I will be chairing or moderating the panel. After the three papers i will offer some brief comments, some thoughts, some questions i had in order to make it hopefully start generating conversations for us for the q a portion. I will introduce our three presenters. We will go in the order they appear on the program. The presenters will speak for roughly 20 minutes, and that i will speak for a few minutes and open things up. Our first presenter will be Graham Hodges, the George Langevin professor of history at Colgate University. He has written on africanamericans and labor in new york city, and more recently written a political apathy of david robles, and important figure in railroad activities. He is working on a book that reframes the underground railroad and will hear about his ideas about reframing, thinking about the underground railroad and a larger context if reading freedom making. Kate mazer, associate professor of history at northwestern. She has written on emancipation and wa