He talks about lsd and the prevalence of drugs in the hippie culture. Today we will talk about the counterculture which many people have associated with the 1960s, one of the major aspects of the 1960s. Radical politics have clearly faded away and social change against certain limitations. Legal segregation disappeared. Americans became more tolerant. Whichid not disappear, many in the 1950s and 1960s hoped that it would. Relations also changed. Women and men came to realize the differences between women and men were not repealed i simply declaring women and men were equal. Would notomen necessarily see things the same way. Were clearly cultural changes. Many had to deal with the counterculture. The word counterculture was invented by a sociologist, and it means an opposite culture of mainstream. Unlike the political and social challenges, the cultural challenges tended to stick. Americans really did change Cultural Values and practices in the 1970s and 1980s and beyond. Not so much in the 1960s. The counterculture of the 1960s is beginning a longterm movement. The counterculture of the 1960s begins with political change and that fails, and then social change which also takes place in terms of race and gender but doesnt entirely succeed. Cultural change is really what is the legacy of the 1960s. Counterculture had a lot to do with that. A sociologist defined and created the word counterculture to describe a culture that was opposite mainstream culture. Not everyone adopted the same ideas, but enough people over time in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s came to adopt new ideas so the whole culture changed as a result. I will talk about the legacy. I want to start by going back to the beats and the beatniks. The first postwar critics of American Society and culture and been the beats. They were criticizing america and the aftermath of world war ii. They wanted to create a revolution in expectation. The beats, the original beat writers, jack kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and their friends believed American Society was very repressive, especially sexually repressive. In advocating hedonism, they were trying to make face for their own selfindulgence, especially homosexual selfindulgence. When the beats became celebrities in the late 1950s, traditional American Culture was very unsure of itself. The traditional values were under attack and traditionalists were feeling uncomfortable. The original beats had been a very small number of writers. The followers of the beats in the late 1950s after they , becamec and ginsburg very popular and kerouac sold millions of copies of on the road the young followers of the beats were clearly a different generation. The beats experienced world war ii, veterans of the war or people who came of age right after, the people who came of age in the late 1950s were clearly a different generation. Having being born during or after the war. They became known as beatniks. The beatniks dressed in secondhand clothing, wore a lot of black clothing, expressed a depressed view of life. Everything is rotten. Everything is hopeless. Wild in despair. Voluntary homelessness was an example and joblessness. Jobs are a terrible idea. Many lived in new york city or San Francisco in north beach which became the 2 beatnik hangouts in the and nine at states. In the United States. Tourists flocked to those districts in order to see reallife beatniks. They went to gawk at people. People are always looking at people one way or another. Some of the more amusing things, local suburbanites that would dress up like beatniks on the weekend and go into Greenwich Village or north beach and pretend to be a beatnik. You could always tell they were not dressed quite right. They didnt have quite the right hair. They could party in the beatnik bars in the village or north beach. They were sometimes referred to as weekend beatniks because of the way they did this. They of course had real jobs. You can sell a real beatnik man from a weekend beatnik easily because real beatnik men had long hair and beards. That was proof in the 1950s that you did not have a regular job because no employer would hire anyone with a beard or long hair, and you would be fired if you did. This is how writers and artists could separate themselves as they were selfemployed. Unless you were selfemployed, you really cannot do this. You didnt see many beards. Real beatnik women wore their hair very long as well. Beatniks wore sandals made out of old rubber tires from mexico. They were very cheap. About . 29 for a pair of sandals. They did not take many showers. They thought deodorant was a capitalist plot. Beatniks were so exciting for some of the avantgarde in new york city that you can actually rent a beatnik. I am not making this up. Advertisements appeared in the Village Voice a kind of counterculture newspaper in new york and you can rent a beatnik and for your very upscale party on fifth avenue in your fancy apartment, coop, or you could have a longhaired, bearded beatnik come to the party and be the center of attention. Very strange, i think. It was actually going on in the late 1950s. The beatniks, like the beats, liked jazz and read poetry aloud. The beats in San Francisco more or less invented reading poetry out loud. They read a lot of odd books that were carried in beatnik bookstores, particularly the 8th street bookshop in Greenwich Village and in San Francisco. You could buy radical political books or self printed poetry books or Foreign Language publications in the stores. Many