Leaders, military officers, explorers, and scientists. Up next on American History tvs, american artifacts we build it gallery to see a selection of works by Charles Willson peale. Karie diethorn. Im with the National Park service in philadelphia. I oversee a large collection of artifacts here. We are here at the second bank of the United States, a historic building, part of the Independence National historical park. 1824,as finished in literally the fort knox of its day. The building has been restored on the exterior, when you come to see it, you will see how it looked ran no, brandnew. Inside we have the fine arts exhibit to tell the story of what it was like to live in 18th century america, the world that those people knew and the worldly revolution belt. The portrait collection at Independence National historical park is a very old one. The bulk of our collection, 94 pictures was painted by peel, of philadelphia Charles Willson peale of philadelphia. Wereof the pictures purchased by the city of philadelphia to hang them in Independence Hall, the subjects they told were the signers of the declaration and constitution. Throughout the 19th century, the pictures hung there, and in the middle of the 20th century, the National Park Service Restored Independence Hall to how it looked at the time of the resolution revolution when the paintings were there. They decided to move the paintings to the second bank of the United States and create a modern exhibit. In a way, you can say the paintings would have never been apart, they were purchased by philadelphia for their museum and Independence Hall, and then they became responsibility of the park service. Individually, they are wonderful, but collectively, they are so aweinspiring. Here is the second bank of the United States. So many paintings by the artist, Charles Willson peale, that we wanted to read create recreate a sense of what he for. Ed the portraits that is the museum here in philadelphia. Here we have a graphic description depiction of the museum. The background is so interesting, because here is Charles Willson Peales Museum when and it was on the second floor of the Independence Hall. Can see the taxidermy glee prepared animals and birds, and above, you can see the portraits. Charles Willson Peale could put in stuffed birds and animals, but he couldnt put in stuffed people. Instead he had portraits for standards. The best part of the depictions are they visitors of Charles Willson Peales Museum. Heres a man talking to avoid reading a book. I especially love this woman whose hands were raised in amazement at what she is saying. And actually what she is seeing is behind her a fully preserved skeleton of a mammoth tiered that is what she saw. And Charles Willson peales these were gas fixtures powered by gast, the atst gas fixtures philadelphia museum. Here is Charles Willson peale himself. The best part of Charles Willson Peales Museum is Charles Willson peale wanted to preserve the portraits in the museum as those people really looked. And allof a of approach. Here, notst is over by Charles Willson peale, but by a son rembrandts. The person for whom fort sumter in South Carolina is named. And when Charles Willson peale stash taught his son to paint, the idea was to make the portrait as precise as possible to include all the details of a persons face. They believe the persons character was reflected on the base. In the 18th century, it had to do with the features. That meant all of the features, no picking and choosing. In the case of Charles Sumter, when we look at the painting and say what is wrong with their eyes, they look odd. The answer is Charles Sumter really did have a lazy eye. SunCharles Willson peales included that in the portrait to be as accurate as possible about how Charles Sumter really looked so that when visitors saw the painting, they would know that was Charles Sumter. Saysnk that really something about their commitment to the style of painting as the day, which is all about detail. Are exhibit representative of the museum, doesnt we have arranged those portraits like Charles Willson peale did. They are double and triple stacked in order to accommodate them. At the end of his life, there were all most of 300 portraits in his museum. We only have about a third of them here today. But we wanted people to get this while factor that the visitors to the original museum got when they sell all of these paintings of all of these familiar people. When you look at these portraits, you notice based order of all looked really similar until you start to study them one by one, but that similarity isnt necessarily a bad thing. , is reflective of what Charles Willson peale was trying to do with his portraits. He wanted the people to appear as much like their real selves as possible, but also wanted the portraits to be emblematic of something that was very important to the 18th century, and that was history. In the case of Charles Willson peale he painted the portrait head and shoulders only, nothing in the background, and oftentimes framed them in ovals. He wanted them to look like coins of the ancient roman emperors. He wanted to reflect the idea that these were powerful people, and yet still of the people. They are not emperors, but they have that kind of elegance, that kind of power, that kind of real commitment to rolling the nation. Museum orchards of Charles Willson peale have a wanted usnctive he to look at them like the heroes of the ancient world. There is also a practical reason. Its very easy and quick to paint head and shoulders only. Has auto burg autobiography he said he could think one in three hours. We have to take that with a boulder of salt, but he was very productive. Because he had his brothers and sons working with them, theyll