Transcripts For CSPAN3 American History TV 20160618

[please stand by] [please stand by] [please stand by] 3372 children. 57 children. Unlike most wars in this case, refugees are running towards the. Ine they were giving birth out of slavery because it was meaningful, even though it was even birth in a war zone. It was often ugly, against fence posts, women finding whatever they could to cut on the local court straight cut umbilical cords. They need to bury the placenta, so they looking for places to do that and they are determined to do that even if they are in a place of deprivation. This is a reconstruction from the point of view of midwives of invention. This was ingenuity in the face of great crisis. Midwiferygraph is in school at penn school at saint helena island, where a. Uccessful refugee camp is your is picture of refugees in the rain. Shoes and water. These are not familiar scenes in the same way we see the gero type. But shoes and water are all over the record. You cant get through a page another plea, another action motivated by need for shoes and water. Ingenuity that comes with finding these are making these shoes are desirable for passage over the rocky terrain to make the migration into the camp. , shoes give you status. It means you name you may not be owned, you can walk freely without suspicion. With shoes, you can pass through seeming like you are on a rent. Children went barefoot all the time, one woman said. Small shoes were especially hard to come by. Earnest. Orkers are in just send shoes, they write to all the bostonians and pennsylvanians who are sending goods their way. We know shoes are especially important because slave masters during this time locked them up at night. The shoes of negroes are locked up in many cases to prevent them from going off great masters blame their slaves departures on their ability to procure shoes. The two may negroes begged of him i got five dollars to buy shoes just to run away in. Not just mobility, it was mobility they could control. Once she got her shoes, she left the camp and she went to d. C. To search for her daughter. The black soldiers said he enlisted so he could send his ilistment bounty to the woman call my lady so she could get some shoes. Thats what he spent all his money on. Water was of paramount importance. A downpour like this meant you got a shower. One refugee said his spirit was cotton until his group found some of those models. They would be plum bloody, but we would drink that water as if it was the best in the world. Rain could mean floods and it could compromise shelters, but it was hygiene too. This is easy transportation, if you had something that could keep you afloat. Confederates were in a story us notorious for destroying anything they could ea flotation device. Using wheelbarrows. Drinkable water was important, and this is why the South Carolina sea island refugees do so well and why they stayed and built. Theres not just saltwater, theres potable water. ,ome Mississippi River islands they would become strategic readouts. President s island, johnsons island, Island Number 10. These are the locations of contraband camps, places of and they become places unto themselves, places of an experiment. Most of these islands are all women and children and they learn how to do for themselves. They built lasting connections, even if the island communities themselves dont last. Is even a story of all slaves gravitate to rivers during this period and make their way through them. During this time as there is Great Migrations of free slaves, you see mexicans setting up great platforms right in the middle of the rio grande. If you can swim that platform without drowning, you can get your freedom in mexico. You are not just going north, you are going south too. The other scene i wanted to bring to your attention was revival. I argue that emancipation is a religious event. Markedation gets religiously by freed people in these caps. You will see it again and again, and its not about a particular nomination trying to bring people into the fold. Conversions, but its not the same as jesus christ as your lord and savior. Its much more oriented towards bringing about the result of emancipation, being in direct conversation with god. Here you see in this slide. His is on december 31, 1862 to make emancipation on january 1 as promised,. Meetings last all through the night. A lot of them are female lead. Awakening. N was an a new england minister captures his feelings. This is outside new orleans. He writes of the experience he had observing one of these watch night meetings. For a few moments, perfect silence prevailed. Then a single voice coming from a dark corner of the room began a low, mournful chants in which the whole assemblage joined by degrees. N old man knelt down to pray his voice when it first flow, then gained impulse. With went on, he burst out a good dear lord, we pray for the colored people. Not what we have been through. Do us free. The audience swayed back and forth in their seats. And then one or two began a wild, mournful chorus. In an instant, all joined in and the sound swelled upwards and downwards like the waves of the sea. The ritual he described as weird and overwhelming, he half laughed and then felt deep sadness. It was improvised and yet ordinate it. This is how strangers met and forged a language, a common way of knowing. This is just outside new orleans , a month after the emancipation proclamation. These few hundred blacks had come from a radius of 40 miles to meet in a rude church and voice their chat for permanent freedom. Funerals become the bane of the existence of many an Army Commander because there is a lot of death in these caps. Camps. They insist on having an allnight funeral for every fallen person. It starts at midnight for the torch procession. The coffin is very important. Free people fight hard for coffins. There are so many protests over burying too many people in a whole. Lasted all funerals night, sometimes into the morning. In fact, Congress Even passes a law. They want chaplains to give a monthly report saying how these funerals are going on, whats going on with the funerals. They show us that refugee camps were simultaneously faces of death and possibility. Slave religions reduced a. Echnology for communing around destructive, but under a system in which suffering had been so much a , forof everyday life slaves could also be redemptive. Firstmmander of the africanamerican regiment of volunteers i learned to think that we abolitionists had underrated the suffering produced by slavery among the negroes but overrated demoralization, or rather we did not know how the religious temperament of the negroes had checked demoralization. Loss, and loss became one strategy for meaning making and kinship forming. Suffering could be redemptive great the purpose of many of these meetings was directly positioned to bring about permanent emancipation. That is what is different. Its a little passive aggressive, when he gave him an receipt, but hes also saying you can come back for your slaves as soon as you pledge as soon as you pledge loyalty, things will go back. What free people were pushing for was a permanent freedom if they did not find their family, they made their family. A folks a climax of religion speaking of freedom, and strivings for lost family erupted, and in the void because ,here often werent reunions came religious means of conceiving new can. Lets look at how the caps change the landscape. Camps change the landscape. They get shut down on paper, but the people go someplace. Fort monro was a place in point case in point. We have fort monro as a mecca, rendezvous point. You can see it in the wta interviews that fdr, the new deal conducts in the 1930s. They systematically interview former slaves. They were talking about fort monro even then. Here are the numbers of the people who come into fort monroe. 61. Three on may 23, 18 67 in the next week. By summer there is 800, 500 of which are women and children. By early 1862, 1500. June, 5,000. By 1864, four monro and the satellite camps around it. The islands are more of a peninsula with a little strip they had to find these other camps and open them. 39,110 freeome to people. This is where we can see, if you , that is thes maps increase in norfolk county. Thats the legacy of the. Ontraband camp in fort monro you also have the grand contraband cap, built on the ashes of the confederate coming in and guerrilla warfare. Again, and it becomes a place where hampton institute, historically black university, becomes the linchpin. Or the black middle class alexandria, washington, d. C. We look at that as a case in point. Cultural multiple contraband caps on would forever change the character of the nations capital. The black population of alexandria increases from 2802 7300. April 16, 1862. Immediateres emancipation. Everyone from maryland and virginia coming into their borders. In 1863, the black population of d. C. Was just over 14,000. By 1870 it was 43,000. Memphis, tennessee is called new africa. There are six refugee caps there. They actually outnumber the white population in memphis. The population quadruples between 1860 and 1870. Hers turn back to marry and migration in 1863. What was the side of the refugees driven further south by their masters . Here was a meeting ground and the site of reunion realized. This crystallizes something so important to me. She got her free papers in 1863. You often think of urban spaces as the place of freedom greatness was under union control. She could enjoy her freedom, earn wages. Whered she went to texas, the slave trade was active, hunting for her mother. More than the security of a wage, making assertions of equality, living actual legal freedom, mary went to texas because freedoms function was a claim to her kin. Being together. Freedom did not mean anything if she wasnt with her mom. She wanted to know she existed, new her location. Even when free people find out their next of kin is dead, they want the body sent act. Nd the union often obliges it is the force and forcefulness of these families to be together that made freedom meaningful. Possibility opened up for reunion in this world instead of the next, which had been the core of like religion for all of slavery times. It was a possibility to remedy that prayer that was so often cited. It had been just white noise coming in the background. I will meet you on the other side. I will meet you in heaven. Now maybe it could be i will meet you at fort monroe. Here it was in these caps that slaves innovated new families of adoption, a woman with eight children finds another lost in a cornfield on the way and adopts her. The coming together of the cap played out the choreography of reunion. It was in these cramped communal spaces of mass existence that they turned strangers into kin, with song, latenight meeting, allnight funeral. Camps sety, refugee up the blueprint for community reconstruction. Much. You so [applause] anybody want to ask a question . [inaudible] about marys trip to mississippi in 1863, there was not much real regular Passenger Service tired service. How did that work . How did she get down to new orleans . Do you know . Thise way she tells it is marys own words. You from thet to way she describes what the boat was. It was a scary experience for her, she had been in st. Louis all her life. She said she got on a boat with a big wheel on it in the back. And she had to stay crouched down near the wheel. It wasnty fuss about hiding, she could be there. She had a ticket. Her master who freed her help her get a ticket. A was possible there was cargo piece of this. Stay near the big wheel and dont show your papers, dont look at anybody in the eye. That was the story she tells. Shes able to get to new orleans on the Mississippi River. Dave sullivan, newmarket, New Hampshire. All,ary find her family at and where did her life go, in a positive direction . Lifewas the outcome of her after the camp . Prof. Cooper sure. He asked, did mary find her family, and what happened next . Where did she go afterwards . Is, she finds her mother. Her father was pulled away when she was four years old. Her master legally sold her mother. Her mother was alone. He got extra pocket money by taking her down to shreveport, louisiana. Find her,termined to but she was the only can she knew. She did get married to George Armstrong shortly after the war, 1866. They settled in houston. She lived, her mother and George Armstrong, and she becomes a active. D is very she helps in the yellow fever epidemic later in the century. You can see her posing here. You can seeh that she is proud of her story. Nd proud of her experience thank you. My question is about a more sensitive topic. Africanamerican women being frequent targets of Sexual Assault and frequent victims, particularly at the hands of white soldiers, i was wondering if you had any information about this occurring in these refugee camps and what, if any, the response was from the community. Prof. Cooper as you can imagine, a core piece of reconstruction is about womens and the fears of what has been inherited from slavery. Whats interesting is both subjection and liberation, you actually have women bringing charges of rape. What is harrowing about it is you get to hear the details of the experiences of rape. But its also the first time this is able to be named as rape. Its never been legally construed as such. Soldier gets 5 years for rape in the norfolk area. [inaudible] you do have missionaries to are especially aware of it who are especially aware of it. This is where camps become places of survival. The survival is at first exciting for missionaries. Then they become alarmed. They are led by women. Women are trying to find how to have their own dual identities. Arguments defending [inaudible] thank you. [inaudible] at the same time that all these africanamerican refugees are fleeing to union lines, theres also southern white unionists that are also going to union lines to escape conscription. Can you talk about the relationship between these black refugee caps and white refugees who are showing up at the same time, how they relate to each other, how the government relates to them . In the records [inaudible] its when you have in different places is different context. Places like North Carolina, totally segregated. The white unionists are local. Nd they feel entitlement, in other places c jane austen. The story about a white refugee women who is lost, including her children. She has five children and she loses one and is so depressed. A black refugee woman says, youve got to get it together. You have 4 other children. Youve got to keep going. It becomes a bit of a religious text. Thank you for your question. Im thinking about the black people in the north and recently thed people in the south at extent to which the people in the north could reach out and do something. They did send a lot of soldiers down there. Could you speak to that a little bit . Blackcooper free communities and the north, how are they interacting. You have soldiers. You have transplants who are southern born and now living in the north. Black teachers charlotte is in the South Carolina sea island. Todd, lady in waiting. You see them mobilizing so they have mutual aid societies, getting funds from black communities in the north. Methodist, episcopal and episcopal zion churches are active in the effort. You do see a little bit of compassion. Compension. A lot of free people are interested in homesteading. One man says, i will wait on the union sons. Give me another year before i will sign up for your threeyear tour. They are a little wary of wage , and interested in working worshiping in a circle. Its actually a really interesting moment in moment. Thank you. Hello. Im from los angeles, california. How did one go about establishing a refugee cap camp . Was there land set aside by the government . They are so diverse. Its actually a work in progress, that i have a website. It is so different for each one. Ill give you an overview. [inaudible] what you see are sometimes they are selfmade, sometimes they are union made. Often what is interesting about is there isde camps a certain level of neglect. Within neglect, there are places for autonomy. The flip side of that is you have deaths, health crises. Sometimes it takes a few allies. There is a union town. What happens is they basically get an ally to get them 20 pegs of nails and boards and they build a community that is so successful that they start a making profit off turpentine and the union tries to kick them out. Find all kinds of gypsy communities moving around. More people come around. All of a sudden you have a town on the census in 1860. All of a sudden you will find these places completely created by people on the move. The Mississippi Valley camps have the best record. John eden is a very abolitionist chaplain. These are regulated by the government, but meant to have free people call the shots as much as possible. [inaudible] this is where the birth of different yurok receipts. Its good for historians to get a read on their notes. The superintendent of contraband is not a military role, but they often give this role to chaplains. They become assistant, then superintendent assistant superintendent. Choose different people who are good at reading just a little bit, and in they become teachers. This is how you have the first teachers. This is how you have so many women. Even though you read the memoirs their wivesticians, are helping them read the paper because they got education in these camps. Hearingwhere you start of the improvised leadership culture, especially among female missionaries and the superintendence. David rosen from alexandria, virginia. I was struck by your comment of refugeesnsions to have their own land at homestead. Is there anything to be said about what happened subsequently between the former refugees and the possibility of homesteading . Prof. Cooper thank you for that question. Sas actually has the best outcome. There is a movement in 1879 where africanamericans in the south who have in arrest been harrassed go to kansas. Astounding land in leavenworth, kansas. The bigpeople devastation is on the South Carolina sea islands. They are building with the intention of having these lands for themselves. If they think they are going to get it, a few get in an time to keep their land. The court has already ruled. What happens with Andrew Johnson, basically shermans order goes forward in january 1865. Then johnson revokes it that so howard, the head of the freemans, has to break the bad news. Are possibilities. You even have people going west. Up. Have people going illinois is the free state southernmost on the mississippi. You see people taking that evenge and finding land, going to nebraska, michigan, wisconsin. Thank you. Thats perfect timing. Its 2 03, according to my watch. Thank you so much for your participation and the conversation. I hope to see you at some more events. [applause] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2016] we will be back here again hes per college for more of this conference on reconstruction and the legacy of the civil war in about 1 2 hour. , reconstruction in the north. Up next, we join our cspan cities tour on the road as we explore the history of nashville, tennessee. In the museum in the Andrew Jackson center, and about two to her our exhibit about the life of Andrew Jackson. The largest, most extensive exhibit we have done ears aslife in our 127 y a museum. The title of our exhibit comes from a jackson quote. The full quote is, i was born for a storm and the calm does not suit me, which could not better encapsulate the life of Andrew Jackson. We have entered into the exhibit, and im standing here next to the model of two log buildings here for a very specific purpose. The smaller the buildings is reminiscent of the kind of House Jackson may have been born in in South Carolina in 1767. Whats interesting about this is that the larger log building next to it that has opened up to see the inside are 2 buildings here at the hermitage. The larger building is the one that andrew and rachel lived in for the first 17 years that they owned hermitage. It was built in 1797, the oldest building on site. The smaller building andrew and rachel built after they moved here in 1804, half of what was the kitchen for the log house. The other half was a slave quarter where the cook lived. The large panel lays out jacksons early life. Jackson was our first president who was the son of immigrants straight his parents came to north america from Northern Ireland in 1765. Jackson born here in 1767. His father died just a couple of weeks before jackson was born. He never knew his father, but was raised with his mother and two brothers in an aunt and uncles home and in many ways treated somewhat like a servant. That contributed to his obstreperous nature. He was born on the frontier, the first president not from one of the virginia aristocratic families or from massachusetts, largely selftaught in his ability to communicate and express his ideas grew over the course of his life. He was a very forceful writer, very direct, not unlike his speaking voice. Not necessarily eloquent, but a very forceful writer with greater clarity as his life went on. Here are talking about the origins of the war of 1812. That war gave jackson the opportunity to put himself onto the national stage. Before 1812 jackson had achieved a level of prominence in tennessee. Helped to write the first Tennessee State constitution