of the books that were sold in these stores were mostly in paperback, which was also a new idea. Most books that were published in the u. S. Were not published in paperback in the late 1950s. That was very unusual and rare. Bookstores did not like to sell them because it didnt make as much profit as the hardback. As simple as that. There was a new idea spreading, the paperback book, which is much easier and cheaper. Too. Er to carry around, do so, that is one change going on. At the same time, just to show the beats were not the only source of what was counterculture, there was also the avantgarde. The avantgarde is a small group of people who challenge mainstream culture, but not for my beatnik point of view from a different angle of vision. One of the examples, one of the earliest ones in new york actually are julian and malvina beck, who open a theater in new york in 1951. It is important that it is that early. The becks were anarchists. The purpose of their theater was to jar the audience and step get them to step outside of their mainstream Cultural Values, and maybe embrace anarchism, but at least challenge the cultural norms of the 1950s. They performed only radical new plays in small spaces. They were cheap to rent and very few props. No scenery ever. Their Theater Company attempted to engage the audience. Their theory of theater was quite different and radical. The separation between the audience and the performance was to be minimized, or reduced to nothing if at all possible. Theater was performed by the actors for the audience, rather the actors were supposed to push the audience past the limits that have been set by traditional culture, which was obsessed with setting limits, especially for public performances. One can see there was one other play they managed to film in 1963 which is set inside a u. S. Marine corps prison. Although, i think the hidden subtext of the play is actually the german concentration camps. You can see the video. It is available if you want to watch it. If you can stand to watch it. Is one thing to watch it on the television and actually see the live performance. It must have been excruciating to see it going on a few feet away from you in the theater. With the audience identifying with the guard or the abused prisoners who spend the entire time of the performance of the play, which has no intermission, being abused by the guards . Or would the audience perhaps end up sympathizing a little bit with each . That very question would challenge the audience. Where do you stand . Are you standing with authority, the guard . Or with the victim of authority, the prisoners . A good question to ask, especially if you are an anarchist. What would happen in another play, they decided they would question the challenges of nudity. What if an actor performed in the nude . It would be a shocking idea and also illegal. What would the police to . Would they arrest the actors, the audience as well for being at a nude performance . This could be challenging. It would be sort of interesting. If you remember, the audience might to be a little bit nervous they are going to be arrested and have their name in the New York Times the next day. During the 1950s, the Living Theatre provoked its audiences, which were partly composed of other avantgarde artists, partly composed of beatniks, although they rarely had money for tickets. They often had to get tickets given to them by somebody else. And partly composed of respectable middleclass people who were bored with American Culture and turned off by the sitcoms on tv. Another change that went on at the time is Performance Art. The redefinition of art. Art had traditionally been thought of as perhaps painting or sculpture, or photography, but it was something the artist did and presented to the audience as a finished product. In Performance Art, there is an action that takes place, and the action is the art. The art takes place in front of the audience and involves the audience. You can see that was a relationship as we living theater and Performance Art. In the 1950s, the avantgarde poet and Classical Music composer ned rorum wrote a fourminute piece in which the performers did not play a single note. This was certainly taking music to the ultimate absurdity. The performers are on the stage and they sit there with their instruments and do absolutely nothing for four minutes. It was a very interesting score. The performers had to keep turning the pages. That is the only thing they do. They never make a sound. The audience at the first performance were not in on the joke. Of coarse after the first , performance, people might know what is going on. As the musicians were sitting on the stage turning their pages, emotionless, the audience was becoming increasingly restless and uncomfortable and wondering what is going on. Am i missing something . There were whispers and then wheezes and finally coughs. Of course, that is the music. The music is the audience making all of these sounds and whispering. That is the music. That is the performance. The performance has been shifted from the stage to the actual audience. That is what he was trying to do. That was his purpose. You will notice that every time the musical piece is performed before a different audience, it will have a different result, right . So, no two performances will ever be exactly the same, and that is also part of what he was trying to achieve. The performers were only catalysts that were designed to bring the audience together as an audience, as a group in this