must had an Assembly Line of production. Thats how they ended up with 300 paintings in the museum. All of the paintings have been preserved, most of them do not have their original frames. We have replicas. The frames were delicate and were the first thing to go. Presento preven them as accurately as possible, and we dont have the historical frames, but we got as accurate as possible. Is a prussian military advisor to George Washington during the American Revolution, armye taught the american at valley forge how to conduct their military maneuvers and how to be a real army as opposed to a bunch of farmers and merchants who had done. Becausegreat painting, he was wearing all of his medals and he really looks like somebody that was going to boss you around. He didnt speak english, so when he was drilling the troops at forge orange, valley it in his native tongue, and then waited for someone to translate. This is one of the draws that Charles Willson peale had at his first museum, which was at his own home. Men who made an army out of farmers peered behind me, you might talk about this painting. This is the person who wrote out the declaration of independence during the month of july 1776 so that everybody else could sign 2, 1776. Gust is in hiss painting late 80s. Charles Willson Peale was not much younger, and that two had been friends for more than 60 years. Youre looking at this wonderful old man with a beautiful white beard, and it is a real character study. It is the last painting he did before he died two years later. In maryland, but moved to philadelphia on the eve of the revolution, because he wanted to find clientele for his painterly services. He was a businessman looking for customers. He knew to philadelphia, im immediately started painting portraits. He was very active during the American Revolution painting portraits of soldiers going off to war. Right now, i would like to talk about this painting that he did of himself in the middle of the 1790s. He was incredibly productive as an artist. It has been estimated that he painted more than 600 pictures in his lifetime. He actually did seven selfportraits. This is one of them. How he amazing to me is portrays himself. In other words, hes not trying to pretty himself up here to his hair is messy, and his close are ruffled. What he wants to show is not an elegant person, but a craftsman, and artisan, someone who takes their work seriously. That is why in the portrait, the subjects eyes are really the most prominent aspect of the painting. Really looks right out at you, the audience. It is really kind of hypnotizing, i think here to gaze is so intense. The other purpose of doing a portrait, you cant blame it on the client who is moving around too much or talking, because youre the subject. Peale is the opportunity for himselfortrait to technically as an artist. You might notice the unusual angle of his torso, and you can attribute that to him turning back and forth to the painting, to a mirror, to the painting. He captures that motion in the picture. He is also experimenting with light. Youll notice how one half of his face is in shadow, and the other is brightly lit. That is hard to do, technically. The Light Sources outside the picture frame. He is experimenting with this not because hes going to show this or to a lot of people, but because he himself is practicing his technique as an artist. In makes a wonderful care or study. There is nothing in the background wonderful character study. What we are focusing about the subject is his eyes. We will see a lot of other pictures by Charles Willson peale painted of his contemporaries as we move along, and there is one right here. Now, this is a very different picture. Mary white morris, a woman in philadelphia from the colonial. Into the 19th century. This was a private commission. Paid charless, she Willson Peale to paint this picture of her. And she is shown in and extravagant costumes. Shes wearing a turban with others and jules. Withas a kate and sash golden french. She looks like someone who can buy the world. That was the whole point of this picture. Peale was hired by her and her husband to paint this painting and a companion portrait of her husband. Husband wasmorriss robert morris, the financier of the American Revolution. He was so wealthy during the the 1780sriod in that he could finance of the American Revolution with his own private money. That, it hadnt done is highly unlikely it could have gotten off on a good start. And Mary White Morris is ostensibly in this portrait, is way that is meant to impress you and make you see how wealthy she is, how important her standing is. You might think that that is all that is important about her, is that she had a lot of money and could dress fancy, but in fact what cut deal did with this portrait, is he included much more information about her than you might think. That information also is no more about her as a real person. I would point out those aspects. These are called attributes in the painting. You will see in the upper left ghost of an outline. Use of sculpture, them music. The reason why it is in her painting, is because charles once to inform us that shes not only pretty to look at, she is talented. She appreciates music. She also is not dumb. If you look on this side of the painting, you will see what looks like a landscape with portrait bust on pedestals. This is not a real place, this is not where they lived or any place in philadelphia. It is imaginary, but it is symbolic. It is what Charles Willson peale once you to think about her. Theseason why these are bust, they are recognizable this is George Washington, and other political writers. What is that kind of thing doing in a womans portrait . What it is doing there is telling