and was our first congressman from tennessee. It was the war of 1812 that was a springboard for him to national recognition. The war of 1812 was perhaps not the best conceived war in our nations history. Verye panel here graphically shows, it was sort of a grudge match between Great Britain and the United States. Is from ayou see political cartoon of the time. President munro is punching out king george of england, and king george has a black eye and bloody nose. This panel gave me great pause when it was propose that we use it, but people love it because its so graphically illustrate what the americans intention was with that war. The purpose of this panel is to help remind americans today that new orleans iss a vitally important city to the growing america. As the United States was theloping in the 18 teens, mountains run along kind of parallel to the east coast here. For all the settlement and the people moving into the area between the Allegheny Mountains and Mississippi River, new orleans became the exit point for all the goods they produced. New orleans was a chokepoints, a point of exit and entry. It was of great importance to the Economic Growth of the country. As Thomas Jefferson said in his request for congress to approve the louisiana purchase, im paraphrasing, whoever owns new orleans is our enemy. By late 1814, americas interest and focus as well as focus was on new orleans, and waiting to see what was going to happen. As the british were sailing across to new orleans and jackson was moving his troops to new orleans and assembling a ragtag army of american regulars, volunteer militia men and kentucky, creoles, native new orleanians who were not sure which country they had an allegiance to yet, freed black men, slaves, and even pirates on the early 1815, the january 8, battle finally takes place. Through some miscommunications by the british, they are put into a vulnerable position of jacksonsattack fortifications. In a battle that lasted somewhere between 30 five and 50 minutes, jacksons severely outnumbered troops have a stunning victory. Jackson had almost 5400 men altogether. The british had almost 8500 men men at the battle. Jackson ended up with a total number of casualties of 71 men, whom had died. The british casualties were in excess of 2000. The disparity in casualties stunned the nation. It reaffirmed americas believe that this country existed because of the hand of divine providence, yet again reaching in and ensuring the country would survive. It also gave the europeans a newfound respect for what they had up until then considered kind of a flybynight experiment in selfgovernment. When we decide the exhibit, we wanted to give young people in particular a sense of how popular jackson was. We used the term rockstar. There was no other word we could come up with that better the moderned him in mind. As soon as the war was over, jackson is given a tremendous number of honors. Medals are struck in his honor. Pieces of his hair. Jackson is given a number of ceremonial sorts that would be the highest type of recognition and military men at the time could receive. You see here in the case one of the ceremonial swords. Jewelry. S given there were pamphlets, songs, and poems written about jackson and the battle of new orleans. We are looking at a panel here that picks jacksons first president ial campaign, which was in 1824. There were 4 principal candidates in the campaign. Andrew jackson, John Quincy Adams, william crawford, and henry clay. Jackson and clay, its fair to say they hated each other through the remainder of each others lives. Thehe election, jackson won most number of popular votes, about 48 , but he did not win the majority of votes. The remainder of them word divided between John Quincy Adams, number twol. Henry clays number three. Crawfords number 4. Not a majority opinion from the Electoral College. The decision went to the house of representatives, and in the process, henry clay and John Quincy Adams did some horse trading. Its called the corrupt bargain, where clay supposedly approached adams and said, i give you my votes. The trade took place. Representatives elected John Quincy Adams as president and jackson lost out. Jackson was furious. He felt that the will of the people, the majority of people, the most number of people had voted for him as opposed to the other candidates, and as a result of this horse trading, the peoples will had been circumvented iac saw in the aristocratic interests of washington. Between jacksons loss in the 1824 campaign and the next president ial campaign in 1828, jackson and his supporters determined that he was not going to lose a second time. He spent the four years building friendships, Building Support from the state legislatures, and from the average citizens across the country. By 1828, jackson was prepared to go to combat John Quincy Adams for the presidency. This part of the exhibit is called the political circus. To give peopleis a sense of the cacophony of voices and opinions and perspectives that were going on in 1828. What you hear in the background are songs that were written ings that were th said in the press and spoken about him. Help people understand that these elections were not reserved and quiet. They were every bit as raucous as in the 21st century. There was a concern about jackson being an outsider, having been a military chieftain, and jackson had fought in a duel. He had several of his military what he considered treason. He had a complicated background as well as being not a political insider, not being from the east coast. By the same token, the average american saw this man as being someone who is fulfilling americas promise. He came from a very humble background, but made himself quite wealthy with determination. 1828, jacksonf has a landslide victory. The casualty of jacksons victory is his wife, rachel. They had a complicated beginning to their marriage. She was already married to another man. She marries jackson. They discover that her first husband had not divorced her or not yet divorced her. It gave him grounds to proceed proceed with the divorce. They had to remarry. That beginning affected the rest of both of their lives. During the campaign, jackson understood she would become an issue. She stayed at the hermitage for a great deal of the campaign, wasing a little bit of what going on. But there were pamphlets written about her, newspaper articles written about her. She was the topic of conversation at a time when women of the social status were not talked about in the same way, and her reputation question, and how could you elect a man married to this woman, or how could you elect a man who had stolen another mans wife. The result was that jackson won. After he wasks declared the victor, rachel suffered either a stroke or heart attack and died five days later. What you see here in the display case is a veil that was being made for rachel by a group of her friends who were putting in wardrobe together for her to take to washington and coaching her on how to behave within that society. In script at the bottom is the name jackson, with each letter in a different style being made for her. Clearly she never got to wear it because she never made it to washington. Technically she was never first lady. But one of the things im particularly proud about here at the hermitage is that we pride ourselves on telling the whole story of jackson. Theres nothing we shy away from. We have a policy that says we embrace controversies. Jackson had nothing but controversies, if you will. The one i think most people are aware of concerning him is americannd native removal, or the indian removal act of 1830. The relationship between native americans and european americans had always been a touch she won starting from the founding of the country. Fashion,l jacksonian jackson ended up being the guy who pushed native american removal as part of his program as president. The majority of the country and congress approd indian removal. Strong voicesy against it, especially coming from new england and new york, but the majority of americans saw this as a positive thing at the time to open up more land for cotton growth, in particular , but for white european settlement trait one of the other wellknown topics of jacksons presidency is what is today called the bank war. The bank was created to hold federal funds that had been collected through taxes. It also was a major source of credit. The country at that time operated on credit. Jackson believed, and there is strong evidence to support, that the bank was using its clout, its influence to buy votes in congress. Jackson saw this as a corporation using its influence to protect itself, and his advantage in the average citizen, the average american, and that government was thelicit in prejudicing average citizen against the wealthy and the wellconnected. The bank war in essence became a clash of wills between Andrew Jackson and nicholas biddle, who is president of the bank, a highly intelligent man who had great power and influence. These two men were unwilling to back down. The medusa head here is jackson battling the bank and the many heads of the board of trustees of the bank. Jackson through the course of his Second Administration basically destroyed the bank. Criticizedoften about his attitude towards Paper Currency. What we dont remember today is that in jacksons time, and not until the 20th century, the federal government did not issue Paper Currency. Paper currency was issued by banks or in some cases states. It did not have the backing of the federal government. Oftentimes it has little value. Jacksons attitude about Paper Currency was from his experience of having lost money, but the fact that he believed that gold coin or silver coin represented true value. That was minted by the federal government. Paper currency was not. What you see to my left is jacksons carriage. He purchased this for himself while he was president. This is what he used to ride around washington, d. C. In. At the end of his presidency he had it shipped back here and he used it here at the hermitage, and going to and back from nashville. Theres nothing we have in the collection apart from his mansion that bespeaks the status, he had achieved this orphan from South Carolina to having a carriage of this type in the last years of his life. After the presidency and during the presidency, jackson was one of the most popular man in the United States. Probably 2 3 of the country adored him and 2 3 of the country hated him. There was no ambivalence about jackson. He maintained that level of popularity. He was seen as a nextdoor at washington. We contend that he should not be forgotten, because he played a major role in inspiring the common man, keeping the government held together, and helping the country see the possibility of everyone having a voice in this democratic government. 2016 marks the 50th anniversary of the National Historic preservation act. Next on American History tv, university of massachusetts professor max page talks about the origins and future of Historic Preservation in america. Cspans American History tv interviewed mr. Page at this years annual meeting of the organization of american historians in providence, rhode island. Its about 9 minutes. When was the National Historic preservation act passed . At past october 15 of 1966. What was the purpose of the act . Culmination of years of urban renewal and distraction of a lot of american heritage. It was a national law decide to protect and celebrate the American Buildings and landscapes. Did it primarily apply to buildings . It did not have to, but it ended up focusing on our great works of architecture. And importantly, buildings associated with important parts of our history. As that evolved since to protect other areas of our heritage . Yes. Thats one of the interesting things over the past 50 years. The National Preservation act has gone from being focused on things like where George Washington slept to the great architects of new york to encompassing a much broader range of American History and cultures. Thats why the most exciting things that has gone on. Theres now over 100,000 listings on the National Register of historic places. That register was created by the National Historic preservation act. It has exploded to worker housing and native american sites and dance halls that were important to latinos in new york, just a wide range of places. Bit about a little the support for this movement back in 1966. What did it grow out of, was there a realization that finally the Young Country had enough history that it was time to start looking at how to preserve it for the future . Yes. It wasnt instantaneous. It has been growing. Anniversary ofth the federal antiquities act, which some say its the first preservation act. Then there was the National Trust for Historic Preservation, chartered by congress in the 1940s. The National Historic preservation act of 1966 was the further development of what happened. Development was massive urban renewal, the 1940s and 1950s and 1960s, highways through our cities, huge Public Housing complexes that tore down old neighborhoods, and there was a feeling that things had gone too far and we needed a federal response. Federal response to some federal action. There was a counter to the destruction caused by a lot of federal programs. Were there any particular leaders who lead this effort in 1966 . There were a lot of figures. Whose 1961 book, the life and death of Great American cities, was a widely read book about why we needed to preserve our traditional neighborhoods and cities. She became a real advocate for saving pennsylvania station. The new York Railroad station that was demolished and the spark that led to the creation of the preservation act. Modern writers have started to question the urban renewal of the 1950s and 1960s. Lyndon johnson was president in 1966. Was he a supporter of this act . Absolutely. He signed it. In broad strokes, part of a Great Society of programs which we usually think of around welfare and other things like that. In fact, this was part of building the Great Society. Historic you see the preservation act fitting into the Great Society . If you look broadly and what that program was meant to be, you would say we need to lift up people through a broad range of social welfare programs but we our need to maintain heritage. Its kind of a broad look at what is supposed to happen. What makes a site historically significant . Does the act provide for any criteria of any kind . This is one of the most complicated parts of the preservation act. There are four criteria. If you want to have a build in place on the National Register, you have to justify it. It is important to the broad contours of American History. Its important because it is architecturally significant. Theres different ways you can justify why something is significant. There has been an argument going on for 50 years that will continue on about what is significant. Exciting is that lots of groups that are seeking their place in the american lace, the saying, our p history of our people is part of the american story and therefore these sites need to be saved. Do you have any opinions yourself on what areas of our heritage deserve the most attention at this moment . Thatthink one of the areas is a real focus of work and preservation, in identifying and ofing and interpreting sites our most painful memories, place of great conflict, violence, slavery, segregation, oppression of immigrants, we have to confront those parts of our past and we are starting to. Its remarkable how young that movement is. In the past few decades we have been willing to save places where awful events happened. Part ofhe most exciting preservation, if we can bring people to those difficult sites andersations about the past eventually reach some sort every conciliation. Host are there any particular sites that you think fall into that category, that deserve special recognition . Professor page sure. One i am working on now is in richmond, virginia. Its a place of a lot of people know about because they drive over it on i95. Theunderneath was secondlargest slave market in the United States in the mid19th century. We know about charleston, we know about norlins but people we knowichmond, the about new orleans, but people forget richmond, the capital of the confederacy, had this massive slave market. Men and women forced to be imprisoned and sold there, and many who died right in the shadow of the confederate white house, right in the shadow of i95. Its an upper to the to bring it out in the open again. Host you have two books you are working on. Can you told me a little bit about them . Professor page sure. I have two books using the anniversary for the next 50 years. One is called bending the future 50 ideas for the next 50 years of Historic Preservation. It brings together some of the smartest, most thoughtful people , their suggestions for the future. The other is why preservation this fall. Ming out thes my own take on National Preservation act and what the movement should go in. Host you are the director of initiative aton the university of massachusettsamherst, where you teach. Do you have any projects going on . Professor page we have one in virginia, trying to turn pictures into plans. The Africanamerican Community would like to see this former slave market site. The other is working in a holyoke. City inry downtrodden western massachusetts, and trying to bring the Latino Community into the story and plan for a more just future. Host professor page, think you very much. Professor page you are welcome. Cspans road to the white house takes you to the political convictions. Watch the Republican National convention july 18 woodlot live coverage from cleveland. Mr. Trump we will be on into the convention, no matter what happens, and i think we will be going in so strong. And watch the democratic National Convention from july 25, from philadelphia. Ms. Clinton lets go to philadelphia and return as a unified party them then we take ,ur fight for racial, economic Environmental Justice to philadelphia. Every minute of the republican and democratic parties National Conventions on cspan, cspan radio, and cspan. Org. To the liveturn event at Gettysburg College in pennsylvania, a discussion of reconstruction and the legacy of the civil war. Next, andrew slapped from Gettysburg College talks about reconstruction in the north. This is my pleasure afternoon to introduce andrew slapped. He is a professor of history at university. Ee state he teaches a wide range of subjects from Civil War History to appalachia history. He earned his phd in 2002. He studied with dr. Gary gallagher. Dr. Gallagher moved on to the university of virginia and then andrew finished up with the noted scholar mark neely. His first dissertation became his first book. The title is the doom of reconstruction the liberal republican in the civil war era. In this book, dr. Slapped examines the split in the Republican Party and how that split alters the course of reconstruction. Andy is a very busy scholar. Andy and i worked together on a worked together on a teach America History grant for number of years. He is a very lively speaker as well and a very active scholar. He does a number of things, including the editorship of a series with fordham press that focuses on the northern experience from the civil war, and this afternoon he will speak to us about the north and reconstruction. I said to him, can you give me inside, maybe a little bit of your argument . And he said no. Topsecret. So we will all be sitting on the edge of our seats, andy. Andyntroduce to you slap. [applause] professor slap i would like to thank pete for that nice, kind introduction. With a like to start story about pete several years ago. Back when i was a vulnerable graduate student and he was already a professor at a conference, and he comes up to me and says, andy, its really great you are doing this work on reconstruction. Its such an important period. Clapped me on the back and says, its so unfortunate reconstruction is so boring. And then he walks off. Im sure he does not remember that. [indiscernible] he claims he did not say that, but it struck a chord with a vulnerable graduate student. Im hoping that reconstruction will be interesting, not just the self, but what the south, but what was going on in the north and what was went to happen to the south and the nation as a whole. , the question what is reconstruction . All of you have traveled many hundreds or thousands of miles to attend an institute on reconstruction and maybe some of you have an exact idea what it is, maybe some of you still question it. This is being debated by historians even now. There is actually a disciplinary whaton, a debate over reconstruction was, how it should be studied, how it should be taught. To provide a few examples, im going to show you some of the recent book titles in the last 10 or 20 years on reconstruction. These are all excellent works of scholarship, mostly by people i know, like, and respect. Whites bookleanne about gender during the reconstruction. Here is a book about reconstruction that does not have the title in the name. Look at theu to world that the war made without being confined by reconstruction, even though reconstruction in forms much of this fine volume. You have another book about 20 reconstruction of american liberalism, stretching and american political thought all the way from civil war into the early 20 of century. In another example, heather cox , here being very explicit west from appomattox, looking at reconstruction in the west from the 1890s. This is certainly a trend in the last generation of scholarship, looking at reconstruction across the continent and deep into the 19th century. Some argue that reconstruction is still going on today. Richardson says the story of reconstruction is not simply about the rebuilding of the south after the civil war. Since we are a history institute, i want to turn to a historical figure. Appropriate since this is Gettysburg College abraham lincoln. , we all agreed that the states are out of their proper, practical relationship with the the object is to again get them in that proper, practical relation. , a goodham lincoln majority of northerners, at the end of the civil war, the purpose of reconstruction, what reconstruction meant was reconstructing the Southern States and reconstructing the union. ,ssues about labor, economics gender, these were all important, but it was part of a and doesconstruction have more porous boundaries, but its not the way that many would haveies thought. Im going to be an old fogey and talk about reconstruction as if Graham Lincoln would have envisioned it as the and of his life. When you are rebuilding the union, what kind of union are you rebuilding . Showing the 1867, reconstruction im sorry, its too small for you to see the wonderful, fine details, but you see at the base of that arelion, the foundations the states. Some are being taken down, they say slavery on them. Theres clearly the idea you will have a new nation without slavery. As we all know, part of reconstruction is determining what that will look like, what kind of republic will you have . Were major race issues both in the south and in the north, before the civil war, during the civil war, and afterward. And the civil war had a transformative effect on the look opinion about slavery and race. One example is the illinois black code, first established in 1820, and then continuing all 1860s, reinforced, added to. That document you see there is a certificate of freedom that africanamericans free africanamericans in illinois had to have proof they were free. If you are from anothers eight and were africanamerican if you were from another state and were africanamerican, and you were free, you had to have proof or you could only stay 10 days or you were fined. Curtis, an abolitionist throughout the civil war era, rejoiced in harpers weekly, this is a test which everybody can understand, which most people will prove, but to make asdependent on complexion is wise as to rest upon the color of the hair are the breath of the shoulder. The monstrous objection of the country to the prejudice against color is not, as many who are under it and floyd suppose, a natural instinct. It is only the natural result of the system which arbitrarily and dramatic ofes color servitude. He was obviously the vanguard. He was not the only one. You have individual states and cities trying to desegregate Public Services. Pennsylvania passes a law in 1867, desegregating streetcars. Cleveland and chicago integrate their schools in the first years after the civil war. Theres no telling how much further northerners would have becauserace relations and intransigent white southerners, resisted almost any attempt at reconstruction in the south. Northerners pushed further than they intended to. Reconstruction could have been over if white southerners had accepted that they had lost, accepted the 13th amendment had to be ratified. But these did not happen. You have Andrew Johnson vetoing legislation, white resistance with the ku klux klan. A series starting with the civil rights bill this is Lionel Trumbull, a moderate United States senator from illinois. He is going to reappear later as we talk. And then also some of the crowning achievements of reconstruction. Certainly if you look politically at the 13th and 14th amendment number providing national citizenship, National Civil rights, and Political Rights for africanamerican men. I just talked about, particularly with amendments in the civil rights bill, they are often the focus of reconstruction. But there is much more going on in the north. Many northerners were focused on other things besides what was happening in the south or the legacy of the civil war, and many of the seeds were planted during the course of the civil war. I want to spend much of our remaining time talking about things that happen during the civil war. Then, similar to a book title i have there planted the doom of reconstruction, led the north to finally not continue on actively intervening in the south to try to remake Southern Society or protect africanamericans. This is a long process for people like Lionel Trumbull and andrs who are abolitionists procivil rights, but gradually moves away, particularly during the second half of reconstruction. Some of the other things that happen, you have during the civil war and acceleration of Economic Growth in industry and large corporations. Economically this is a major change going on in the north. At the same time, businesses are changing, corporations are changing. You also have, to no surprise, a huge increase in the federal , andt and federal debt obviously, some of this is because of the war. But if you look closely there, even by 1871, the federal budget is still vastly bigger then in 1860. If we take a look at federal war, here after the civil it declines, but not nearly as world as it does after war i or world war ii. The civil war has made a difference in the size and role of government. And how those interact concern many northerners, reticular had northerners who particularly liberal northerners who had favored emancipation for have to americans. Certainly Charles Francis adams junior argued one of the consequences of what was growth ofhas been the a most corrupt system of legislation and logrolling, where great corporations openly allied themselves with Political Parties. Not like there are any parallels in modern history here. I willf this is say just regular corruption. And part of this also is because you have a lot of the true ideological leaders of the Republican Party dying during the early stages and the later stages of reconstruction. That is stevens, Charles Sumner, Charles Sumner who was a true believer and a one issue person to some degree they are dying and being replaced by a new breed. The chairmandler, of the National Republican committee. At one point when he is the chairman, he is on the payroll of four different railroads. You have the speaker of the aine and cook,. Bl is speaker ofine the house, cook vices mortgage. He am the mortgage to his house. There is another level. There is a level where economic changes made. Arguably without these changes, the north could not have won the civil war, but they met resistance by some of the same people who favored emancipation and civil rights. One of these changes, the legal where the United States goes off the Gold Standard, starts printing money as the national currency, really for the first time. Met the resistance of people who wanted the United States to prosecute the civil war. If the present war shall teach the American People the double lesson that they cannot make chattels of human beings and that they cannot make money out of paper, it will be cheap at any price. He is comparing greenbacks and slavery. Keep in mind, this is not your average republican. He is the chairman of a committee. He is a radical republican. And he is opposed to this kind of Government Intervention in the economy. Many think it is unconstitutional and could lead to how shall we say corruption. Of course, if you know anything about jay gould, you know corruption is coming soon. Grant is president. And gould, his partner, starts to try to bribe grants. He does arrive grantville brotherinlaw, to try to bribence he does grants brotherinlaw, to try to influence policy. There is much more temptation for mischief. They actually tried importing hoarding gold, were nearly successful. They found out here is a contemporary cartoon showing in the gold it room. There was something called the gold room on wall street in new york city where people traded gold. The federal government, grant, found out just in time. A lot of damage was already done. Thousands of investors lost everything. Lots of farmers who were not even involved in this saw the price of their crops drop by 50 because of the fluctuations in currency going on. This is an example of the federal government doing the war. To help win but then many liberals seeing ofoblems with this, having the government that involved in the economy. And the spoils system, actually a democratic idea not small d well, small d and big democratic Andrew Jackson, you do not want to profession of Civil Servants who will rule everything. You want constant change over and they should be responsible. Politicians are going to appoint postmasters, revenue officers, customs agents. Is ae have argued this problem like mark summers spoke last night this will be a problem even in the antebellum period. So, the question of influence becomes much greater. There is a cartoon from the time, actually 1872, showing congressman meany and his constituents. Theyve come to ask for jobs, and he asks for money. Hurz, who we will urz, who we will see later said i maintained a republican government will rather gain them lose him a and gain immensely, by reform which takes from the machinery of the Public Service is partisan character, and which will remove from out would collect the dangerous agency of corruption of partisan patronage. They thought this was inviting corruption into the system and a Civil Service reform law and possibly even shrink the size of the Civil Service. We have the problem of monetary supply enlargement, the civilservice. Theres also the moral character of 1862, something republicans, s, hadfore them whig been trying to pass for years. With the south seceding, they in thee to grow industry north. You see this chart . Thate bottom, that big v, is when the tariff is introduced. The rates shoot up and stay high for decades. There are many liberals in the north who protested the tariff. They thought it was government playing favorites, picking an industry. Ok, we like this industry, we are going to protect them. We do not particularly care for that. Were not going to protect them. In 1860 5 arted here is 1867, arguing we consider the strongest objection to protection being the high tariff in a country as rich as this is the constant impatiens and holds out to legislative corruption. Deciding how much to protect the iron industry or the cotton industry or some other with farmers. Now, the tariff was not biad enough. The nation said that the tariff led to so much lobbying and so much influence, the incessant application of railroads and other corporations for more grants of public lands. They thought the railroad was the most dangerous thing even though they were helping fuel the economy, even though they were helping the north when the civil war. You see this chart, a huge growth in railroad starting from the end of the civil war and accelerating in the decades after. Pacific railroad act. You see Lionel Trumbull done in the corner . He was on retainer for the Railroad Company while he was a senator. Ates he argued against the Union Pacific act. His argument was it infringed on states rights. The federal government had no Constitutional Authority to go into states and build internal improvements. Here is a senator, the republican who wrote the civil rights bill, arguing about states rights in the midst of the civil war. Corruptionars of certainly came to pass. Got huge grants of land on either side of their they gave them bonds to help fund the railroad building. Just to give you an idea of the size of the railroad, of what they were getting, because of the Pacific Railway acts, they acres of 130 million land. That is estimated to be 9 of the Public Domain of the entire 65ted states, plus close to million dollars. Thats not adjusted for inflation. Dollars million 65 million. As for how people thought about is adamsarles franc junior again son of a president , grand sum of a president , he called the railroads a power in 1869. Im sure you know what that means, what he was alluding to. What was the power people were afraid of just 10 years earlier . It was the slave power. Friends and colleagues were consciously evoking the slave power, which was threatening the liberties of others, which would go to any lengths to protect itself. And railroad corporations had grown up during the course of the civil war, equivalent of the lave power. It was not entirely wrong they would do if they had to to protect themselves. They created a subsidiary to do be the to do the construction. A mac went go through that because that would take 20 minutes. Not going to go through that because that would take 20 minutes. There is a cartoon from the ,ime, showing the damage done the republican congressmen and senators caught up in this scandal. They had been receiving railroad stock to look the other way. Particularly damaging, two of the most prominent ones this comes out in 1872 in the midst of grants reelection campaign. Colfax, schuyler grants Vice President , and henry wilson, who was on the ticket to be his Vice President for eight years being involved with this. And with the gold scandals and the other corruptions, people felt that the government was too big, too active, working to closely with these corporations. You have Large Centers of power and money, uncountable. Unparalleled in history. Weve other things going on in the country, not in the north, not with railroads, that were having an effect. Im sure that you have heard in the overview section about the ku klux klan. Outrages more klan increasing in 1870 and 1871. The answer for this rent and the republicans passed the ku klux klan act of 1871. This is the third of three measures the gave the federal government power to try to stamp out the klan. They declared martial law in several states, in South Carolina, sent military troops, held trials. To a large degree, they stamped out the klan. But there was resistance, not just from white southerners. People referred to this as going too far. Yes, lets give africanamerican civil rights, was passed the 14th and 15th amendment, but do passing martial law . Its pretty direct. But even more telling, Lionel Trumbull. Remember, he is the author of and heil rights bill, resented the ku klux klan act. Show me that is necessary to exercise any power blogging to the government of the United States, and in ready to put it forth, but sir, i am not ready to take it for punishing for the actions of one citizen against another. This is largely based on the civil rights bill he had altered. He continued, i believe the rights of the people, the liberties of the people, the rights of the individual are safest among the people themselves are not in a Central Region of over a vast the country. This is part of the fear that adamsharles francis junior, and others worried they had fought the civil war to retain the republic, to the union, potentially and slavery, but they did not want an activist central government. Ways, is war, in many bonds. A lot of this came home to roost in troubles Lionel Trumbulls native state, illinois. You have the great fire. You have a declaration of martial law. You have a huge fire destroying 70,000 buildings, the strength chicago, killing people. Destroying chicago, killing people. This is what a third of chicago looks like after the fire. Fewl Public Services, very firefighters, very few police. This massive disaster. Tocial police are created police the ruins, to watch out for looters and disorder, and boulders are brought in. Soldiers are brought in. Chicago is the headquarters for general philip sheridan. He of soldiers to he has soldiers to protect chicago. The problem was according to the constitution, he cant do that. Themayor does not have constitutional right to ask for maintain civil order. The general cannot decide on his own. It has to come at least from the state legislature or the governor. Unfortunately for sheridan, the governor of illinois the time, governor palmer, the two of them were enemies from the civil war. They served on the same side, but they fought politically. It was with great relish the governor of illinois and other illinois politicians fought to wouldheridan they ideally like to have them arrested. They certainly want to have him investigated for going beyond the constitutional bounds of having a military government. Not in the south, but in the north. And here is from the speaker of the house of illinois. The evidence is irresistible. Innumerablemong the instances afforded us by the likeness of history that serve as the living example for free people to warn them against the indulgence of the encroachment of military power. We become slaves to tyrants by fitting our own next for the. Our own necks for the yoke. Ok, this is a politician with a vendetta. They received hundreds of letters, many identifying themselves as republican, saying this is a danger sign. The United States government is going too far. Its trying to have military government not just in the south, that in the north. I want to share with you a few s, soer a few excerpt you get the flavor. The citizen from illinois saying it is eminent in the near future to do away with the peoples government i the powers of the Military Area by the hours of the military. Someone from indiana it seems and everywhere the military will supersede the civil authorities of the whole country. These are pretty calm compared to others that go along with the statute area there was the centralization of a gusto that lost rome her liberty. There is the ultimate and deadly foe of freedom. So, comparing what grant is doing in washington, d. C. To ,hat augustus had done in rome crushing the empire. In even more graphic terms, someone from vermont military necessity has always been to please tyrants and best bits. To give rid of their role has occasioned unbearable suffering and the flow of oceans of blood. On duringing reconstruction, the power the military has gained, the power the government has gained is starting to be a danger just as dangerous as the slave power was. This also threatens liberty. This also threatens freedom. See this as not just the subjugation of the south. But also, increasingly, the subjugation of northerners, of constitutional government. People andese number of the people i have quoted here henry adams, carl him on you can see the right. He is one of the more distinguishable characters in the cartoon. Henry adams, Charles Francis others joining the movement in 1871 and 1872 the Republican Movement to oppose what grant was doing. Not necessarily grant to rid the actually went to focus on Civil Service reform. They want to focus on tariffs. Without what was going on in the south was secondary. They are much more concerned with what the federal government and corporations are doing in the north. The problem at the Convention Hall in cincinnati as many of these people, to put it kindly, were bad politicians. I do not mean bad as if they did bad things. They were not competent. Nominate who they wanted. It inns up being risk really, the famous editor of the new had always had political aspirations, certainly an appalachian is an abolitionist before the war. Proterrorist, connected to tammany hall, and he is the opposite of what many liberals wanted. Ariff. Is also proterrori schurtz goes to a friends home, sits down of the honor, and without saying anything, starts playing chopins funeral march. Which probably tells you what he greeleysout nomination. It starts turning on reconstruction, which had been a riner thought to a mino thought to many of these northerners. It shifts the focus of the country to reconstruction, particularly because republicans had nominated grant, and democrats want to cause mischief and they nominate Horace Greeley as the democratic candidate. Democrats have lukewarm support. Face the difficulty entrenchedagainst an part of the Republican Party. This is our friend jay cooke here. Like this i like the photograph even better. They are trying to get money from him during the campaign of 1872 and he writes back to complain. He says, though New Hampshire is not bigger than one of our wards, and i know we could carry award for 10,000 fairly the result is rather predictable. Greeley gets crushed spirit actually dies shortly after the election. Yet obviously gone into it with a heavy heart, but the effects of this election are important. Because it shifts the topic from partylintered republican to reconstruction. It also continued dissolving parts of the Republican Party, and grant and stalwart republicans take some of the issues that republicans had had like passing a very mild Civil Service bill and doing. Hings like that now to come back to our friend something that goes on during reconstruction that does even more to turn attention of northerners away from what is happening in the you have had railroad building, a huge influx of currency because of the legal tender act. You have had industry booming because of the protective tariff. Some ae seen in the past as in the 1920s, you have these economic booms that sometimes keep going after they outstrip the fundamentals and this happened at this point in American History. Severale could not sell million bonds for the Northern Pacific Railroad Company. That set off widespread economic distress throughout the north. Looking at chartier take a look at unemployment, going from 4 to 8 in just a few years. I think we can all remember back to 2008. You start to have economic problems. That refocuses peoples attention very greatly and quickly. Are redirecting northern attention even further away from the south and what is happening with africanamericans. A economic duress, because of scandals and grants administration, even though he wanted to run for a third term or at least talk about it he was dissuaded the far left, there you can see carl schurtz a gain. Over theseall cartoons. You can see the somewhat modern allusions the no grant party, as opposed to the notrump party. You have new people running for president , for the republicans. We all know, and if were talking about the south and a broad overview of reconstruction, we talk about the election in 1870 six that mars the results from South Carolina and a couple of other states and throws it into a contested election. The election in 1876 there is a special electoral commission, which there are entire books written about. If you want to read that, youre more than welcome. The end result, simplifying it greatly, is white southerners and democrats agree they will accept haze as the republican nominee for president. He will be president. Republicans will run the National Government and republicans will agree to and reconstruction and let democrats and white southerners run the south. Now here is an image from the this idea of republicans and white northerners abandoning africanamericans in the south, the evocative, emotional trail. I get in more trouble with my fellow historians for these book covers. Here are some of the classics. Retreat from reconstruction. The north is retreating from what it set out to do. The definitive volume on reconstruction. Reconstruction americas unfinished revolution. It did not set out to do what it was supposed to do. Thechael fitzgerald, splendid failure. Explicitly saying reconstruction was a failure. In the last couple minutes i have before taking questions. To return to lincoln we saw at the very beginning, to try to judge his reconstruction a failure and what is going on with the north. States,that the socalled are out of their proper relationship with the union. And this will again get them into that proper practical relation. 