session where this was taking place. He went on to collaborate in other Performance Art pieces later on with the avantgarde where he actually did compose real music. Robert might paint spontaneous paintings on the stage using rorums background musical rift for motivation. You have the intersection of music and visual art going on by having a musical composer, having composed music that would stimulate or inspire the production of the artwork. Rauschenberg would show that the feelings he had were being conveyed by the music. It can be even more interactive. What if the actors arrive nude, or given the fact they dont want to be arrested, seminude and rolled on the floor in heaps of embracing bodies . What does this convey about people . What does this mean, or perhaps saying something about the oneness of humanity . Or maybe it is people rolling around on the floor. What if the audience is invited to join on the rolling of the floor . What will that do . The audience members have to make a decision at that point. Are they a separate audience watching what is going on or are they participants in the process and how much participation do they want to have . Do they want to engage or not . This is shifting everything on the audience away from the performers. What if the floor was covered in the trip paper covered in the chair covered in butcher paper and then covered in paint and then the rolling bodies are covered in paint . What if they are rolling around even more and begin to randomly paint the paper by moving around in this way . The resultant paper might at the end of the performance be cut up into one foot squares and passed out to the members of the audience to take home. You thought you were going to performance and you end up with a painting to take home. Very weird. So, this is the kind of stuff that is going on particularly in new york in Greenwich Village. One of the leading Performance Artists in Greenwich Village was yoko ono. She was better known later as marrying john lennon of the beatles. Yoko ono staged an avantgarde performance in her loft in 1961. She was as creative as what she was before she married a creative avantgarde musician, john lennon. She had the entire apartment fixed with a floor set at a 30 degree angle. That is really steep. That is about as steep as you can get and still able to walk on it. It depends on if you have slippery shoes, i suppose. She that invited new yorks leading avantgarde dancer to stage a dance on this sloped floor. They knew they were coming to her loft, but they didnt know about the floor. They only found out when they got there. The dancers never encountered such a floor before, and their attempt to perform at this angle revealed interesting things to them about their own bodies. Their psychological state. They were afraid of falling, and it shows. The dancers would normally have a little fear of falling, but they are so practiced in the discipline to overcome that so the audience never sees that. In this situation, the audience, who also have to sit on the slope, would be seeing this as well. It also revealed something about the will of the performer. People really were if they had a Strong Enough will, they could do it, but if they gave up, they would end up sliding down the floor towards the end of the room. As the performance continued, the audience could see and the performers came to realize that they had gradually adjusted their movements according to the sloped floor. The floor was causing people to behave differently. It was a physical fact, and it was interfering with the production and interfering with the assumptions of what people could do and couldnt do. Human beings, in other words, had to adapt and that of course was yoko onos whole point. That was the whole point of the evening, to get everyone who left to realize that human beings needed to adapt. They needed to change. They needed to change the way they thought about things and change the way they behaved in the world. Yoko ono had grown up in tokyo, and she had lived in this very traditional and repressed japanese culture, which was especially unfavorable to bright, talented young women like her. There was very little of a role she could imagine for herself in tokyo. She could marry some banker or something, but that was about it. She certainly could not be a performing artist of any time. Of any kind and retain the class status that she had. So, she ended up in new york city because she found it much freer than tokyo. She still criticized the culture in the United States for being rigid and repressive as well, but she recognized it was not nearly as rigid and repressive as the culture in japan. She wanted everyone to understand that cultural change was hard. She had to undergo the cultural change of being a japanese woman to being an american, and that was a big change for her. She was now trying to pass that information on with her Performance Art in new york city and open the eyes of the people so that they can see they too can make changes in their lives. All of this avantgarde art is about changing yourself ultimately. The performers are stimulating the audience to change themselves. One of the interesting examples comes from a Dance Company in 1963. It was founded in the basement of an avantgarde baptist church, if you can imagine that, but there was one in Greenwich Village. It was a church that was founded to help sailors that came into the port of new york. It became an avantgarde church in the 1950s. The judsen Dance Company practiced and performed in the basement