us that she has read all of these authors, understands the political theory of their era and espouses it. Weve got music and weve got intellect. That is really what he is trying beautifulhind this facade is a woman of substance. When we learn about her biography, it is incredible what she a treat. Aristocratic an one, but a woman nonetheless, living in an area controlled by men. And yet, she becomes her husband hockey inherited and husband s inherited business partner. He winds up in resin because he was in debt. Back then you had to pay up or go to jail. He couldnt pay up so they put him in jail. How are you going to pay your debts if you are in jail, kind of a strange dichotomy. What happened is she took over the business, made the money and got her husband out of prison. At the same time, she is caring for their nine children. This is not somebody who sits on a soft cushion all day. This is somebody who gets down to it, works, and really understands business, the arts, and philosophy. She is really a woman for the new republic. She is the kind of woman that children toach her understand the same things and be the best citizens for the new america. Well always we are always brought back to the world where women do not have independent rights. And there is an aspect of the painting that says that well. If you look at her wrist, you can see that she is wearing bracelets. Little tinys hold portraits. Mrs. Is her husband, and this is her father. Pretty, nice if you can get it. But you know what it reminds me of, and that is handcuffed. Im sure the hancock park is not what Charles Willson peale intended, but it is something we can interpret today when we think about the role of women in the 18th century. To add another painting by Charles Willson peale. This is one from his museum. I had mentioned earlier he had a museum with portraits of his contemporaries who he regarded as the heroes of the American Revolution. Here is one. This is John Paul Jones, the naval commander. He is the one who supposedly says i have not yet begun to fight. This is a great painting, because i think it reflects his personality. Jones, who was scottish by birth, came to america and went wasee at age 12, and he always ambitious, always looking to get a leg up, to improve his station. He gets a military command and then throughout the revolution, really in the popular imagination, because he captures ships for the glory of america, and yet he is reckless and daring. I think the portrait that Charles Willson peale does love does of himy and the early 1780s really shows off that im not to be messed with, a little bit outside the law. And John Paul Jones most famous success was in 1779 when he has the protracted naval metal againstng a ship british forces, and it is almost a debacle, because the ships are burned in thinking. Losing, he runs to the deck and they go on to win the battle and capture the british ship. It is that kind of name that craved, he was really ambitious. Of course, not everybody else is enamored with someone who was incredibly ambitious. And so, he was constantly getting fired, didnt get the commands of the ships he wanted. He ends up taking his baseball bat and glove and leaving after the revolution and he signs up with catherine the greats navy in russia. He is hoping he will make a lot of money, and that doesnt work out. His lifeat the end of he moved to paris and dies in of security. Name lives on beyond his lifetime, and eventually, his back to theought United States, and he is now buried at the Naval Academy in annapolis, maryland. This picture of John Paul Jones, done about 10 years before he died, i think is just great. He is looking off to the distance and i always think he is thinking to himself, what can i conquer next. I think Charles Willson peale captured the spirit. He is the only one where the subject is wearing a hat. The wholek that aspect of his uniform, for example, right here he is the society of, by george, formed washington and his officers, and the whole presentation is very important both to the artist and to the subject. Ofs talk more about some John Paul Joness contemporaries who dont yet for trade in quite such a dramatic way. Here is a good one right here, this is charles thompson. He is best known as the secretary of the Continental Congress. And the very first time the declaration of independence was printed, it didnt include all of the names of the people who signed the declaration. It only contain the names of the president of the congress at that time in the secretary, charles thompson. He was irish and a dedicated public servant. He worked for the contra mental Continental Congress throughout its history. When the revolution was over and the new government was placed in america under the articles of confederation, thompson, who was a little bit of a radical during the american and made enemies, doesnt yet a position in the new government after the American Revolution. He is sort of forced out. He really resented that. He lived here in philadelphia, so he was kind of a hanger on without a position. Instead, he devoted all his energies to writing a translation of the bible. I think it mustve been so hard to be at the center at the money of so many important events and cast aside, i think he never forgot that. And here in the portrait that Charles Willson peale does of thompson and they were friends for a very long time, and thompson kind of looks benign, but also looks a little i think. And even though this picture is still ine thompson is the political inner circle, perhaps there is a little bit of a foreshadowing to his ultimate outsiderness. Enjoyed people who were outsiders. Thompson was definitely someone who was multitalented with many interests in many pursuits, i think