186418 northerners, in 65, even 1866, this was the overriding desire of reconstruction. After many years of war, they wanted to focus on other things, expandingdeal with an economy, expanding government. We are fighting over exactly what Northern Society is going to look like. And in many ways, by the northern terms of what lincoln sets out about what the goals of reconstruction are, even though hopefully it is not the goals we would have. Havepe that they would accomplished more, they would have a just, equitable society. But can you have from their perspective, can you have republic what you continue policing the south . And by the end, many northerners said no. They were willing to go that far. They could not continue. The government they wanted was smaller, less activist. They were tired of years of war. And just to put this in one last perspective, something that ck with me for the last oh, 15 years now. I was teaching at penn state. There was a graduate student. 2001. As in the fall of got to reconstruction for the end of the fall semester and i asked, as i normally ask my classes, but then and now, what is the Attention Span of the average american . What is the Attention Span of the American Population . The young marine in co raises his hand and says, im in the oarines the young marine nc raises his hand and says, im in the marines. In a year or two im going to be in iraq. I dont follow the news. Think about how long the north had been involved. Youre talking civil war and reconstruction. Youre talking 15 years of the nation dealing with civil war and reconstruction. This puts that in perspective of h did accomplish and whether it was a failure or success on our terms or their terms. Thank you very much. [applause] from chula vista, california. , we you spoke, we talk a lot about freedom. It reminded me of a speech that in 1964 he said, its freedom for everybody or its freedom for nobody. My question to you is, with itsd to freedom and difficult. We know its difficult. All of us know its difficult. All of this, the civil war and reconstruction and all of that. What what do you think could toe been done differently have indeed made reconstruction a success which is not considered a success professor slap you are asking a nice small question here. [laughter] professor slap one of the challenges of that is what is a success . From my personal perspective of what is a success, not looking perspectives in 1865 or 1867, from my perspective, if you want to actually have equality, justice, liberty for 4 million africanamericans freed from slavery, you probably need to station the union army down in the south for a generation or two. I think that is what would have. Een required and think what the government had to do during the 1960s. And many would say that is still not a success area i think it was a few weeks ago mississippi finally had their last School System desegregated. Arethat would be you going to station 50,000, 60,000 troops in the south for 30 years, that would probably work. [indiscernible] Lionel Trumbulls opinion about the governments isnt that what he Supreme Court ruled in the u. S. Versus cruikshanks . Yes, for most of his time in the senate he was the chairman of the Senate Judiciary committee and he was very much involved, and people who helped write the 14th amendment, they decided the Supreme Court interpreted it correctly, that they never intended for the government to individuals,ific but states. So, that was the intent of many of the republicans to voted for it and supported it. Ok, logan . Hello. You mentioned about Economic Growth. Thesee the impact of population, do you see population growth impacting Economic Growth regarding immigration or migration from africanamericans . Professor slap you do have there is somewhat of a pause during the civil war and picking up again during reconstruction, but throughout this time, the desperatetes is in need for labor. It is certainly helping the economy. Im sorry, i did not notice you. There is a blinding light. Whatst talked about success means and the northern perspective, my Current Research theocused on africanamerican experience during the civil war save a very different perspective than thinkhite northerners about what freedom means. Weve talked about a lot of things in the context of the governments in the union. During the time of reconstruction, the average do theyof the north, tend to care what happens in the south, or do they only care what happens to them . Its hard to believe everybody in the union would have the same governmentport of that a radical republican would have . Professor slap youre exactly right. And for time purposes, that is one of the quotes that i cut out , the overview where lincoln was talking about reconstruction and the difficult to it. He says, we cannot treat as a body what the confederate government has done, and of the same time, we cannot agree ourselves. We have massive divisions in the north about what to do and divisions with the Republican Party and divisions make it very difficult. I would never try to say this is what the average white governor thought. Buta like saying failure, the north not being consistent in forcing certain policies on the south, you have a divided north that cannot agree on a policy for years. Ok. Hello. My name is rick allen. I am working my way to your excellent book on the team of reconstruction. Schurz was also in and would yous consider the compromise of 1877 somewhat of a big tree for the local republicans of a victory for the local republicans in anyway . Z isessor slap yes schur very instrumental. There is correspondence going back and forth before hayes inaugural address, and he is saying, i think you should stress this, and he comes laments him, and it appears that hayes take some of his advice. The liberal republicans and he complements him, and it appears that hayes take some of his advice. Schurz in particular, and several others from ohio, tie themselves to hayes. Im julia davis from connecticut. You said at the beginning if the house accepted that they lost, it would have lasted for a year or maybe two. Then how could the north have gotten the south to accept they lost when what they lost was something very great to them, which was awful, but it was ingrained in their vulture and values and basically who they were in their culture and values and basically who they were . Professor slap you bring up a very good point. They couldnt, and the north was trying to say get the south to say, you are right, racism is wrong. Comments of William Lloyd garrison that you would think is racist and he was one of the leading abolitionists of the century. The north kept telling southerners you need to repudiate your articles of secession, saying they were wrong, were not going to do it again, we are sorry. We south of say, ok, fine, will repeal our articles of secession. Yeah, ok, we are taking them back, but we were not wrong, and we will do them again. Been3th amendment had ratified byto become part of the constitution and you have former tofederate states also ratify it it was things like that but they wanted. It was not so much racism. That was certainly part of it. A lot of it was accepting that secession was wrong. Conrad, class of 70 Gettysburg College, go bullets. Seward had the alaskan purchase, mexican crisis, alabama claims, Hamilton Fish in the Grant Administration got us out of war in spain. How does the diplomacy of the in with the overall. Sent teams of reconstruction . Professor slap ok, i will give you an example, but not one that you mentioned. Theres actually, at the end of the civil war, there are huge numbers tens of thousands of union troops sent to the Mexican Border because ulysses s. Grant and sheridan all think that is a continuation of the war. Andfrench invaded mexico aided the confederates and were friendly with the confederates and they think the civil war is not going to be over until the french are pushed out of mexico. So, for a couple years after the civil war, you have a lot of troops on the border and you iteneral sheridan eventually becomes 350,000 rifles core dating the Mexican Government can get them to fight the french, and in the meantime, is french are saying, why your military with the people we are fighting . You have a lot going on with the civil war and reconstruction going on, certainly, diplomatically. Thank you all for your attention and time. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2016] [applause] we have 30 minutes until we have our next Panel Discussion confederaten of the veteran. See you at 4 00. Well be back here for more on the reconstruction and the legacy of the civil war in a an hour. Coming up at 4 00 p. M. , a Panel Discuss the will return of the confederate veteran. Cspan , we join our cities tour on the road as we xplore the history of nashville, tennessee. The convention of the Republican Party has been called august 5, and the hour of 10 00 a. M. Day and hour having arrived. I now call the convention to order opening day of the republican convention. The own winner they have had since Hubert Hoover and they speech by gary goldwater. They expected to run out of money. They decided to record the convention in despite of the fact that they fully expected to then would have erase those recordings and reuse them for evening news shows the primary n as purpose of the experiment. Been recording it ever since. All simpson was a nashville businessman, a Law School Graduate of vanderbilt and he was touring new york in 1968 in the spring, arranged to he had the network newsto us that doesnt sound reasonable because they are so cheap but at that time, tape was extremely using ve and they were quad tape which would have i no idea what the price would im sure a couple of hundred dollars per hour, so t was just a very expensive thing to do just to keep the tape, so they didnt. They reused it. Him because he realized that unlike the 1860s, coverage and war stuff like that, it was in the and the newspapers had at least a lot of them had survived. The evening news which people were watching across the surviving even a few weeks. Paul was not the kind of person ho didnt do anything and eventually he came to the place ion that the right was the university. So he approached Vanderbilt University about that idea. From the beginning, primary part recording ection was National Evening news shows. At the time there were three networks, three evening news and they were watched by people everywhere in the country. To logical thing was just grab those three shows. The very first day they expanded concept and did the convention. A do the presidency as primary special event. O if the president appears on television, well record it. Days, that was very controllable because we entertainment so if they would only do a president ial if it had a certain amount of significance. Cases, they can do a president ial appearance just because they are available to do an appearance. Ng more minor things get covered. Covered. This is an abc news special report. War, now reporting from new york, peter jennings. 1991 gulf war. He u. S. Military is now sending regime a message, loud and clear. Were not ghdad now, leaving. You are. Gulf. The 2003 war in the weve done major hearings and networks, it demonstrated to be of national importance. The thing about this collection need to robably reemphasize, its a collection of News Coverage, not a of the events themselves. We do have the events but what coverage ecting news of the events. The fact that nbc decided to cover it or cnn decided to cover is part of what were doing. The collection with you designed as a research collection. In the earliest years it was intended for research and we expected all the research would done on paper. It appears thats the way it was done. Remember big study i was a study on busing by a paper or, that was a study that was done on paper. Marring a clear horizon for the republicans is the bugging headquarters, tic at the watergate apartments in washington last june. First really big nonpaper was 768 days, which a pbs special, on watergate. And they used the paper extensively. To be there was a particular tape that was the most requested tape in the it was the nixon farewell address. To continue to fight through ahead for my personal vindication, with almost totally the time and attention of both the president and the congress. In a period when our entire focus should be on the great peace abroad and inflation at hout home. Therefore, i shall resign the effective at noon tomorrow. That remained true probably through most of the 1980s. As e is now no such thing the most requested. Of too ection is sort big and too diverse. Diverse because the evening news diverse. For that to be true anymore. Been some that becomet of still have very uch used and still popular. One, i got a kick out of because giving a tour for a group of news people from the group of news people from other countries, one and the one from kenya, as he was going through i seellection said, could the moon landing . Incidentally, you can use the [cutting out] he had not been able to see it. Old enough to have seen it but he had not been able to he livedcause of where at the time. So we have we dont have the not do special coverage for nasa items. Have the actual moment of the landing, but we the evening news on monday night following that landing. Who day the two americans landed and walked on the moon took the first and most voyage s steps on the home. Never had anything blasted into orbit from the moons surface and buzz rmstrong ldrin and their lunar module succeeded. If they failed it would have death. Certain Cronkite News show, on cbs, e replayed that and he was so excited because he was able to see this thing that he had known about but which he had not been see when it happened. And now, i would say the one comes up the most often is the Democratic Convention of and the violence because as soon as people hear that we tarted recording in 1968, they convention. At one is the reagan attempt. Ation its about to happen, the man on the floor is mike diever. Disappears. T there, watch the president. Stop it. During eat moment, but that attempt still alleged gunman, i have to keep saying, has been identified as one john w. Is 22 years who old, from evergreen, colorado. Just a minute. This is about the suspect. Some bad s been given information, and he gets really people d is yelling at to get it right. I like that because ite shows problem it shows the with m news people have live coverage where they are covering an event thats so big that they dont dare go away but they dont actually have yet. Ing to say the two channels that we the lly record some of, 24hour charges are fox and cnn, and those two channels are similar. Not very people think of them being similar but they are not. We began recording in late 1988. Cnn special assignment has information on their likely targets in europe and the middle east. Targets for terror. Cnn special assignment throughout the day on wednesday. And have been doing recordings on it from that time forward. The reason why we began when we it was the ause first time i could get it we didnt that time have cable access here at the archives. Grew up on event coverage. Is at theur old old workplace, the pentagon right now. This ave you for us at moment . There are indications here at the pentagon this war may be now and the ht president may be going on Television Later this evening to going what exactly is on. On sort of what was breaking you know, their sort prominence, eal being the gulf war, and their around 24 cover that hours. So that was that sort of is their, their stock. And for that reason, they are always sort of changing formats this and changing that, and we find them in ome ways we find them much harder to record than we do Fox News Channel because fox news different from that. Fox news channel came at a later time. Lot of very tightly ramed talk shows around news shows, and fox is a little less to go to the events and stay as long as the events as cnn. When its doesnt warranted. If they have that thing which is somewhere between entertainment the kind of ch is alk show format, the bill oreilly show and things like that they are really two different animals but for us, we hours. Ant do 24 its just not possible because afternd way too much time the fact trying to get the up under our website so people can do research on it. I would say is that, the thing you learn up here is News Coverage is about us. I mean, american ews is about basically americans. You think of it as being and to some extent this is true, you think of this being about the resident, the senate and Supreme Court and big events that happen here or there, but it also ue, covers a lot of smaller events events that are the kind of events that may be happening for you. Focus this evening, amber alerts, former organized warning ystems to let an entire Community Know when a child has been kidnapped. As they were moving toward watch system you get the stories about those kinds of kidnappings and things like that. They are in the evening news. Reflecting the movement that the foot thats afoot to to do something about those. I dont think they are necessarily reflecting the fact or less of them. People came to a recognition that something had been accepted years that hese didnt have to be and one of the big movements that was able to a lot of tv was the rise of the tea party. The movement has been turning into energy coasttocoast as evidenced by a party r, by one tea group, the tea party express. The tour began two weeks ago in evada and just wrapped up yesterday in New Hampshire but as chief National Correspondent reports, the tea party is just getting started. Which was very effect active very nering tv, and was a real movement. Not necessarily as many people it was might think, but very real and, you know, became while, became an almost daily part of the news. F you think about the buildup to the second gulf war tv was very involved in that. Nd i think that was reflecting the feeling in the country. Had a national tragedy. Two airplanes have crashed into trade center, in an apparent terrorist attack on our country. The feeling, i also think very specifically the feeling in new york, because thats where world trade towers were, all, of a need to do something. For us, i think in some ways, future is sort of frightening exciting, because the news and i dont know where its going. I mean, television is changing. Television on ch the internet today than they do at home on tvs, according to some stories. Suspect those are exaggerated but its true. My daughter watches tv on the not on a Television Set. Nd even when shes watching it on the Television Set its an internet program. O those kinds of changes will make things very different. Im sure it will make it very different for us. Know how. Et next on American History tv, california davis history professor eric roshway talks about the state of the the wall nomy after street crash of 1929. A book titledr of the money makers, how roosevelts depression, defeated fascism. Interviewed ory tv providence, at in rhode island. About 10 minutes. Elected president in 1932, what were his plans to combat the Great