of the church and developed what really became modern dance. While background music may some sense of rhythm or timing, the emphasis on modern dance was on the celebration of the human body. Dancers wore tightfitting clothing to emphasize physicality and dance motions were tightly controlled and quite athletic. I sometimes think if you see dancing with the stars on television, you are seeing this is where it ended up with commercialization, but that is the kind of dance the Dance Company was doing in 1963. Sometimes the dances seems more like gymnastics. Still, there were many romantic or sexually suggestive aspects to the Dance Companys performances and a celebrated sexuality as a part of the celebration of the body. This contrasted with traditional middleclass American Values which held that sex should never be discussed and certainly not of audiences composed of men and women. Sex was best left for the privacy of the bedroom, not for of the bedroom, that was the mainstream culture of the 1950s. By the end of the 1960s, the celebration of the body would take on much more open form than having a Dance Company in the basement of a Church Building in Greenwich Village. There would be two major broadway plays that included previously prohibited onstage nudity. The first of these o, calcutta had a long run and the entire cast disrobed for one scene. Local new yorkers kept bringing back outoftown relatives to shock them. It could not have been put on in st. Louis, boston or other conservative parts of the United States. It would not have been allowed, but by the late 1960s, the police did not arrest the cast. The other play that is more famous is hair. Hair was about a mindless longhaired hippie who was drafted and then sent to vietnam and killed. Hair also had one brief nude scene that celebrated the body so it too participated in the new celebration of the body. It was part of the whole hippie consciousness. You will notice i did not title the lecture hippie, because if these are not the entire counterculture. Now we are on to hippies. The countercultures most commonly identified with the word hippie. There is a certain truth in that but the counterculture is broader than that. It includes many people that would not and have not been identified as hippies. Including the beats and the avantgarde. Gary snyder put the matter about it succinctly when he wrote hippies are living out the philosophy the beats were proclaimed. What was the relationship between beats and hippies . First, there was a major age difference. The beats were in their 20s during world war ii. The hippies were in their 20s in the 1960s. The hippies were born around 1945, 1948. Hippies were young enough to be the children of the beats if the beats had any children which are not very likely. The beats were the veterans of the great depression, world war ii, the holocaust. The hippies were the optimistic children of the baby boom generation and the rising affluence of the postwar consumer boom. That said a lot about the difference between the two groups. One had been raised amid the poverty and despair of the depression and the fear of world war ii and the others were raised in the postwar boom. There was also a matter of numbers. The numbers mattered a lot. The original beats had been a few dozen people. A tiny number. Even when the more numerous beatniks joined the movement in the late 1950s, they probably were not more than 5000 people in the entire United States. Now by the mid1960s, the number of counterculture followers had suddenly exploded into hundreds of thousands and indeed by the 1970s, it might be as many as three million or four million. Really large numbers of people. The numbers matter. Where the beats felt repressed and rejected by society, and the beatniks have shared that, the hippies were numerous enough that they were confident they could actually go out and create their own society, their own counterculture. Why Pay Attention to the rest of society . If you disapprove or dislike it, just withdraw and go off on your own and create your own society. Your own counterculture. In most large american cities, there were entire hippie neighborhoods. In seattle, the big neighborhood was fremont. It had the cheapest rent. Hippie neighborhoods and cheap rent always went together. Unlike Greenwich Village or north beach, many of these districts got little attention from tourists. That is understandable. Can you imagine tourists going to fremont . I dont think anybody did. Hippies did not care to play to tourists. That was another difference. The beats and the beatniks have been interested in showing themselves off. Rent a beatnik requires someone to rent a beatnik but also required someone to be willing to be rented. Hippies instead wanted to develop their own community where different occupations would fit in. Whereas the original beats had been writers, few hippies cared much about writing and very few actually wrote anything. You can try to find hippie writings, and there is not a lot. Keaseys novel is that he is like a guru to hippies. He is an older generation. The beats had been a Literary Movement that the hippies were more of a Cultural Movement that did not include literature. They were a social movement, too, perhaps. In some ways, the hippies depended on the beat writers, who they continued to honor. They do not need to create the philosophical or literary underpinnings for their movement the way that the beats had felt a necessity to have a philosophical underpinning that was expressed through writing. The