they related to one another really closely. This is a great thing think of the artists really good friends. But also someone who is on the center stage during the American Revolution. Someone else on center stage is this portrait right here that Charles Willson peale did. I always think he looks like a teenager dressed up in his fathers uniform. Lafayette was so young when he 1770 sevenrica in offering his services to George Washington. He is french and had gone to military school there. Americanard about the revolution, he said, i must serve. He paid his own way to come to america and offered his services to George Washington, didnt be any english didnt speak any english. He learns english at valley forge. Lafayette has a very mutually and affectionate friendship with he was young enough to be washingtons son. He is very close to washington, at his side, on his command that. He is not just day hanger on, he was a very successful strategist. Led a large number of forces and was very able as a military commander. After the American Revolution, he goes back to paris, survives the french revolution, because even though he is an aristocrat, he is not someone that the revolutionary services thinks has to go to the guillotine and be killed. He survives and lives a long life. In his late years in 1824, he decides to go back to the United States and is it all of his old buddies from the American Revolutionary era. And he comes to america, a very old man, but nevertheless, americans remember as the youth who served George Washington and help to win the revolution it i think his portrait done at the time of the revolution, really captures an aspiring and dedicated person who is dreaming of a world in which the ideals of liberty, and fraternity, and a quality that would become the slogan of the french revolution, are getting their start 10 years earlier in the United States. Washington, iorge thought we might take it look at a portrait of his wife, Martha Washington. Here she is. She was painted when she was first lady in the 1790s. I think she looks a very fermentable here, maybe it is that hat, which is not to be messed with. I love the detail in this picture that Charles Willson peale date of her. You can see her tiny Charles Willson peale did of her. You can see her tiny gold earrings. And Martha Washington may have had a tougher job than her husband, because remember at this time nobody knew what a first lady was, nobody knew what a president was. She had to make it up on her own, and what was important about her, throughout his career she had been at his side on the battlefield, taking care of him, at their home taking care of the estate, she was intimately involved of her husbands career. Not theless, she is commander, not the president , however, her contributions to were veryds job significant. In the case of her duties as first lady, what are the washington was really good at was creating this sense of theely elegance that was esteem for their president and e that people help the president in. She created salons where twice a week people would go to the president s house for a party. Everyone would, and pay their respects for the president and also do business on the side. In a way shes using her social skills to promote his political career. Martha washington and George Washington married it was her second marriage. All of the money was her. When he married her, he made a really good catch. Her first husband had died, and she was accustomed to considerable comfort and wealth in virginia where she lived with her first husband. And so, she transfers that tell that she has already amassed as the hea wife of a wealthy plantation owner. Somebody liket Martha Washington and save the frilly nest of her outfit, i think that balances really well with the focus of the piercing gaze she gives us. Again, this is somebody not to be messed with. In stature, but i think she was mighty in personality. And Charles Willson peales portrait of her is a wonderful study in determination. Just look at that chin. She is not somebody that is going to acquiesce to anyone, even her husband, president George Washington. A talked about left yet as young man, his portrait done during the American Revolution. Here he is again in 1825 when he comes to is it america on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the American Revolution. This painting was done by a philadelphia artist, and lafayette is sort of posing for us in a grand outfit. Even though he was quite elderly, in his late 70s at this time, people remarked that he had this beautiful head of hair for such an old man. Well, it was awake and some and some people were put off by his vanity trying to look young again. But he was a handsome man. I dont think we can take that away from him, but he is posing in Independence Hall. What is represented is all of the people who have come to 1825 when he1824 is visiting the United States, and you can see people are full in the windows and even on the roof. Might shift gears a little bit, pass the American Revolution to when philadelphia was the capital of the united dates. And this portrait is a great place to stop and think about philadelphia as a center for the arts and science during the 18th century. Philadelphianm, a by birth, was a naturalist. You can see that Charles Willson pealeyou can see that charles wn peale has depicted a flower specimen here. William bartram was a Second Generation nationalist, his father had been the royal naturalist or george the second during the colonial period. Thefather takes him as young boy on expeditions, and then as an adult, William Bartram takes over and becomes a naturalist himself. He was most famous for his travels in the southern part of america, georgia, order, etc. Where he