Depression . Roosevelt had already idea of a new deal, and that would include it would ks and include mobilization of the American People to take jobs that they wouldnt have had before. Began to offer them. There would be flood control, of e would be all kinds things but most importantly he was working to raise prices because that was the principle of the depression was deflation that had lasted one of his ears and first acts to combat the deflation was to take the country off the Gold Standard in 1933. Ook office Major Economic advisers including number whichl, one of the brains he campaigned with in 1932. At ge warren, a professor cornell university, and he very soon came to lean on his neighbor in the hudson river who ultimately became treasury. Of the what did they advise him to do . Offll was in favor of going the Gold Standard, which it would help to tackle deflation, raising prices, and allowing roosevelt and ultimately the government, and the Federal Reserve system to manage the value of the dollar. That this would bursts relieve booms and in the economy over the long term. When world war ii comes, how affect the Global Economy . Roosevelt used the idea of an internationally managed currency as a sort of basis for forging the antifascist alliance in the war. He had worked out an arrangement in the nce and britain middle of the 1930s and this over in the late 1930s when they began to use occurrencely loans as antifascist measures during the the United States was not yet belligerent. Uring 1940, when roosevelt began to more vigorously aid ritain, he used these sort of currency devices ultimately to send aid to the british and against germany, which ulminated in the Lendlease Program in 1941, which was entirely american aid, and when the Roosevelt Administration nations to sign on to lendlease, it was part of the would sign on to a Currency Program that would outlast the war and be an arrangement for the peace time period. So roosevelt is as concerned as the e Global Economy American Economy . Thats right. I think that roosevelt from the very beginning, even before he takes office, from very arly in 1933, is concerned about arranging an economy for the world to avoid depression that would also mean roosevelt as in view the depression has given rise to fascism. That it would rise in the United States and promoting a rapid recovery and establishing a prosperous world would d the be as much an antifascist measure as much as it would be a recovering measure. Is there some school of thought if world war ii had not that the depression would have lasted longer than it did . Oh, i think thats fairly established, that the globalization for the war meant spending money that the United States congress wouldnt have spending in peace time. However, its worth pointing out that the economy was recovering throughout the 1930s, from the time roosevelt took office up through the time the United States began getting cdonaldized for war with the exception of the recession in 1937. There was rapid recovery already taking place and if you project that out the United States would have recovered from the asression, perhaps not quite rapidly you be it would have done so. Critics, osevelt, his rgue otherwise, that his policies werent really working towards getting the country past the depression . Will argue that but its like isaac newsn to works by apples flying upwards from trees. Happens. A thing that the economy tonight tank under roosevelts administration so its a very difficult argument to sustain. Recovery during the period of his first two terms in office. Britton woods e conference . United nations monetary conference, which takes place in june 1944, a few weeks after dday, among 44 nations, with observer, denmark, in New Hampshire. Its the culmination of roosevelts currency policy going all the way whack to the 1933, to in office in create an International Bloc of nation that is will manage their jointly so there will not be recurrences of the great nations that are poor will be able to develop and become rich and nations that are will be able to ensure their prosperity going forward. Britton of what was in the british delegation, and the conference itself was a way of affirming those or so oing back a ddz years, and sealing them into agreements. Al what other countries are represented . The United States as it then was is not the one that we now phrase that lows velvet used against nations allied with fascism. Britain, soviets and the United States, principally, as well as some occupied like france, and some of the scandinavian countries but also the latin american countries, were probably the biggest single block and some countries, were participants, also china. What was the conferences single most important significant contribution . Single most important contribution was achieving an agreement among these nations would go forward into peace time with the idea of allowing governments the discretion to manage their economies, which was quite a revolution, and a big difference from the Gold Standard era that with the Great Depression. So this institutionized a lot of he practices that had been adopted, in some cases, mergency measures, in the face of the Great Depression. Ongoing peace time practices. Was this hammered out outside the conference. The conference was largely to that had agreements mostly been reached beforehand. Say, they had formulated the kinds of ideas for the perhaps going back to 1930 or earlier. They had become fairly commonplace within the Roosevelt Administration almost from the 1933, he took office in and roosevelts folks were ready to implement them by the time out. Ar broke in fact, its just after pearl harbor that the second of morgan tasked one of his aides, white, to come up formalization with the plans. They thought the war would give boost, leverage, to force these plans that the u. N. Wanted t otherwise have to adopt. Do you see any similarities between the response to the depression and the 2008 . Cial crisis later in the financial crisis we need an adequate name for the thing thats still going on really in many respects. In some respects, the response to the recent unpleasantness is informed by a history depression. Jonbenbe a lot of what he did was instructed by the lessons he drew. Needed to intervene actively which it had not do in ensure they needed to if banks were going to fail they would do so gradually and not precipitously. Prevented a panic and loss of faith in the Banking System all of those things were nformed of an understanding of what they had failed to do. That the ry Program Obama administration instituted in like that of roosevelt some unfortunate way as well as fortunately, it probably wasnt economy h to give the the same kind of boost the it should have had perhaps under ken niecian theory lingering effects from the crisis, in a way that perhaps we shouldnt have done, learned fully the lessons of the 1930s. Oosevelt was keen that the recovery should be swift or as swift as possible, partly because of his aggressive policy, he did achieve that but he was very concerned, slower recovery would give impetus to right wing fascist movements within the United States. He was very worried about that so he was keen to see a swift recovery. Question, has research raised any additional questions for you . For me . Yeah. Research . I mean, my own research on this book has illuminated for me to which 1933 is really a vial turning point in world, and of the thats something i want to go forward and work more on in a broader context. Its an important turning point in the history of not only monetary policy, in terms of the deal but f the new also in the history of american conservatism and in the fate of antifascism in the world. So i upill continue to do some vein. Rch in that much. Ank you very thank you very much. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2016] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] joimpb American History tv on we are at the opening of the national air and space museum in washington, d. C. A ll show tours of one of kind aviation and space artifacts including the spirit of st. Louis and the apollo module. Well also take your calls and director h the museum and curators, plus coverage of he museums 40th anniversary ceremony. Thats live starting at 6 00 cspanastern on july 1 on 3, American History tv. Now we return to the life gettysburg, pennsylvania. Historians will discuss the confederate veteran. Participating in the panel summerville, brian craig miller, emporia state phillips, weston virginia university, jim bru David University and edinburgh. Versity of the Gettysburg College organized this event. This is live coverage on on cspan 3. Ory tv thank you for your attention. Good afternoon, im peter carmichael, a history professor Gettysburg College. Im also the director of the it is ar institute, and my privilege and pleasure to for our the speakers conversation or panel on the return of the confederate veteran. You in the audience, and also for those of live o are part of our cspan audience, you can be part of this conversation, twitter, get your ready, it is cwi 2016. Ahead and introduce to my far ts, first, right, david who is currently history, in american at the university of edinburgh in scotland. On eaches range of courses civil war and southern history, reconstruction and civil war his first book, it is an excellent one, published by the university of north press, and entitled suicide, despair, civil war d debt in era North Carolina. Brumar. David is james he recently assumed the directorship of shepherd universitys george tyler center for the study of civil war. Shepherd university, as many of is just across the of course, r, and, just in West Virginia. He also is an assistant rofessor of history in the University History department. Hes published a number of articles. Studies for the National Parks service and hes submitting cusp of his first book manuscript for publication at the university of North Carolina press. Jason him is james phillips. The professor of civil war West Virginia university. His first book published by the Georgia Press entitled diehard rebels, the confederate culture of sensibility. This book looks at how onfederates came to view the south as invincible, hes on a new working project entitled looming. Future. Ry of the this book explores how the years civil war ting a ultimately influenced the very remembered. T was next to jason is brian craig miller. Brian craig miller is an profess professor of history at Emporia State University in wichita, kansas. The author of John Bell Hood and the fight for civil war memory. Also served as the editor for one of the premier scholarly field, Civil War History, which is published by university. His latest book entitled in the civiltation war style. And that book is published by of Georgia Press. Finally, diane summerville. Dine summerville is an associate history at Binghampton University in new york, she teaches courses in u. S. History, the american south, womens history sexuality. Tory of shes recently published great 19th century south, and that was released by the North Carolina press. Shes also authored numerous most rly articles, recently, a burden too heavy to suicide, and uma, confederate soldiers. T. Piece earned the john hubble prize for the best journals Civil War History. With diane, n presenting a paper on her work, ourthen, of course, we have comment. O diane. [applause] you, well, thank everyone, for coming out this summer gettysburg afternoon. The panelists and i are, what going to try to do is to pen up ways that we can have conversations with you yall about the experience of confederate veterans returning and to that end what im going to do is talk for maybe 15 generally es about the work that im doing. Each of the pivot panelists who will spend 45 minutes talking about a we can thenpic that have questions about and take it to you and have a really lively conversation that will take us our allotted hour. Want to begin with a very famous quote by a historian, a historian by the name who wrote 25 years ago, some e needed to see history being done on the lives of ordinary soldiers. The many, many other books and articles published on history, surprisingly, little has been written about experiences of ordinary soldiers. Most of the work to that point, dealt with ad generals and battles, with high strategy, but ith the experiences of ordinary men and women emerged as a focus relatively eventually, and later. F veterans even books by jim martin, jeff ccatholic churchen, brian ordan and paul, all published since 2009, recreates the steps of the civil war soldiers as their turn home to families and communities. Nly one of these books, case studies veterans out of one virginia county is the only book confederate st veterans. So two of the books cover both southern veterans. In these treatments we view the yriad experiences of veterans after they return home, from the mundane to the heroics. They return to their plows and scour for employment. Hey collected pensions and ended up in veterans homes or in asylums. They ran for political office. A few became University President s. Alcoholics. E lthough i dont think mutually exclusive. Quite a few struggled with disability. Mental, visible and invisible. Istorians ask questions like, what did soldiers do after de mobilization . How did they live . Did their service affect them . Them . Id war change how were they treated when they returned home . Weve only just begun relatively speaking to answer these know the but we experiences were varied. Ere not even sure what a typical veterans experience looked like. E also know much more about Union Veterans largely because of the availability of sources. Were veterans, of course, eligible for federal pensions, so those records, which are a eal treasure trove of information about soldiers ives after the war yield rich details about the veterans and their families. Were notr confederates eligible for federal pension so e lack that same space, although many Southern States did offer pensions, those spotty and certainly disperse. So working on confederate poses some challenges. That said, we do have some working of historians in a variety of areas on confederate veterans. To my right sitting this afternoon. One of the Big Questions that we implicitly , either or explicitly is how did the confederate f veterans differ from Union Veterans . North ll, all veterans, and south, shared similar experiences. Fought on the same field, they missed their families and diseases but ame southern soldiers returning home after the war faced a different et of circumstances and conditions that made their post war lives in certain ways very that of Union Veterans. They lost. Bviously, their fledgling nation was destroyed. Union ced defeat unlike solders who returned home victorious. Soldiers t, southern limped home in humiliation. Meant loss of suffrage and Political Rights. Subjugated. Second, war was fought almost entirely in their homeland, so south sustained extensive hysical ruin and economic devastation, many soldiers returned home to find their dwellings demolished or in ashes. Their fields in ruins. Abolished. Ery was slavery was, of course, a chief form of wealth and labor in the abolition posed questions about the very essence identity. Rn who were white southerners now without slaves . Confederate soldiers made their way home in 1865 and reintegrate into civilian life these three critical differences from experiences iers fundamentally shaped how Southern Households and during ies developed reconstruction. Hese posed challenges, defeat, devastation, and emancipation, cut to the quick of masculine men and s of southern greatly influenced the homecoming of confederate veterans. Humiliation and shame from military loss and submission to enemy, loss of political independence and rights, confidence, financial and business failure, reliance emotional and sometimes financial support, and and ished status in family state. Regional recovery hinged on the to the of men to return support to support their family and Community Networks at networks n those very were damaged and destabilized. Former confederate soldiers returned home, in some cases, to unimaginable burdens and hurdles recovery. Distress brought n by combat experience exacerbated issues, leaving veterans suffering psychological harm that impeded readjustment and compounded heir emotional and psychological distress. Southerner, like susan bradford, witness add bittersweet homecoming of commented on the demoralized demeanor of soldiers returning to the neighborhood. I sit here and wonder, if all as dear men in gray feel crushed and as disconsulate as these. Be able to er forget . His observation, that many confederate veterans were crushed at wars end is borne historical iety of sources. The most seriously afflicted eterans ended up in southern, was called at the time, lunatic asylums. It presented history of violence often committed against family sometimes themselves. Over 3 4 of the veterans dmitted to the Georgia State asylum from 1865 to 1872 were violent, very in the past had assaulted persons, many family members. Trauma afflicted veterans much of their menacing rage toward relatives making reintegration challenges. Confederate veterans in a state Emotional Turmoil recently frequently turned on themselves and responded to their emotional resorting to selfinjury. Suicidal behavior, of course, is warrelated of trauma like ptsd and occurs at a than rate among veterans the civilian population. Of the veterans admitted to the georgia asylum about 1 3 were suicidal. Of snelton epitomizes he suicidal spiral of a former soldier after the war. His demise began during the war. Teen enlisted and earned his distress, his demise earned him an early discharge from the war, nd then later entry into the milledgeville insane asylum. He made clear his intention to and while in the asylum tried to burn himself and to throwimes attempted himself out of windows. Recovery and a relapse cycle, peppered with ultiple suicide attempts, he finally succeeded in ending his ife in august of 1871, by ingesting strychnine. Destructed of self behavior among confederate veterans was alcohol and drug post war years. Today, we understand drug and soldiers and veterans as an attempt to one self ate, to numb from the traumatic experiences of warfare but in the 19th abuse, substance especially alcohol, was viewed not as a symptom of mental know today but rather as a cause of mental illness. Southerners noted the rise of alcohol abuse after the attributed to the suffering associated with the war. Drinking by southern men had been welldocumented in aftertebellum period, but the war southerners believed it was on the rise and as a of the civil war and its aftermath. Xconfederate soldiers and civilians alike turned to lcohol to escape an array of societal and permanent problems after the war. Abuse in the l postbell um south can be attributed to post combat depressive to the malaise that engulfed the region uring reconstruction for southerners, especially men, excessively. But commonly than alcohol, just as addictive and destructive, confederate abused opium. Imes after the civil war many believed that the war had uptakeuted to the recent in opium users. Hether or not the civil war triggered increased opium use, more addiction became visible in the 1870s. With the increased visibility of the demographics of the users shifted from women to men, in the antibelllium opium addiction was mostly opium users, opium were , they were called, almost always believed to be women. Wounded veterans like a. G. Were among those who sought physical relief from opium. A decade he relied on opium to relieve the pain following of a leg in 1862. A reliance that led to that and eventually killed ewing. Civilian ing back to life proved even more difficult for southern men who, in the war, already he wait wheated down by defeat and faced financial ruin. Unlike the north, south physical d extensive damage that made rebuilding difficult. Usencial difficulties or to the phrase of the day, pecuniary embarrassment. Underscore the failure of men to fulfill one of the basic manhood, ilities of providing for ones family. Southerners experienced pervasive indebtedness which singled dependency, undermining the very identity. Asculine on top of anguish from combat emories proved too much for some exconfederates. As joyous as homecomings were, defeated warriors could not deny the massive work that lay to rebuild. The the physical reconstruction f homes, barns, fields and infrastructure awaited. Shambles offered opportunities for men who were desperate to resume their household heads of and as bread winners for their families. With little or no money, sharply diminished wealth, and dim job rospects, southern men faced abysmal outlook with little hope turnaround. The failures and unemployment plagued post belllium south. Ability to provide for ones family in an environment of conomic uncertainty bell leaguered many white men of the region. Who had devoted entire lives to businesses and then cultivating the reputations and the networks and relationships attendant to those crumbled in the face of business ailures white men business failure in the post war south viscerated ones sense of self. Economic opportunities evaporated after the war. Southern men were unable to their motional suffering from productive outworks like work. Consumed by failure at home, on military front and at work, southern men, many of them, psychologically. Some committed