Anyway, that was after reading to appomattox, the only book we had to learn from. I was trying to figure out how the armies actually got around from Sailors Creek in this area where most of the heavy fighting takes place. I remember the editor of the Farmville Herald some historian asked him how the troops got from highbridge to farmville they were wanting to know. I remember he said it would take a philadelphia lawyer to figure out how the armies got through this area. Im not from philadelphia but i think ive figured it out. Would you speak on major henry young . Chris henry young was in the second rhode island infantry. Another thing the Union Cavalry used on this campaign and tracy ably talked about what the Union Cavalry was at this point of the war, they wore confederate uniforms and took the persona of i think they took the ninth virginia cavalry, fake southern accents, and what they would do is they would ride into the confederate line of march. They would tell the teamsters go water the mules or the horses. As much as they could, interrupt the line of march of the Confederate Army. Over here at namozine church, a cavalry under general rufus behringer made a stand at the church. They were pushed back by custers cavalry. As they fell back they ran into this group of masquerading confederate cavalry who proceeded to capture general rufus behringer. He becomes the first confederate general to be taken prisoner on this campaign. You had these Union Soldiers dressed as confederates and they were spies. Did that answer your question . That entered my question. Chris tomorrow we will go into greater detail on the battles. In fact, somebody told me that pat was telling me some of the media was writing about this seminar. They noticed that it was listed as the battle of Sailors Creek and thought that that was an error. As you will find out tomorrow it was not. And those who have not been, i see a lot of people who have been out to Sailors Creek, he we will go out there and see the new museum and go to the house which has been restored. Thank you, chris. [applause] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2015] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] live coverage of the u. S. House on cspan and the senate on cspan2 on cspan3 we show you the most relevant congressional hearings. On weekends, cspan3 has the home to American History tv. Including six series, the civil wars anniversary, visiting battlefields, american artifacts, touring museums to discover what artifacts reveal, history bookshelf with bestknown American History writers, the presidency, looking at the policies of commanders in chief, lectures and history with top College Professors and our new series raieal america. Cspan3, created by the cable tv industry and funded by your local cable or satellite provider. Watch us in hd, like us on facebook and follow us on twitter. This year, cspan is touring cities across the country exploring American History. Next, a look at our recent victory to also, oklahoma. You are watching American History tv. All weekend, every weekend on cspan3. The Africanamerican Community here in tulsa was started by a real estate person from arkansas. His name was old w gurley. He bought 40plus acres in this area in early 21st century, and he began to develop this area, selling real estate to individual blacks who wanted to own property. The historic greenwood area is the area where he bought this property. It became known as the black wall street because of the number of Business Developers and entrepreneurs that came to because although blacks were not allowed to work in the oil fields, there was a lot of opportunity for those people who worked for the wealthier people who were in the oil business and so there was a lot of promise. Good jobs. Good paying jobs. The people took advantage of it. In the greenwood area, you have doctors. You have lawyers. You have pharmacists. You have educators, just anything that went into sustaining a quality of life for a community could be found in the greenwood area. That was the origin of people looking for opportunities. There was land available here in tulsa. Subsequently, it just flourished, and when they arrested this young man for this alleged assault on the elevator in this Downtown Department store, word got around that they were going to lynch him, and quite naturally, the community said, no, there isnt going to be a lynching. The first night, they went down, and nothing happened, but the second night they went down, a shot was fired. From that, the melee started. I mean, chaos just broke out everywhere. As a result, the whole greenwood area was burned to the ground. The only building left standing was the high school. That is where the red cross director who was sent from st. Louis set up the aid station that was set up by the red cross. The aftermath of that was that people did not have any place to live, and the city passed an ordinance that said that you could not rebuild unless you used brick. Well, using brick was a prohibitive cost. And so, bugsy franklin, who was an attorney that had just recently moved to tulsa, he filed a lawsuit and got that ordinance taken off the books. People were able to rebuild their homes using wood or brick. The Greenwood District was by the middle of the 1930s, like 1935 they had rebuilt the Greenwood District. That is what this story should be all about, and that is the resiliency of the people and them being able to recover from such a disaster. We are standing in reconciliation park. The purpose of the park was to call the attention to people who do not know about the 1921 race riot. For people to remember that such a disaster happened, and hopefully, it will never happen again. So our whole effort here in tulsa now is reconciliation. We are all about reconciliation. If you look at the tower of reconciliation, it gives you the history of coming to indian territory, people working and living together, and then up at the top, you will see people reaching down, helping other individuals up to the top. That is really what we ought to be all about all the time. Man should treat man like we are all human beings. Find out where cspans cities tour is going next on my cspan. Org cities tour youre watching American History tv. All weekend, every weekend on cspan. American artifacts takes mirrors to archives, museums and Historic Sites around the country. On april 9 1865, confederate general robert e lee met Union General ulysses s. Grant in the village of Appomattox Courthouse and surrendered his army of northern virginia. While confederate armies were still active in the field, the surrender of the souths most potent remaining fighting force effectively ended the civil war. We tour Appomattox