hippies did not need to do that. Large numbers mattered. The hippies felt a certain confidence that they were right and that came from the fact that you look around and see lots of other people that look like themselves. The beats had to justify themselves even to themselves with their writings in part, because it left them so psychologically vulnerable, wondering about their own true significance. It was hard to believe in something if there were only six other people believe it. Numbers make a difference. The psychological difference between beats and hippies in his important. Is important. If the beats were gloomy, the hippies were hopeful. Olde the beats wore clothing and drab colors secondhand clothes that they had , gotten for free. Hippies wore bright color close common often elaborately decorated. Hippie clothing was often expensive. It wasnt always, but it certainly could be. Hippies were always designed to be seen. They liked being noticed and wearing bright colored clothing one way to be seen. Tightfitting jeans celebrated the body. If hippies were partly about farming noses at older generations, perhaps tight jeans were important, because older people wouldnt wear tight clothing, and perhaps would not want to wear such clothing in any case. Finally, much hippie dress was unisex. This was a fact of the older generation. The unisex dress announce the coming of womens liberation, including the liberation from the skirt. This is where that comes in. Like the beats, hippies wore long hair. Perhaps even longer than the hair that the beats had worn. This is true for both hippie women and both hippie men. If beats preferred to be left alone, hippies announce the presence to the whole society. It is fair to say that hippies were in fact exhibitionist. And hippies had different music. This is one of the important differences. Interest in jazz declined in the late 1950s. There is a lot of speculation about why that happened. Perhaps there were fewer talented jazz performers and the in the late 1950s. There were just not that much interest. In the 1960s, rock n roll ruled and hippies adopted and adapted new music and created their own particular version of rock n roll. The beats never did accept rock n roll. That was an important distinction. Jack kerouac remained a lifelong jazz fan, denounced rock n roll , and despised hippies and said so publicly. He said, i am no hippie, i hate those people. He was very reactionary. The more accommodating Alan Ginsburg found rock n roll intriguing, but difficult to understand. Ginsburg could not get into the spirit of rock n roll, even though he tried to. He did recognize the new music was important to the hippie. He understands that. He thought that the rise of the new music itself indicated the importance of the hippies. It is certainly true. Whenever there is a cultural change, there will be a new music. You could go back throughout history and find cultural change and music they changed music and changing culture always go together. There is a reason for that. Many people speculated, why were they hippies wearing my close wearing Bright Clothing and listening to loud music . Maybe the reason was, lsd. Beats and hippies had different drugs. Although this was in part due to different circumstances. The beats might have liked lsd, they just did not have any. It just wasnt available, we will put it that way. They would use alcohol. Wine andoved cheap red ended up dying in alcoholic. The beats had also experimented with many types of pills and many other types of drugs. The beats took up heroine. Alan ginsburg was an experimenter and of course burrows ended up a heroin addict. Beats had regularly smoked marijuana, especially in new york city. They called it reefer or pot. Hippies also were light users of alcohol and smoking even more pot. The alcohol continues, but without as much in faces and marijuana becomes more important. Hippies were not likely to use heroin, which was more likely understood to be deadly. There was a understanding of the heroin in the 1960s than in the 1940s. Hippies turned to the psychedelic drug, lsd. It had been invented accidentally in 1943 in switzerland by chemist named Albert Hoffman who worked for a drug company. He got a drop on his wrist, then rode the bicycle home. The worlds first lsd trip. He practically fell off the bicycle. He said, aha, this drug is really potent, we need to research this further. During the 1950s, the manufacturer, the worlds only manufacturer supplied free samples of lsd to researchers all over the world to try to figure out if lsd he had any use at all. If they could find a useful purpose for it, they can make a lot of money for it. They were looking for a commercial proposition. It was for a time in the 50s that they thought lsd might be useful to treat mental illness. It turned out to be not true, but an interesting theory. It was also thought to be a while thought for a while to be a truth serum. The cia discovered this did not work either. By the early 1960s, the number of people in research that think lsd has a purpose is beginning to dwindle. That does not mean it does not have a purpose, it is just not a scientific or medical purpose. It is recreation. It is fun. Ho many hippies, to many ippies, being a hippie was about using lsd and seeking to find spiritual truth through lsd trips. There was a sociologist who interviewed people in San Francisco in 1967 and found that all but one of 70 hippies that he interviewed had smoked marijuana within the last 24 hours. That tells you how much