suicide while asylums. Ded up in a watch maker from richmond, who during n the infantry the civil war made good on a himself february, 871, despite his wifes pleadings. He replied to her, i am done. Late. Too and then shot himself. Is wife reported suffered from pecuniary troubles. Financial calamity and material awaited confederate confederate men returning home. Despair and pessimism about the future. Money worries and loss of property paralyzed numerous exconfederates. Women, too, worried about their wellbeing. Ancial many experienced economic personally. Debt and financial ruin signaled dependency as well as an nability to fulfill one of the chief responsibilities as head of household. That of providers. Diminished to prospects for work southern white men experienced reversals evaporation of wealth and property that also mental ted to their decline. Southern white men beset by after thedifficulties war were embarrassed by their inability to provide for their families. Financial failure with poor character, a holdover from the antebellum times even intellectually most understood that the war and its aftermath was to blame. Emancipation, of course, wiped out the wealth of many slave families. Take, for instance, virginia family of charles berry. Supposed over 10,000 worth of personal property. Slaves. When the war came, he enlisted and served in a calvary unit and he survived. But in 1870, the extent of his and personal property was registered in the census records howing personal wealth worth a mere 250. Virginiad himself in a creek in 1871. Indebtedness, unemployment, of wealth, and livelihoods scourged reconstruction south nearly all southerners. But it was experienced in a very endered way the financial and material ruin nation of the former confederacy the stage for an inhospitable homecoming for soldiers, many that brought with of emotional ge and psychological damage. Bit of a at, as a springboard i would like to pivot to our panelists, each of today will speck a little bit about one aspect of the onfederate homecoming experience and im going to begin with jason phillips, who will start us off this talking a little bit about the process of surrendering. Point, that the familiar story of surrender very differently for most confederate soldiers. Jason . Jason thank you. He said wars produce many stories of fix, some of which they are believed to be true. Opular stories about concludes Civil War History with peace and reconciliation. Romance of reunion showcases robert e. Lee offering sword to grant who returns o blade and shared military honors. Were told Union Soldiers affirmed the sentiment by confederates while they stacked arms and unfurled flags. Southerners go home with the federal promise not to be disturbed as long as they uphold the ce and union. Or confederate veterans, surrendering and returning home more re emotional and complicated than fiction suggests. They coped with defeat by viewing the enemy as barbarians, themselves as the heroic remnants of a legendary army. Mercy tors hoped that would ease reunion by displaying superiority. Nstead, leniency em boldened diehard rebels to resist change. He only union superiority the confederates would admit after he war was numerical superiority. Diehard rebels cherished their parole certificate not as signs reunion, but as proof that hey personally had never abandoned the cause. Eturning home presented new challenges for these veterans, uring the long journey troops vented, raged, a sense of entitlement. Stole what they needed, even from civilians along their path. Reporter noted exconned rat soldiers have fought for four years without propose to pay themselves. Agged men, walking home, presented a stark contrast to war on trains o and horses four years ago. Literally brought white men down to earth. Horseback riding was a sign of white mastery in the old south. Now those masters shuffled along in the dust, along with everyone else. Tattered clothing and empty stomachs did not distinguish from thousands of freed people who walked the same roads family members and as an expression of freedom. Hile heading home, many veterans encountered encountered the wars destructive campaign for the time. In the Shenandoah Valley veterans followed the tracks of campaign. Ridans for three days, we were refreshed by the sight and smell of dead horses, one rebel noted. When he saw the burnt district richmond, he blamed the destruction on northern southern blacks. Retreating confederates had urned their own capitol, but this diehard rebel was already rewriting history. Defiant confederate veterans presented one of the Biggest Challenges to reconstruction. They even vented having to swear and oath of allegiance to the United States. As one veteran put it, they of st their i oath allegiance down our throats with bayonets. Black troops in the south infuriated diehard rebels. Regiments formed a larger percentage of occupation orces, because they enlisted later in the war. Exconfederates ignored this enemyand assumed that the imposed black garrisons on the white men. Miliate for diehard rebels, diane reconstruction meant one word. Subgation, a permanent that confiscation, exile and almgamation. Some say the war is settled and ome say the difficulty has hardly begun. For foster, surrendering meant reunion, and free fightingand weve been too long for that. If confederate veterans accepted and emancipation, thousands of their comrades had nothing. Think about that. George mercer thought, we must the good fight and leave the rest to heaven. And ans avoided defeat humiliation by keeping quiet, by until the r time federal occupation ended, and to once again returned power. The southern insurgency during was more than a response to post war challenges. T was a continuation of the civil war by other means. If i could just ask one question here. Sounds like youre arguing surrender as rather than as the onset of reconstruction rather than the act of the civil war so if we accept that, then how will that change how we look at that period . Thats a good question. I think obviously, the surrender military conflicts, but they opened political debate the future. One of the first challenges of reconstruction was securing oversight in the south. And only war time powers could justify this control, and only army could enforce it. Diehard rebels hoped that the meant more than this. They hoped the surrenders meant peace. Control in ederal the south. So that they could rule their region again. Surrenders meant the end of confederate authority in the south. Okay . Different thing. And therefore, the spread of federal power in the south, and see this debate even between grant and lee, about the terms surrender before it takes lace, i think first step of reconstruction really happens at courthouse and other is surrender ceremonies. The past to reclaiming masculine prerogative and returning control was a bumpy one. David will tell us a little bit about how these challenges haped the reentry of confederate veterans into their ouseholds as well as the relationships with wives, children, and other family members. David . David thank you. One of the things you raised in your talk was the ways in which we could highlight the ways in which the onfederate experience is different from the Union Homecoming experience and one of the ways in which i think they fundamentally different is that, in the north, there is chair. Ssue of the vacant the soldier has gone off to war and the family remains at home to sustain themselves until they can hopefully, with any luck, return to have the family andurn to the resume some kind of normalcy after the war. And im not sure that they works if the vacant chair as well for confederate veterans, because the home front are blurred and that makes it difficult sometimes to think about at home te families trying to sustain their prewar unhindered. This happens in lots of different ways. Confederate families are forced to become refugees, they are driven away home during the war. We think in large part to the confederate f civilians on the move trying to find some place where they will safe for the conflict. So when we think about soldiers home, in april of 1865, their families are coming home, too. So, in some cases the scenes we have are not the family aiting patiently for these soldiers to return home but both groups coming home and sometimes the soldier gets home first and family coming home months later. Very i think is a different kind of experience. Other confederate families are ways, very much on the front lines, that the union army, of course, is south, g through the think about shermans march and what have you, so families are coming facetoface with the the soldiers are coming facetoface with the enemy. Nd even if they are not refugees and they are not on the front line i think families, white families in the south, are huge financial problems, especially in the latter half of the war. Deprived of their major form of agricultural man of the household, who has gone off to fight, there are food shortages, as we all know, across the confederacy, riots, inflation, bread all which puts families in a very precarious financial position for the last few years of the war. Then the end of the war, confederate occurrencely is worthless, and they have lost slaves. And so the moment in which soldiers are coming home, suffering forbeen a number of years. That soldch is to say east valley are coming back, many of the soldiers are coming back in pretty bad shape. With missing limbs, coming back with the thats gical trauma inherent to warfare. But their families are also in shape. Bad and i think this complicates the eunion between soldiers and their families in 1865. In many ways you have across the families in crisis. And one of the ways that you can and one of the ways you can gauge the extent of wars on families is look at divorce records. Divorce is very rare in the south throughout the 19th century, but one of the things you find in 1866, many southern you have more people iling for divorce that year than the previous 20 years. Look at the divorce petitions you will see it whether the petition is filed by the husband or by the wife. You know, the trauma thats happened in these families which resulted in up is a breaking product of the ways in which the soldiers had their experience, but the families were suffering itself. The war i think its interesting to note white ese problems that families are having and the problems white families are apart, its the same moment that africanamericans are trying to encode their families with legal protections, they are getting married, that they are trying to find children that have been sold away and trying to rebuild their families, so the falling apart of many white families is happening you simultaneously rebuilding of lots of families that have been broken in slavery. The final point i want to make is thinking about the veterans experience and the families experience. There is a huge diversity, i think, of veterans experience. Are coming back with the raum ma of war, missing imbs, but other veterans are coming back, i think, relatively ntact both physically and mentally. The same is true for families and gee ogra if i is playing in. Part of the south, they are facing destruction of their farms and near starving ofditions and in other parts the south they are able to sustain themselves with a fairly similar standard of living that so had before the war, and i think when you mix these two variables, diversity of the versus the perience family experience, means the ways in which families are able soldiers back r is going to very tremendous. Difference between divorce records in northern communities and northern states do ared to the south what you think difference would be because certainly southern men struggled to get back together again just Like Northern men d. What do you difference would be . Traumatic for families. Families are suffering in than the soldiers are, difficult with the soldiers being away for long periods of time. Confederate soldiers are away from their families for a longer period of time than most Union Soldiers. And they are coming back in worst shape and their families are in worst shape and all of is reflected in the ways in which the divorce many husbands accuse wives of infidelity, and wives do the same thing. That was the only legal basis for divorce in this time. They taught it directly to saying, this only started to happen once the got out. Pivoting from family ties to bonded confederates, we wont share we will share what jim calls a brotherhood of veterans. Historians have looked for a long time that the war was quickly forgotten, or quickly soldiers turned away from it after its conclusion. The current scholarship suggest otherwise. Today andre hearing throughout the conference is that the dichotomy that once existed between the hibernation and revival is too schematic. There is a lot of fluidity we are discovering. Soldiers and veterans thought a great deal about their wartime experiences throughout the postwar era. In 1865, veterans started to sort out a simple meeting to this conflict in sundry ways. For me, there are two ways to look at it. Southern spirit thrives in the press. Regimental histories are turned out in great numbers, and survivors associations begin to flourish. Eventually, in great numbers. That is a public discussion that exists. So too did veterans look to the war and private waste as they had done threat the conflict. Private ways as they had done throughout the conflict. Some prolific through the wartime era. Some wrote hundreds of letters. They continued in the postwar period. Not in the same numbers, which is unfortunate for us the scholars, but it is certainly there. In these unpublished letters, veterans had clearly changed in some fundamental way. They sought to make connections to the wartime experiences with other veterans. For me, the way where we can understand this best is through the lens of emotions history. These are individuals who experienced deprivation, trials, and combat, and had a very similar set of emotional reactions. An outpouring to these experiences. Many of these men in the antebellum era had been very disinclined to talk to other men, and indeed, anybody but their wives about these inner feelings. But what we see in these slivers of evidence is that veterans are talking to each other in the postwar period through these letters. Its not as vibrant. Those that survived or extremely suggestive. They are turning back to their wartime experiences. I shared earlier several examples of the severe trauma that soldiers had adored. We see these threads ticked up in the postwar era. One north carolinian, walter clark, says no one can imagine anything like it, referring to battle, unless he has been in one. Suggesting to their family that essentially they can fully understand whether this is right or wrong. We know as scholars that civilians and your horrible traumas during the conflict. They thought that their families could not extend not understand their wartime experiences. The same men that they had in many cases fought and slept with throughout years of combat. One example, an individual is writing to his friend in this evocative language. He says sometimes in my sleep, my mind wanders to the sad battlefield. I lie down in the lines, have frightened, expecting at any moment the command of forward smith experienced these night terrors, and thought out others to see if they too had similar experiences. Indeed, as he found, some suggested that they had similar experiences. In the process 40 and era the postfreudian era we might say, ptsd. The way you do with this is through respondents with the Commanding Officer and with other soldiers. You see this very rigid strange throughout the late 1960s, early 1870s in which smith is trying to seek out anyone possible to talk about these experiences. Just to parse out these feelings and see if he can somehow make sense of it. If he can lend meaning to it. In some cases he is successful. What this suggests is that there is a profound transformation to his experience, the southern men experience. Theyre looking at other southern men in unique ways. They are disclosing themselves in very unique ways that i would say are not probable or even possible in the antebellum era. These socalled emotional communities that exist among veterans are a means by which many of these men begin to make sense of the war and tried to navigate the postbellum era. Has a host of trials for these veterans. This forbidding the near of the closed forbidding the near forbidding veneer of this closed southern culture. Southern men sought out veterans to express and examine their new emotions. In many instances, the men that were the most acceptable, the ones that would understand best are other confederate veterans. Indid you find any ways which those expressions changed over time . I think that many men, by the 1880s, discontinue their private writings and are more apt to publish memoirs, regimental histories that we see today. Period between 1865 and the late 1870s is the most interesting, or the emotions are most raw, where the reactions are most visceral. Whereas by the 1880s, you still see the remnants of that trauma, but the language has been tempered, it is a period in which the lost cause is flourishing. Theres a lot more political motivation behind the public discourse. As a private one, not as interested. That private discussion more or less is discontinued by the 1880s. They are just getting quite old or not willing to correspond. Brian is going to take us in a different direction. He is going to talk about the question, what does it mean to historians when we focus our attention on those that are disabled and damaged . Decided83, new orleans to hold an event that was advertised in the local newspapers as a corralling of the cripples. City officials would move through the streets of the French Quarter and pick up all the disabled bakers, including dozens of disabled veterans that had no economic choice but to beg. They then placed them all in the shakespeare alms house. The wealthy residents and those tourists who had visited the city on regular basis had become shocked, disgusted, and second by the sight of men exposing their wounds, their deformities, their empty sleeves in order to secure a few nickels. New orleans was not alone in enacting these bigger laws. Cities across the south removed physically damaged men from public view that had few financial opportunities. For thousands of confederate veterans who lost a limb or suffered from a severe injury, a corralling marked only one of the arduous tasks that emerged in the transition from the military in cap meant to the homestead. Injured confederate veterans returned to a society that had been accustomed to judging the disabled as unmanly, as the pristine mill physiques had marked southern messerli. Southern masculinity. Americans upheld the beauty of the healthy white body and for witness to what they would define as they gawked in horror at the site shows, fat ladies, conjoined twins, and those who had been born without arms or legs. For years prior to the american civil war, damaged and disabled bodies had been relegated to hidden spaces, hospitals, prisons, and sideshow attraction pens all across the south. But now the end of the war meant that for numerous communities, they would now view these agitated man on it these amputated men on a daily basis. It made them torn. A cloud of defeat hung over the minds who asked if the physical sacrifice exhibited by the heart hand of war had been worth it. Disabled men found few economic gratuities in a world rooted in physical labor. One man noted after months seeking work, he felt like the entire south had a giant sign hanging up that said no maimed veteran need apply. The struggles i describe jhere clash with our perceived understanding of veterans. And the cause movements that crystallized for veterans did their darndest to accentuate the manly honor that all that fought had been worth it. Monuments proclaimed that this was a group of honorable men, not broken men, and that these are very real challenges in terms of understanding the entire experience of all veterans. But even some historians have been uncomfortable in recognizing the place of damage and disillusioned veterans. We are not here to tell you that every single confederate veteran returned home damaged in some way. Some lives very normal lives. At the same time, we cannot discount or discredit the existence of these men in society. Their plate which dictate their plight would dictate how the south deals with the price of defeat. The pensions filed across the former confederacy reveal an entire generation of men physically and economically suffering. Even if you did one level deeper and go to the governors papers of many Southern States, you will find numerous letters from amputated and physically suffering men begging for help. Give me something, because i have served this state during the war. These soldiers who came home bearing this phenomenon of a missing limb will create a permanent class of disabled and diseased men. The gallic sisters of citizens who now have to process their place in a society so long rooted in the physical and mental body. Disabled men were thrown back to their families to deal with the emotional rigors of life. The dimmest veterans remained damaged veterans remained dependent on society to accept them once again has honorable men, even if labor was no longer in the cards for supporting a family