Court House National historical park to learn more about the events surrounding that day. Patrick welcome to Appomattox CourtHouse National historical park. We are standing in front of the Clover Hill Tavern. This was built in 1819. The area was called clover hill before he became Appomattox Courthouse. This county was one of the later counties. They took parts of the four surrounding counties and formed appomattox county in 1845. This county had about 9000 people and it. More than half of them were enslaved working on the tobacco farms. About 120 people lived here in 1860 in appomattox. Folks would stay at the Clover Hill Tavern as they traveled along the richmanlynchburg stage road. The courthouse building was built in 1846 and finished in 1847. There was a jail that burned during the war. When people come to Appomattox Courthouse, theyll learn in the schoolbooks that the surrender took place at Appomattox Courthouse. It did, in the town of Appomattox Courthouse. The actual surrender took place at the home of wilmer mclean. The difference if you are saying the town of Appomattox Courthouse, it would be Appomattox Courthouse as two words. Talking about the building courthouse would be one word. This is where the most significant events with the military took place in the spring of 1865, april 1865 with lees surrender. We are going to walk down the stage road and discuss the battles of appomattox station and the battle of Appomattox Courthouse. That effectively ended lees retreat. We are standing on the richman richmondlynchburg stage road part of the retreat on april 8 and nine 1860 five. People wonder why it lee was heading towards Appomattox Courthouse after leaving richman and petersoburg. The idea was to concentrate his army at a million courthouse and linked forces in north carolina. He blocked general lees line of retreat and generally had to continue west searching for rations and hoping to get around grants army. The next place generally could gather supplies was three miles from here at appomattox station. Supplies have been brought over from lynchburg, everything the army needed, hundreds of thousands of rations, new uniforms, and that is where they are heading for april 8 after leaving Cumberland Church on the night of april 7. Generallys advance is led by confederate reserve artillery. They go into camp about a mile from appomattox station, on the afternoon of april 8. In general custers calvary captures the supplies and then encounters the reserve artillery and fights for about four hours the battle of appomattox station. A unique battle and the civil war because it is mounted calvary attacking unsupported artillery, note infantry involved other than canada nears no infantry involved other than cannoneers. General custer overwhelms the remaining guns. The events of custers men continues right down over that ridge into the village, where they are repulsed at the eastern edge of the village. During the night, the federal calvary form on the ridge west of town. During the night, generally has a council of war with james gordon, along street fitzhugh , lee, asking should they surrender or should they try to break out . It is determined they will try to break out on the morning of april 9 general gordon brings his troops through on the. His troops through on the morning of april 9 and files off into these fields. Hes going to attack that ridge. Theres a federal calvary brigade about 1200 men holding the ridge up there. General gordon has about 5000 men and supported by about 4000 calvary under armistead lawn. The attack begins a little after 7 30 and they successfully drive the federals off that ridge. Doing a left wheel. Hard marching infantry from the army of the james, 24th corps and a division of troops from united and from the 25th corps had covered 30 miles and they had come up and closed the road act out and begin to push gordons men back into the appomattox river valley. Federal troops are coming from the south. Further from the south and east is general custer swinging around the confederate left flank. Behind general lee, about four miles from here is general meade with the army of the potomac. General lees army is effectively surrounded. White flags are sent out to stop the fighting and over the course of the week of fighting, lees army had dwindled from 60,000 men to 30,000 men here at Appomattox Court house. He had lost half his army and determined it was time to meet with general grant and surrender his forces. They did that here on the afternoon of april 9. We are now inside the parlor of the home of wilmer mclean, the appomattox county resident who move here in the fall of 1862. General lee and general grant corresponded over three days and after being effectively surrounded, generally wished to general lee wished to have a meeting to surrender his army. Lee sent Charles Marshall into the village to find a suitable place to meet and encountered wilmer mclean. He sat here at this marble top table and general grant also arrived at about 1 30. He sat at the oval wooden table. The two had met each other in the mexican war and that was their first discussion. They talked about the mexican war for quite a while and the conversation got pleasant. Generally reminded general grant the nature of the meeting and asked general grant to put his terms in writing. Grant sat down and said his terms in writing for general lee, that confederal officers would be paroled and allowed to go home. He would allow officers to keep their side arms and personal baggage. General lee later requests that his men can keep their horses. Initially says no that that is not under terms but thinks about it for a minute and says he understands most of these men are Small Farmers and can use horses. He will not rewrite it into the terms but will allow the Confederate Forces to keep their horses if they owned one. General lee said this would have a happy effect on his army. The terms are read over by generally and given to general grant. General grant calls for Theodore Bowers to write out the terms in ink. Bowers is nervous, botches the job and turns it over to healy parker. He is a senokot indian and they say he had the best penmanship in the army. He writes out the formal terms for general grant. General lees staff officer is marshall and they exchange those letters. That is how the surrender is effected the exchange of letters. They both do not sign one document. Over the course of the meeting general grant introduces officers of the staff to general lee. Some of them general lee knows very well like Seth Williams who was lees adjutant at the u. S. Military academy at west point. Another interesting aspect is there was a young captain named robert lincoln. He was the son of president