the testimony acts like he was but i dont absolutely no. Thank you for the question. Let me follow up. It is the book is a. Ascinating work disorganized and difficult at times, but it is really useful as a model for us here to identify people genealogically who could be related to the underground railroad. One thing i shouldve mentioned in my paper is that she does talk about the significant blacksof cape may region , some of them children of the self emancipated who very quickly enlisted in the union army. There is a lot of that in there as well. They do serve. Tois an area that relates military service. Trustee is also a name, around here. A lot of them in this region and in delaware as well is in new jersey. The title is the underground railroad and theres a subtitle. I think his ties that bind. We are running close on time so i will take 1, 2, three altogether and i will ask everyone to keep it as brief as possible. Im deirdre from new york fromand we are searching slave rescue in utica. One of the people rescue described how the person who was pursuing them, the Bounty Hunter would gamble away money in new york city and captured people and take them down south to sell them so we had more money to gamble. I kind of wonder what percentage of people who were kidnapped in new york for example actually had any Legal Process whatsoever and word just dragged out of there . , i represent gwen the lest we Forget Museum in philadelphia. I have a question about the conversation as relates to harriet. In my readings i understand she only got her pension later in life and i wonder if it had to do with the fact he was a female as opposed to some of these white men. I heard she got it later in life and that she never got any. My question is relating to the Community Aspect of the underground railroad. Escape Justice Kagan slave people. Are there people who escaped without the aid of stations or stationmasters . Of thatunderstanding definition in terms of escape, are there any instances where something would be from the underground railroad . Big ones there. I think it is a really good question. Im going to go my soapbox very briefly and say any person who , that personipated is part of the underground railroad. You dont need a helper at the other end. It is nice of you get them, but the fact that you are creating your own freedom, making it put you in the underground railroad, yes. I think as far as the question of people being kidnapped, i do know where the question was,. I think what we can document in the case of both kidnapped these and a scabies escapees is just the tip of the iceberg. Know whaticult to else was going on all the time. We are constantly hearing about new cases we never heard of. Ive learned a lot this week just about these sorts of things happening all the time. There is sort of, it is not background noise but there are things happening that dont rise to the level of getting into the records. Thank you guys for your questions and i ask you to join me in thanking the panel. [applause] interested in American History tv . Visit our website, cspan. Org history. You did your tv schedule, preview upcoming programs and watch college lectures, archival film and more. American history tv at cspan. Org history. Cspan, where history unfolds daily. Was created as a Public Service by americas table television companies. It is brought to you today by your cable or satellite provider. Sunday on American History tv. James talks about the u. S. Army special forces secretly operating in berlin for more than 30 years. Here is a preview. I should go back and say, give you some information about the guys who were there. Just to where they. I said they all came from special forces, they were special forces, there was no special test to say you are qualified to go to berlin. If you would become special forces, you are the qualifications with one caveat. You had to speak and eastern germann language, or well enough to pass as a local or to confuse the east germans or russians long enough to do it. And you had to be able to accept the fact you were going to wear civilian clothes. Which was important because wearing civilian clothes meant if you are captured by the east germans or russians, you would be within probably five to 10 minutes shot as a spy. Caveats, theo first 40 people were sent in 1956. Of those 40 volunteers, no one had any problems with that. For the next 34 years, a lot of guys never gave it a second thought. As i said, a lot of them were americans, probably at beginning 60 were first or second generation. They all spoke a language, either hungarian or russian in some cases. Thean of course was predominant language. Recruits were law jack. It was passed in the 50s. To get Eastern Europeans to join the American Military just for this type of an operation. , a lot ofhem served them served up in berlin. Even up into the 80s, a lot of the people that came into the unit were immigrants from Eastern Europe and came into the american army. Something we should look at doing for iraq and afghanistan. Quite an Interesting Group of people. The entirewatch Program Sunday 9 p. M. Eastern on American History tv. Only on cspan3. American history to be up next on American History tv, historians and authors look at the American History state and presen present can these speech and James Angleton to leav lee harvey oswald. Threehour session was part of a conference hosted by the future of freedom foundation. [applause]