with diminished economic prospects. The limbless would turn to the government, who haphazardly and reluctantly agreed to extend the aid in the form of tensions, prosthetic limbs, land grants, educational opportunities, and even a spot in veterans homes. The very existence of these disabled man in the south forces a cultural reconstruction. One in which the broken body would eventually be honored, and one in which the physical and psychological sacrifices of a veteran population demanded a reconsideration of a government that would now allow for a class of dependent citizens who could even still be seen as manly in their dependence, even one that could give a pound of flesh in the cause of the american civil war. Have, asestion that i someone that also writes about damaged men returning home, how do you navigate that tricky word, victim . How do you write about these men empathetically, but also recognizing that they are deserving of all the humanity and dignity that we can give them . Orthat is difficult thread, needle to thread here. These stories are difficult to digest. This was a difficult project, and im sure you experienced the same thing. Its hard not to read a pension file filled with a long paragraph of a man explaining his graphic injury in details. And hes doing it just so he can prove that he can get some money for a prosthetic limb. It was on the burden of the individual to prove that he had lost that limb in battle rather than in an industrial accident, or had been born with a deformity. As you gather these tales, you have to step back to look at the larger picture. There is a reason that disabled history isnt at the forefront of our historical studies. Its difficult to comprehend. It doesnt always neatly fit the narrative of the return home of the veteran. In many ways, it is a necessary one. One that enriches and deepens our understanding of the war. Without uplifting panel [laughter] i think i would like to turn it over to you all to ask questions of these interesting oh boy, lots of questions. Okay. Aboutve learned alcoholism and drug abuse. I know some military historians have even criticized the socalled dark turn in Civil War History. Im wondering how do you respond to that . What do you think is the place of this in historiography . David . [laughter] we are not all that dark, we are lively and fun guys, display what we read about. We have received some criticism on the market aspects on the morbid aspects of the veteran experience. If we end the soldiers story in 1855 and dont look afterwards, we are distorting the experiences of hundreds of thousands of soldiers. Minorith fairly consequences of war, and some with enormous consequences. Theirer to respect experience we have to explore these narratives. The other thing we are doing is, there is a narrative embedded in the lost cause of the confederate soldier who comes back almost triumphant and unbroken. We need to recognize that that myth of the lost cause is only hiding the large part of the truth. I would add to that, one thing to keep in mind, and why this doctrine has happened is because of the digit ideation why this dark turn has happened because of the digitization of records. They have become much easier to access for historians. In some cases, states have medical holds or psychological holes on records starting to lift because so much time has passed. These records are enormously rich. They are detailing a level of suffering decades after the war. The Pension Program does not come into place until 1912. Youre talking about several decades where these men are still writing about the constant physical pain they are having from their indicated limbs, from their feet that have been damaged from marching during the war, that they no longer can work. Their life has been consumed by a deeper level of suffering. The economic commitment that Southern State governments will have to put forward to take care of these men and widows, and orphaned children i think demands an exploration of these studies. It has a profound impact, at least in terms of southern culture. If i could add, one of the criticisms is that by overemphasizing, and i think that is the way it has been characterized, the dark side, that we run the risk of blurring atypical experiences suicide, trumpet, amputation, that we some how blur the typical experiences from the normal toll the atypical experiences from the normative ones. We dont know what the atypical experience is. I read this fascinating essay on chamberlain. ,his is the guy, hes normal hes great. He came back and was president of the college. But if you read the article, you realize the rest of his life, he suffered physically and mentally. It affected his family and almost cost him his marriage. That would be my response. Any comments on confederate deserters, of which there were many . Deserters. Any comments about deserters . How they were treated when they came home . I think it depends on when you deserted. If were talking about the end of the war, is interesting to note, i focus on the formal ceremonies. Not every confederate soldier ended at appomattox. Those whose units were dispersed in other places; in order to not appear like they were deserting, they left in military order together. In a way that almost anticipates what you are finding, that they are using their Community Experience in wartime as a martial host to han dle this transformation into peacetime. If you left camp alone, you are a deserter. If you left camp with your company, you are not. I would add that desertion comes to a price. When you apply for a pension or prosthetic limb, oyyou had to prove that you left the army and an honorable fashion. If you do not have the paperwork, your pension application would be denied. Im the defendant of two descendent of two confederate veterans wounded in the war. Prior to the war, both were farmers. My question to you, has there been another study about returning veteran farmers . In those years, farming was such a difficult thing to do physically when you were whole and healthy. Many were expected to be farmers when they were not whole and healthy. That seems like a special subgroup. I wonder if anyone has looked at that. You have done a little bit with farmers, right . One anecdote i can tell you, there was a case of a farmer that returns home and is missing two limbs. His wife takes him out every morning and ties into the t ies him to the bow, and uses that to guide him forward. Most accounts are for those amputees that try to form in some capacity. Most are unsuccessful. This is why they were demanding prostaglandins, just to at least demanding prosthetic limbs, just to move around the field. There were studies on agriculture itself. I am much or how deep they have gone in postwar veteran issues. In a book referenced earlier, take care of the living, jeff deals with economic retirement from 18601870 in pennsylvania county, virginia. It could give you an indepth view of one countys experience with agriculture and farming. Jeffs book would be able to answer that in some capacity at least. Thank you. Im from oxford, ohio. Probably a psychological and medical question. You undoubtedly looked at the same group, or a large grou p of returning northern soldiers facing the same circumstances. Do you have any percentages that southern soldiers were worse off psychologically or better off, or somewhere in between than those from the north . And two, what was the result of amputations in terms of what both governments did for both sides, in that medical situation . Jim martin will be here tomorrow, i believe. She can talk about the union side. The postbellum south is not a great place to gather statistical data for lots of reasons. But they did not tend to keep Vital Statistics into the 20th century. Lots of records did not survive the war. Its impossible to answer that question from a statistical point of view. I was trying to implicitly argue, the conditions after the war were so far worse in the south. And the support was not there for southerners. Brian might take issue with that, because he makes the argument that things were not great for the northerners e ither. What about the medical treatment for both, and how those horribly disfigured people were handled from one end of the country to the other . There are a variety of experiences. The other government have a structure in place the nort hern government has a prosthetic limb structure in place. Southern states have to rely on benevolent care. Organizations use private donations to gather funds to collect prosthetic limbs. Then it is up to the individual states because private soldiers benefitsd from federal from the 14th amendment. Y had toent the document that they had lost a limb in service . That would be a good question for jim at 9 00 a. M. [laughter] can he shout that out from the audience . I think you had to establish. There were questions about how the wound was affected. From the standpoint of suicide and substance abuse, do you have a rough ballpark. Stimate of the percentages the number of those that were affected . A rough estimate . No. [laughter] you just cant. Its just too difficult. The northern records; anybody who has worked in the official records, there is no analog for the confederacy. Unfortunately, it is a lot more anecdotal. They dont identify a silent while theres as veterans. Identify asylum dwellers as veterans. It is very cumbersome. With suicide data today, even now its bad. Trying to get good numbers and do comparisons between different dates the data isnt as good as we think it is. Doing this in the 19th century makes it 10 times harder. The data isnt good. But those in the north and south recognize that something is happening. Suicide epidemics. They are aware that something is happening with veterans and entire communities in the postwar period. About robert e lee. Written,ago a book was the lee family found a chest full of letters that lee had written after the war. So the author put a lot of stuff in the book, took it to the lee family, end they wanted them to take it out. He survived the World Without any battle injuries. The question is, somebody like him who is welleducated, who had a lot of responsibility wasa lowly private there any way to tell if the education of the person or insibility they had ifost asked the authored property lee suffered from ptsd, and you said she was not a psychiatrist. And she said she was not a psychiatrist. Can education make a difference . In my own work of suicide, i taking places among common soldiers all the way to officers. I think there were a variety of triggers that are different, right . I have the one story of a virginia cavalry officer who basically had a breakdown before a battle. He basically became incapacitated. That as a military officer he was leading his men down. His company realized that he was ill and started leaving him back home to petersburg, when an route, he got a hold of a himself. Id killed think is motivation was different from an ordinary soldier who would have taken his life. David i think trying to figure out which soldiers end up with ptsd is difficult today. Soldierlways tell which will respond differently to the trauma of war, and complex ways that we cant figure out. Let alone figure out for someone that is been dead for 150 years. War tended to be associated with trauma. Being a prisoner of war was particularly dramatic, particularly in the conflict. Losing a limb is extraordinarily dramatic. The other thing important to recognize his the communities after the war, their ability to have fellow soldiers to talk about experiences with, their families, those that seems to be most likely to gravitate toward Suicidal Ideation chain to be ideation tend to be those who are isolated. Those work in conjunction with each other. Ihave a question about alcoholism. Can it be cured . Are there a number of alcoholics that left the asylum during their lives . Alcoholics . Anyone want to tackle that . Caregivers, medical in the 19th century conflated causes and symptoms. More often than not, if somebodys behavior was aberrational or erratic, it would be associated with alcoholism. It would go no further. They would not look at service in the military as an excellent nation. As a explanation. Quite a few were abusing alcohol or opium. The psychological framework that they work in is a freudian one. If we look at somebody that is struggling with alcoholism or Suicidal Ideation or depression or what have you, we tend to think, what happened to this person earlier in their lives that led them to this place . In the 19thcentury, they asked, what happened to them that morning that led them to that place . The idea that something could affect somebody 2030 years later that idea did not exist yet. On kinds of for mental issues, the asylum model was to put somebody in a bucolic setting and hope that made them better. Treatment was very limited. The only treatment they really was the extent to which you restrain patients and asylums. Is it better for them to kill themselves, or struck them selves to a chair all day . Those in a good choices those are not good choices for doctors to make. With the panel contrast the experience of white veterans in the south africanamericans that came back from war service with the union army . There is an interesting thing that happens with suicide in the 19th century. Before the civil war in the south, suicide is associated with slavery. It was thought to be something that slaves do. It does not mean that white people dont do. What happened in some ways, that flips. Suicide becomes associated with whiteness and not associated with africanamericans. The best piece of evidence i have is in photo lineup, in North Carolina, there were 2 whi te asylums and 1 black asylum. The black asylums, if you read read the records, they say year after year, we have lots of patience, but none are suicidal. They have pretty racist ideas about why that is. One africanamerican patient finally commits suicide. The exclamation indian will report is, the exclamation in the annual report is, hes bla ck, but he was very white skinned, so he doesnt count. Hung himself before daybreak, looked almost white. That is cultural perception rather than reality. The ways in those traumas are processed by communities are different. We have time for one more question. I to not want a question. I just want to commend the question was raised about the dark turn. I really find these panels, the work being done, so and lightning. As so enlightening. Have recordse now that are being opened up. We can tell the stories of those forgotten people. Like in the earlier days we looked at the freelance records from a maryland. You simulatedy the recordkeeping is so difficult. But nonetheless, you are turning up stories. And these stories are not meant to take away or rob the honor of those who thought, returned, and restored the nation. Is nevertheless their stories that deserve an equal voice. Maybe we can reconstruct their lives. So thank you all. [applause] one more question. Fight it out. Rock, paper, scissors. All these injuries or invitations are chronic. You can see chronic illness and an amputated vet. I read a paper in 2000 on the history of transmitted diseases from 1860 to the present in the military. I have written about his was from a urologic cause. One had developed gonorrhea on the way, and suffered from the rest of his life. He was killed at petersburg. The effects were very longlasting. Last question . Were out of time. When i looked into the descriptions of the degree of social reform during the civil somaticated to experiences if i came in the middle of the conflict and didnt know what war you were talking about, i would think you were talking about vietnam or iraq. My feeling generally that there is a great similarity in t soliderthe results any weve been in than differences. There is a uniqueness going on. I think there is a great degree onople who resemble those shelters on the streets right now. Suicide, all of that. We should you look at the uniqueness of the experience. I think there is a lot more similarity. Right, i think that is what a lot or people see. There are a lot more similarities than people saw at one point. Thanks to all of our panelists. We will see you after dinner. [applause] will come back to Gettysburg College for reconstruction and the legacy of the civil war and about one hour and 15 minutes. After the break, we will hear from a panel of historians on the origins of the lost cause. In the meantime, a recent program from her series on the presidency. The topic is Thomas Jefferson and the election of 1800. To hear from a man that was an ardently one of the leading scholars of that fascinating figures. Andrew osng about at thesy where he works Thomas Jefferson foundation. We are truly honored to have him here this evening. He is the winner of innumerable prizes. The New York Historical society book price. The George Washington book price. An board from the society of military history, among other book honors. He has authored old world, new world america and the age of jefferson. And the many who lost america. Let me conclude with a personal note, which is to say that im often asked, due to my job title, who i think was the best president. Im also asked, who was the best ambitious, the most talented, the most influential, and the most interesting president . I note know quite i dont know quite how to answer that except that jefferson hits all bars. Which is why i am pleased to have a man who can tell us why jefferson was just that influential, interesting, and important. Join me in welcoming andrew o shaugnessy. Think jeffrey engel, the george w. Bush library, and the center for president ial studies for this invitation. It was particularly welcome because this was a sort of homecoming. I relies from my accent, that might sound somewhat odd. I actually had my very first academic post in the United States as interesting professor at as a visiting professor as t smu. It is the source of a lot of fond memories. I particularly look back on my undergraduate professor from oxford who wanted to visit smu while i was here. He said he wanted me to be his tour manager. He does want to see the city he didnt want to see the city, or any cities, he wanted to see something that was remote and rural. [laughter] i have not explored, but it had occurred to me that we would choose granbury. The reason for that is i found the guidebook which said it had dinosaur footprints. [laughter] and i certainly knew nowhere in england thats got dinosaur footprints. So that sounded very neat. We went to granbury. I know it is changed a lot, but the local shop is selling postcards that i swear were in sepia tint. [laughter] we went to, what was called in the 1940s and 1950s a photo fountain. Walkedy behind the bar locked u up, and he lent forward and said, you are not from around here, are you . [laughter] and we said, no. He said, you are from out east. [laughter] and we said we were. And he smiled with a toothless grin and said, you are from east texas. [laughter] and my barber used to welcome me here at the student union, he would welcome me to the United States of texas. This was my initiation into texas history. I have always after that visited the texan embassy in london, which is just a restaurant off trafalgar square. And it wasnt very good. [laughter] its best to be part of a federal union. Regardedion of 1800 is as the first and the modern history of the west where power changed hands peacefully from one party to another. I thought having grown up outside the United States, this is undoubtedly wrong. Because the british had elections, and had them since the middle ages. Truth that no government ever changed hands because of an election . And it helps that 1 5th of the members in the house of commons were chosen by a king, they owed patronage to the king. The king had to be in agreement on whoever was prime minister. That an election could weaken or strengthen the government, but did not change the government. The main thing was that it was peaceful. It was a very close run. The fact is that the candidate was not decided until a week before the inauguration. Ofes monroe as governor virginia, and thomas mckeen as governor of pennsylvania, ordered their militias to be armed while the outcome was in doubt. There were instances of violence. John adams worried about the possibility of civil war. I know that when jeffrey planned this, it was partly to coincide with the exhibit in the president ial library, which i hope to see tomorrow, on the path to the presidency. I am sure he was not unaware that we would be in the middle of a buildup to a president ial election. He could not have known quite how exciting, if thats the word you want to use [laughter] it would be. He certainly knows that we are in a time of real polarization. Ughti dont know if he tho the parties themselves would be polarized in almost a symmetric movement. Two candidates that had not traditionally been part of those parties opposing real challenges. Parties posing real challenges. He wanted me to partly regale of with a Smear Campaign 1800 to an antidote to what happenes in 2016. It is worth remembering that it is indeed politics as usual. I wanted to give you somewhat of a perspective on this election. Currently that the candidates, there has never been a period where sony biographies of appeared where so many biographies have appeared. One professor in columbia calls it chic, the number of biographies that have emerged. The fact that