discovered new species of plants and would record all of these and beautiful watercolor drawings here and Charles Willson peale, the artist who painted this portrait, had a real affinity. Or bartram they talked a lot about electing plant specimens and teaching the rest of american about america about the bouncy and wonders of americas natural world. This is a nice character study and he is sort of calmly sitting there. He is a wonderful bald spot on the top of his head, Charles Willson peale has really looked at the subject to depict him in detail with a lot of care. Charlesbartram was Willson Peales friend, but i think he was also his colleague as a fellow naturalist. And the portrait reflects that professional association. Next to William Bartram is william clark. And i always have enjoyed this picture, because liam clarke was a vivid redhead. Charles Willson Peale did a good job with his red hair. He was half of lewis and clark, who traveled, early in the 19th century to surveillance the territory we now know as almost a third of the United States, the territories america gained through the louisiana purchase. He was a soldier by training and theght to the expedition as military backbone of the lewis and Clark Expedition here when he and Meriwether Lewis get back after the expedition is over, Charles Willson peale exhibits many of these specimens they brought back. Native animals, but also american artifacts, a very important opportunity for people who went to the adelphia sam to see indian philadelphia avenue and to see indian artifacts for the first time. It looks it very much the gentleman, with a high collar portion of his shirt, but you can see how weathered his face is. White,r head is almost because he is always wearing a hat to protect it in the sun. And Charles Willson peale, who extensively, still enjoyed the idea of exploration and talking to people like lewis and clark and other explorers about their adventures. I think that must have been the subject matter and his portrait was being painted. We cannot look at William Clarks portrait without looking at lewisportrait as well. We him clarkson was warm, and Meriwether Lewiss portrait is quite cool. They are not painted at exactly the same time by cut deal, but close. This study doesnt seem to have the same kind of life to it as the one of william clark. Meriwether lewis was sort of a loner, guy. He was hard to know. He met his end in rather untimely way. There has been a lot of discussion among scholars about whether he might have committed suicide. For sure, butn his life was cut short by violence. He was a rather moody person, and i on most think that appeal that charlesd Willson Peale felt obligated to paint his portrait. And maybe he didnt feel the same affinity or Meriwether Lewis that he did his partner. Though Meriwether Lewis was the one who made all of the maps. I think that is important to keep in mind, that that expedition was not just to cover territory, but also to document the west. Clark spentewis and years now during and bring it back to the east coast to share with the rest of america. And how important not just the Land Acquisition of the louisiana purchase, but the wealth of information it provided the continent. And their expeditions of course inspired many other expeditions which led to crossing the Rocky Mountains and reaching the specific pacific ocean. This is an interesting painting, too, because Charles Willson peale was experimenting with techniques. Most of his others are painted with oil on campus, but this one is painted on paper that has been mounted on a board. Paper is very thin and you can almost see the crack in the board. Well, we cant talk about the American Revolution and not talk about the powerful intellect of john adams. Of johnthe portrait adams that Charles Willson peale painted in the mid1790s. I think from this the portrait it is easy to see how he got his nickname when he was Vice President of the United States. His nickname was his rotund and his rotundity. His facade hid behind it the most eloquent mind. He didnt write the declaration of independence, didnt write the constitution, he wasnt even at the signing of the constitution, because he was a foreign ambassador, but nevertheless his power with words was unparalleled. When this portrait was done by him he was Vice President and i think that Charles Willson peale really want to does to see the man behind the intellect. Look icture makes adams think kind of like your neighbor. He is not wearing awake a wig. He has a ready cheeks and a 5 00 shadow. I think Charles Willson peale was really striving to make the portrait accessible to visitors of his museum. He wanted the visitors to recognize the subjects, not to see them as people up on pedestals, not to see them as extraordinary in the sense of not having any feelings, but rather real people who overcame what might have been their feelings to accomplish an incredible feats. In adams case, there is nothing truer than that. Fame is before the american starts, because defense the british soldiers accused of murdering american systems at the american citizens at the boston massacre. He felt that he could make his mark, and what ambition was john adams middle name. He was always trying to temper it. I think he was a very ethical moral person, and despite his need for power and recognition, he kept it in check, because he knew that is what the republic needed. I think adams was one of those founders who really sacrificed his own advancement. He becomes president , of course, but he could have been i think in his own mind, much more than that. And yet, he feels he needs to temper his own enthusiasm, but because after all it is the common good, not the personal good to that is important. I think that is