abraham lincoln. Another interesting participant, a witness to this ceremony. This ragdoll of lula mclean. It was sitting on the couch when the officers came in and they moved it to the mantle during the meeting. After the meeting, some of the officers took the doll off the mantle and began tossing around. Captain thomas moore of general sheridans staff took the doll home as a war souvenir. In the 1990s, the family wanted the doll to come back to Appomattox Courthouse and it is now on display. The meeting lasted about an hour and a half. It was said to be a gentlemans agreement. General grant was generous with the terms. When general lee says he has nothing to feed his men, grant orders rations to be sent to lees army. General lee, goes out into the yard, calls for his horse traveler and writes back to the Confederate Army bearing the news of his surrender. The gentleman that owned the house, wilmer mclean, was originally from alexandria. He had married a wealthy widow from manassas and thats where he lived at the time of the first major engagement there. After the second battle of manassas, he decided to move south. He could not conduct business in northern virginia. He got into sugar speculation. He was not a farmer, as many people would point out. This area was convenient because he could access the south Side Railroad and make trips to the south to deal in sugar. He owned the house at the time of the surrender and in they are 1867 not able to keep up with the payments on the house in the house is sold and the family moves back to northern virginia. After the house is sold, the raglan family owns it for a time, but in the 1890s, a group of Union Veterans have a plan. They are going to start a Retirement Community for Union Soldiers here at appomattox soldiers here at Appomattox Courthouse and buy up land west of the village. They are unsuccessful selling off these lots to Union Veterans and decide they are going to dismantle the house in 1893 and move it to washington dc and create a Civil War Museum out of it. The house is dismantled. Parts of the house are stacked up in the yard and there is a financial panic in 1893 and the firm goes bankrupt. All the supplies outside the house either start to rot away or are taken as souvenirs. The park service, when it takes over the facility in 1940 determines the one thing they are going to do is rebuild the mclean house. The same company that took the house apart got the bid to rebuild the house. So it has been rebuilt on the exact location. Using the original plans. There are a few bricks to the hearth and basement. 5,500 original bricks are used on the front of the house. Bricks that were here in 1865. We are back in front of the Clover Hill Tavern which was owned in 1865 by wilson hicks. Im going to take you inside and tell you what important events took place. We are now inside the Clover Hill Tavern. Part of the agreement was general lees army would be paroled rather than sent to prison camp. They met a second time on horseback on the morning of april 10 and general lee requested some safeguard for his men going home because generally general lee only surrendered one army, the army of northern virginia. There was still johnston in north carolina, Richard Taylor with troops in louisiana, herbie smith out in texas. His soldiers would be passing through these areas where soldiers could be fighting. They dont want the soldiers to be sent off to prison camp or sent to the army because they had been given were not to serve anymore. These soldiers as they are traveling home passing through confederate lines could be considered deserters and executed. General grant thinks its a good idea to have something for these confederate soldiers to go home. A Corps Commander says he has a portable prison press with them. Pretty impressed with him. A call goes out for men that had been printers previous to joining the army to work these presses aroundtheclock until they struck off parole passes 20,231 for the confederate soldiers. Thats how we know how many confederate soldiers actually general george sharp was put in surrendered here at appomattox. General george sharp was put in charge of the process and the men printing those passes worked on printers similar to this and cap does cap does passes going. They would have to ink the printers and strike off paroles like this. They would be hung and dried and were cut into individual parole passes that were sent over to the Confederate Army where the officer and their command would fill in the soldiers name and sign the parole. That was made into a master list that was turned over to the United States forces and thats how we know what confederate soldiers were paroled here. Each would take their parole pass and grant entitled them to receive rations from the United States forces should they encounter and could use it for transportation on ships and railways. We have seen cases where soldiers are issued shoes and clothing on their way home, so its a valuable piece of paper to have. It was one treasured by the confederate soldiers because it was physical proof that soldier had made it here to appomattox with general lee, he did not desert the army. Next, i want to take you to the place were generally in general general lee and general grant met on horseback. It is the area where the Confederate Army came up to the formal surrender ceremony. Behind me is the appomattox river valley where the Confederate Army encamped april 8 through april 12 whenever the whenever the individual soldier happen to leave. At the top of the ridge is where generally has headquarters was located. There was a second meeting the between generally and general grant here at appomattox. A met four times during their life, once during the mexican war, here where we are standing and in on april 10, and a last time when general grant had become president , lee pays a Courtesy Call at the white house. But that is where they met on horseback on april 10. Grant said he wished to meet with general lee one more time before he headed to washington and asked generally to surrender all the confederate armies in the field. There were three other principal armies in the south that had not surrendered. Lee declined to surrender those armies on that occasion, saying he could not consult with Jefferson Davis to know his wishes. Many people who come to appomattox dont realize the war did not end at appomattox. Effectively, it does because once lees army surrenders, the others follow suit. General Joseph Johnston surrendered at the Bennett Place to Union General william sherman. Jefferson davis was captured on may 10 and Andrew Johnson declared the war over on may 10, just a month after the surrender here at appomattox. Him and him and him