we now have incredibly popular musical on ton, for itsil a couple thousand dollars per ticket if you want to go without having an advanced booking. Of the biography of hamilton. It has to be said that it is jeffersons opponents that are now most popular john adams. Hamilton as seen by ron turner i think this is healthy. Have gainedthat we by the visions and legacies of people from both sides of the political aisle. But the problem with a lot of modern work is that the writers parachute is to do what biographers tend to do, look at it from the perspective of their particular candidate. In other words, instead of having a perspective to hundred 16 years later, we got a perspective from 1800. If one looks at this election from the eyes of hamilton, one sees jefferson as this very insidious mucky valine insidious machiavellian figure. Books in the 1940s and 1950s, you would have gotten an equally negative view of hamilton and adams, who were, not without reason, were seen as highly elitist. When someone said to hamilton talked about the majesty of the people, hamilton replied the people are a beast. Do is to give you before i give you the smear and what you really want to hear, is to give you some ways to think about this election. I think it can help you understand a lot about the actors on both sides. Most important, and i think much neglected aspect of this period is that today we regard a one party system as antithetical. We joke about the democratic republics in Eastern Europe during the soviet period. But we should remember that the founders of all Political Parties in fact believed that america would be a one party country. When washington created his first, it was intended to embrace individuals of all political stripes and capture the mood of the nation. They were revolutionaries. This was 1968. They believed that individuals would put aside their selfinterest and put the common good, and that there would be a real consensus. That is very important because it means the whole idea of opposition was inanimate. It was true in both britain and in america. The idea of an Opposition Party was simply synonymous with faction, with troublemaking. The problem for jefferson and James Madison was defined a way to legitimately oppose the governing party. Find a new language of politics. In written, that was quite easy. In to britain, that was quite easy. The way they expressed themselves was to align themselves to the air of the throne. They could seem to be loyal to the king. In leister square, they would gather to oppose the government. In america, there was no instrument t oppose the governmento, which is why it looks so insidious. Jefferson should probably be remembered as the originator of the party system. But he would to test the idea would detest the idea that this was his legacy. He himself said, if i could go to heaven only with a party, i would not go at all. This is also the period called he basically dated that up to Andrew Jackson by namesake. The fact is that candidates were not to appear to be running at all. They were not to appear to want office. They were not to want to to appear to be ambitious. So we have this pretense that no one is running. The most ridiculous example is the only previous real election, which is 1796, in which jefferson wrote to friends that he had not even been consulted about standing as a president ial candidate, and then in his letter, he crossed out the word consulted and put, not with his consort, whatever that might mean. In other words, it was a pretense that candidates were not running, and jefferson especially, none of the smears came from the candidates, for the most part. And jefferson was the most extreme. He never responded to criticism. He never engaged in the polemics and confrontation. It was all done by third parties. Another feature of this period we need to think about is the rise in power that the media, namely, newspapers. Newspapers were being, 100 newspapers in 1790. By 1800, there were 260. The way you sold newspapers was the way you attract audiences to television now. That is to attract as much scholarly, control 30, negativity, to create excitement, to engage your readers. So the candidates themselves were not engaging in thus your campaigns, the newspapers often with anonymous contributors were encouraging it. That is why this is a particularly negative campaign. Another important feature related to the newspapers was this, this is the period that sees the rise of Public Opinion and direct appeals from the public. Historically, more fashionably speaking, the rise of the public sphere. Voter turnout is increasing during this period. The election of 1800 represents at all times high in terms of the number of people who actually voted. Finally, the reason that this is such a bitter election is that the American Revolution is not over. It was still very much recent. There was a feeling on both sides the opposing party was going to destroy the legacy of the American Revolution. This was why they sound so urgent on this matter. The federalists thought that jefferson and the republicans would create positions of anarchy. And the jeffersonian party, the republicans, they thought the federalists would create a tyranny. This was in neither way absurd. Most revolutions failed. They had every reason to be worried. Most revolutions and in tyranny in a military coup or in anarchy, much like the arab spring. As you can imagine, given what i described, conditions were toxic by the elections of 1800. It was made so by a number of issues that had arisen since the first party of George Washington. The divide over state issues, and especially Alexander Hamiltons economic program. Hamilton admired the british. He had grown up in the british caribbean. He has seen probably the greatest expression of british power, which is the british fleet, which appeared off the coast of the island, would have been larger in terms of the number of men on board those ships in the largest city in america. Henry knox, when he sat the number one broadway in the summer of 1776 with his wife and looked out to brooklyn, and the appearance of the british fleet looked like a great forest had appeared off of new york. It was very impressive. What hamilton was really impressed by was that the british were a small country who had a punch well above their size, and he attribute that to the Financial System in britain. And most historians today would agree with him. What really made britain work was that they largely borrowed and copied from the dutch. National bank, still today the bank of england, a credit system, paper money. The government was able to borrow money in wartime rather than increase taxes, and this is why the british were able to defeat a country like france. During the American Revolution, the british, despite the fact that they had a Huge National debt, much larger in proportion to gnp than that modern National Debt of the United States, three or four times as large, nevertheless, they stayed stable. There is the french government and bankrupt as a result of the American Revolution, leading to the french revolution. So hamilton wanted to copy the idea of a national bank. He wanted the bank to assume the state debt. And he had a vision for creating a National Economic system. Jefferson and the republicans were very dubious, but jefferson certainly early on, when both of them were both members of George Washingtons cabinet, looked to compromise, they have the famous dinner in which they agreed that the capital would be in washington dc, and that the government would assume the state debt. But from that moment onward, the differences between the two of them began to emerge. What really drove the party apart would be Foreign Affairs and the outbreak of french revolution that coincided washingtons inauguration the same year, the first government. Initially, americans generally were excited by the french revolution. It seems to be a replica of their own revolution. But gradually, those who would be known as the federalists of john adams, at least under hamilton become wary. It was to radical, especially the execution of the king, which even thomas payne condemned, but more especially the execution of many of the elite. It started to make some really fearful that the french revolution would spread, would be a revolution from below. That this would lead to worse conditions in america. This became more extreme with the outbreak of war between britain and france in 1793. The british started to seize goods they had the largest navy, they started to seize american shipping. They started to divide over foreign policy, generally the federalists were very probritish and regarded britain as their natural economic partner, and jefferson and his followers were very distrustful of britain, thinking britain would draw america into a neocolonial situation, and initially, they remain more tolerant of development in france, even though jefferson ultimately became disenchanted by the french revolution. He supported it much longer than adams and others. It did not help that the french, and 1793, sent over a repetitive representative who started to appeal over the president and even appeal congress directly to the people to encourage the creation of a radical republican class. That only fed into federalists fears of anarchy. Jefferson resigned as secretary of state, and this is the first indication this is going to be a party system. As early as two years before that, hamilton was already describing him as the head of a party. Later in life could not help observing jefferson that by resigning, going back to monte carlo, sometimes called his first retirement, jefferson was freeing himself from any criticism while anyone else in the fray, everyone else was suffering from Smear Campaigns. Jefferson was able to stay above politics. For the most part, madison led the opposition in congress, but jefferson was the one from monticello corresponding with all of his friends who is essentially providing the leadership. Essentially, tensions mounted. When the Washington Administration made a treaty with britain in 1794, the jay treaty, republicans regarded it as much too much to britain. They did not see it, thank you very much out, whereas britain got a most favored nature, most favored trading status with america, while it still would not admit american ships and american trade to many of its ports, including most importantly, the british west indies. John jay negotiated that treaty and when he got back to america, said i feel myself for the energy everywhere i have went. That essentially led the french, who were still technically in a treaty of alliance with america since the middle of the American Revolutionary war in 1778, and led the french to now start to also capture american shipping. They took over 300 ships in the next couple of years. And this, of course, build up the federalists opposition to the french. John adams, who succeeded washington as president , attempted really to be moderate, to negotiate and he sends people over to france to negotiate. They were basically rebuffed. In fact, the agents were asked to give bribes to their french counterparts, who are only identified into the medic corresponds, names not identified, they are called x, y, and z. This outraged american opinion, even among republicans, that the United States would be so rebuffed. And there was talk of actual war with france. It becomes known that the quality of war, the government and the federalists are nervous, even more now at the possibility of desertion by supporters of the french revolution. And they pass the alien and tradition acts, which galvanized republicans. They were some of the most extreme measures limiting freedom of speech, allowing the government to imprison journalists who invariably were republican journalists, extending the time it took to be actualized as american citizens from five years to 14 years. There were largely hit groups leaving the rebellion in 1798, trying to be radical. And those were likely to support the Republican Party, it was taken very personally by the republicans. So by 1798, jefferson was writing to his daughter martha, and he said politics and party hatred destroy the happiness of every being here. It seems like salamanders who consider fire as their element. The candidates in 1800, as you know, before the fourth amendment, they did not distinguish between the president and the Vice President. Again because no one was ever considering a party system. It was a deficiency of the constitution. And so, the expectation was that the best man would win. They could never conceive that people would be running on the same ticket, that you might have a tie between the president and the Vice President. The four candidates or john adams, who was the oldest at 65, highly experienced from being ambassador in london. He was the Vice President. Thomas jefferson, who had held state and national office. It had not been known until the 1790s that jefferson, the author of the acquisition of independence, precisely because of these rivalries, jefferson now started to advertise that fact. Their running mates were not people either the two leading candidates would have necessarily chosen. They were chosen for strategic reasons not because of any friendship or because of admiration. Jefferson chose aaron burr who was the only candidate of all of these that read about the idea of election hearing. Those not above going to the roughest taverns in new york, printing tickets and getting into the dirt of policy. We of course think of him today very much a maverick. That was not entirely apparent at the time. The fact is, as we will see, he was a crucial figure securing the allimportant state of new york for the republicans. Charles hinckley it was president ial candidate three times and probably the least known of all of the names. The key aspect to him is entirely british educated. He has an elite british education and was a marvelous example of how probritish the federalists were. He went to Westminster School which when he went there, was easily the equal, none better eaton. George the third gave them patronage. And he wento oxford in the middle temple, the only kind of law school at his time. He had entirely trained in england and he expressed a lot of what the republicans most contested. Detested. Itself was not decided on a single day in november, it went on for over one year. As i said earlier, it was only fully decided a week before the actual inauguration, which i think is an alltime record. The campaigning was done by proxy not by the candidates themselves other than aaron burr waswas, in Neither Party there a Central Campaign headquarters. More importantly, the president was not directly elected by the people originally under the constitution. It was through the Electoral College, which of course still exists. There were 16 states and 11 of the states chose their delegates through the legislature and only five of the states had popular elections but delegates. Normally, if you are teaching a class it is become more interesting with the whole debate about delegates and conventions within the party. Clearly, Electoral College is different from the party conventions, but it is still exactly the same issue popularly elected delegates and delegates doing what constituents asked them to do and delegates making decisions in their own right which is what they did in this case. Three of the states essentially different districts elected their own delegates, including maryland and vermont, but most of these days were winner take all. Virginia, up until 1800, has been dubbed in one of the first small moves of monroe on jeffersons behalf was the way virginia elected its delegates, because the federalists were making ground in virginia. If it had not been a winner take all, they would have taken some delegates from virginia. Adams had only won the election by a small margin. Small margins were going to be critical. In the early 1800s, virginia switched to winner take all, which guarantees that jefferson would be the candidate. The critical one was in march of 1800 in new york which of been critical to john adams victory. New york, which was critical to john adams victory. It was aaron burr who pulled it off. Adams knew that he had lost new york. For him, he had to win South Carolina. Hinckley. Choice of candidates needed to bridge the sectional lines of the country. They needed a candidate in the north and in the south. The other major issue was that the Federalist Party was becoming increasingly split. Adams had never been popular with his own party. Even if you read the biography you will realize he is a rather complicated figure, not a public figure, not at ease in public and was regarded to moderate by the high federalists, the extremist in his party, especially alexander hamilton. People in new england wanted to see it much more hostile stance towards france. During this election, adams really starts to split. Hamilton behind the scenes, who was not a candidate that has been a major figure, hamilton was really working to get Charles Pinkley elected rather than adams. The Republican Party did not want to get burr elected, sort of an accident that he ended up tied. They really wanted the high federalists wanted to see pinckney rather than adams. As adams said, the party committed suicide and then they blamed me for being the executioner. The agenda, jefferson more clearly than the federalists articulate what it was about test articulated what it was about. He was not giving speeches but did it through correspondence. It had become clear what the republicans were about. First and foremost, he wanted more cuts in the government. He wanted a balanced budget. He emphasized the importance of free speech against the sedition act. He wanted to shrink the size of the army and navy which is pretty incredible because the army and navy, in terms of the cost to america represented 1 24 of what british taxpayers are paying for their army. Jefferson said it is great expenses in which it will implicate us and will grind us with burden and sink us under them. He argued, if you have a big military, youre much more likely to go to war. What is also interesting about this election is that they have targeted campaigns and that is partly because it was organized on a local level, so different parties used different appeals in different areas, something that we have caught up again within the last couple of decades, especially. In the south, the federalists in new england were antislavery that in the south the response to the haitian revolution, they slave rebellion was to argue that this was the result of the french revolution. When a slave rebellion broke out in virginia in 1800 of called gabrielles rebellion, they said this is the result of the french revolution, whereas in england, they said this is bad. In South Carolina, they condemned jefferson for even talking to benjamin danica, the black mathematician. He was one of the people who worked on washington, d. C. I promised you before i ended the Smear Campaign and give you some examples of the smears i must indulge you, as i intended. Jefferson always describes his opponents as monographs, aristocrats and he said he was representing the spirit of 1776. This is how one of his newspapers describes john adams. A hideous character that is neither the boldness of man or the sensibility of woman. They nicknamed in, the duke of rotundary. R lord they regarded him as pompous. It has to be said, adams was set on what titles should be used in america and utterly disapproved we should talk about mr. President rather than his excellency. Adams had gotten along with george iii and later later in life, reprimanded him for calling george iii a tyrant. They called jefferson a meanspirited, the son of a halfbreed indian squaw. The popular attack on jefferson essentially, several strategies. One was to link him with the radicalism of the french revolution. You have writing in the connecticut papers saying murder robbery, rape and incest will be openly that the and be practiced. The soil will be soaked with blood and the nation black with crimes. Another newspaper warned people to prepare to see your dwellings in slaves, female chastity violated. Or children arriving on the pipe. On the pipe. Those in virginia writing in jeffersons local papers, fellow citizens, vote for mr. Jefferson. He will cure all of our disorders, relieve us of taxes, make us as rich and prefers the topestuous sea of liberty the storm of revolution. He will turn your army in navy adrift. All of the federal officers, he will play the devil with the damn banks. The funding system, the daynard democracy. He will put a stop to commerce and will introduce a new order of things such as one that will make every demo happy, no doubt. Another attack was jeffersons religious belief, that he was an atheist and an infidel and that america would cease to be godly. Jefferson praying to the god of reason and jefferson sacrificing dogs. There was a newspaper editorial that had the headline, the grand question stated. The only question to be asked to every american, laying his hand on his heart is, shell i continue allegiance to god or declare with jefferson, no god. Jefferson had written a letter to an italian in 1796, which was meant to be a private letter in which he criticized the government and by implication, George Washington. The letter had some Strong Language and he said that people had been sampsons in the field and solomons and counsel and it had their head shorn. By that