what we see. We see someone who is purposely downplaying how smart he is, how ambitious he is, in favor of what is needed by the new nation. Lets take a look at somebody who didnt mind appearing to be grand, not at all. This is the first french ambassador to the United States. Conrad alexander gerard, who was appointed as part of the 1778 alliance between america and france. Alliance which came with money and soldiers, america could never have finished out the American Revolution. French were responsible for helping america when the war against great britain. Gerard was welcomed with open arms by americans. The portrait was painted as a commission to the supreme executive council, the governing body for the state of pennsylvania. They wanted to hang a painting and Independence Hall, which is where the government was located. This painting is in the grand style, this person was clearly aristocratic from the close to the setting in which he stands. He is sort of pose there with his one leg turned and hand on his hip. You can see he is wearing an ornamental sword on his left hip and is leaning his hand on some books. Style,we have somebody in a suo is clearly really smart and clearly really powerful, but it that. Just about it was really meant to celebrate the alliance between france and america. If you look at the upper right you will see a ghostly depiction. It is meant to be a sculpture. And the sculpture is an allegory for france, the figure on the right having her arm around america. It is a partnership that the portrait is really about. It is not about alexander wig, s wealth, his fine or beautiful close, its about the partnership with america. If you look behind his right elbow, you get an Even Stronger reminder that this isnt about wealth and privilege. It is about the new nation, because the building behind his right elbow is Independence Hall. And so, we are reminded that yes, you need money and for ande, you need fo support to win a revolution, but it all comes back to Independence Hall where the declaration was written. Finish up bywould taking a look at a painting that neither rands or political grandes or political, famous, or infamous. That is this painting here of a little boy. Yes it is a little boy, even though he is wearing what looks like a dress. Childrenth century, wore what looks like dresses until the boys were about seven. The reason for that is women wear dresses and Young Children wear dresses, because neither women nor Young Children have any status in society. Philadelphianof a makes him look like a little girl, but it actually is a little boy, and part of the reason you can tell that is because he is holding a puppy, which is a masculine prop. If you were a little girl, he would probably be holding a bird. Behind him is the farm, you can see it in the background, and that refers to his familys familys estate. Was ant famous, he member of the society of quakers, and lived a comfortable life in the early 19th century living in a country estate. But pictures of children i think always still remind us of what the whole dynamic of society is about. When we think about the American Revolution and people who fought it, the people who then dealt the nation using the constitution, what were they doing it for . They were doing it for children like Samuel Buckley morris. This is not only a portrait of a young boy, but it was also painted by a young boy. This was done by Rembrandt Peale when he was a young teenager. When you have a name like that, you better become an artist. Charles Willson Peale named all of his sons after artists. Peale was the best known, the most olympic. And he did this wonderful the most prolific. You think about moving from the president to a little boy and back again, it is a really great way to understand the world of an artist, you paint where the clients take you. I think this portrayal of the little boy with all of the hope and thomas of youth is a great way for an artist to exercise their talents. The care he took with the locket, it was actually a present that contains the locks of his parents hair. Its not just about a little boy, but also his parents. The artist is taking an abstract concept and making it real, make ing making it visual for us. And Samuel Buckley morris is one of the characters we dont read about in history books here he didnt sign the declaration of independence, but he is one of the people that made the new nation just as much as George Washington or john adams. I think that is really the best part about coming to see the portraits here at independence park, you will see a lot of different kinds of people, not all famous, but all important. Monday night on the communicators a look at the regulation of the federal communications commission. Singer interviewed by lydia bayoud. Youre saying that google should be regulated by the fcc . I am saying when congress start thinking about what a looke fcc would look at like, the conversation should not be limited to isps. The threat that google posed in particular to innovation is just as significant as say what comcast or verizon do. On American History tv, pulitzer prizewinning historian David Mccullough talks about how the founders, particularly john adams, valued education and theyd slavery, and how persevered in the face of hardship. Mr. Mccullough explains how these ideals then shape american society, the society of the arts posted four this event. It is about 50 minutes. Well, it is great to see it felt like this. Thank you all. Good morning. I am really happy that there are , ultimatelye today the people i want to reach most are they children and grandchildren of all of the people in this room. Dear, i am introducing a friends, americas
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