marijuana was being smoked. All but 2 or 3 , i think 97 had at least one lsd trip. Lsd and hippies go together. You could call it Better Living through chemistry. Lsd came about in addition to sandoz, through the influence of four people. I will go through each of them in a little bit. The first of these was aldus huxley who is best known as the author of brave new world. Huxley immigrated to the United States and became a script writer in hollywood. There was more money to be made writing scripts than novels. He love los angeles because of the bright sunshine. His particular kind of blindness allowed him to see a little light. He could read if he had a magnifying glass and sat out right next to the Swimming Pool in the bright sun. He loved l. A. For that reason. In the 1950s, he experimented with mescaline, which was derived from peyote and lsd. He wrote the first serious book about lsd. For the general reader, as opposed to science, of course. The book is doors of perception. In the book, he advocated psychedelics as the way to world peace. He thought it was so powerful that it would cause all of the internal mental structures of everybody in the world to be radically altered, and peace would break out all over the world. Huxley believed that Human Society would be totally reorganized if the world elite took lsd. He continued to advocate lsd into the 1950s and into the early 1960s until he died of cancer in 1963. He so impressed jim morrison, that he named his rock group the doors in honor of huxleys book. Huxley knew lsd posed a threat to the existing political and social order. He sees this as a radical drug that would have radical consequences. He said people who had power were likely to resist it. Throughout huxleys career, he advocated that a medical model be used for research and promoting the use of lsd. If medical elites in other words, eminent doctors could be persuaded to give lsd only two only to elite patients. Carey grant, the actor was one. There would be no crackdown by the government. If you had eminent people taking lsd in a medical setting under the advice, guidance, and care of an eminent physician, the government would not outlaw lsd or arrest anyone. His idea was that if you could spread lsd to these elites, a to be recognized to the great changes that could bring about to the human psyche and you could change the world. Huxley warned that if lsd became too available and was used by too many people, there would be a backlash and the politicians would ban it. That is exactly what happened. The second person who promoted this in the early stage was Allen Ginsberg. He never met a drug he did not like. To try that first time, anyway. He sometimes backed off after the first time. Ginsberg tried many times by the time he took lsd. He got his first lsd in a government run experiment sponsored by the veteran S Administration hospital at Stanford University in the 1950s. Late 1950s. Ginsberg was astonished by lsd, compared to the other psychedelic drugs he tried such as peyote, mescaline, he found lsd revolutionary. He thought if lsd was used widely it would cause the political, social and cultural system of the United States, and the entire world, to implode. Thats with the beats wanted all along since the 1940s. Lets change everything, right . Ginsberg, like huxley worried publicitymature mass of this drug would lead to a breakdown. The whole thing would cause a crisis and produce big backlash. In 1960, it was Allen Ginsberg who introduced lsd to timothy leary. It is not the other way around. Leary was already he was a harvard psychology researcher at the time and he researched other drugs at the time, including magic mushrooms. It was not nearly as powerful as lsd. Ginsberg told him he needed to try lsd. Leary did not believe him, but ginsberg warned leary about the political dangers of doing this. And leary, who had no experience with politics, media or the law, paid no attention. Remember, ginsberg was prosecutor for the publication of howl in the famous trial of the 1950s. Ginsberg understood Public Relations and law, and the way you get into trouble easily. Leary becomes the third figure in the spread of lsd. He started giving lsd to his friends and graduate students and then harvard undergraduates. That was when harvard pulled the plug. In 1963, harvard fired leary for undergraduates. He then moved to upstate new york to an estate to conduct what he called lsd experiments. Millbrook was owned by one of his followers who had inherited it obviously an heir to a wealthy new york city fortune. Learys experiments were rather cautious, although they were by no means serious. He was still trapped inside his own head in the world of the Research Scientist. He had been a Research Scientist since world war ii. He had all the jargon psychologists used. Everything had to be set up as an experiment and you had to keep lab notes. Although he spoke that jargon, his behavior became increasingly bizarre under the influence of daily lsd trips. He was taking acid every day. Lsd seem to breakdown inhibitions, break up marriages it certainly broke up his. It led to a lot of exhibitionist nudity, he noticed. Leary liked this. He liked all the women that came to millbrook. He would give them lsd and and they would do whatever he wanted. He became a guru for the Hippie Movement and proclaimed, most famously, turn on, tune in and drop out. Tuning on meant taking lsd, tuning in meant tuning into yourself, it the spirituality that lsd was supposed to provide. And dropping out meant quit school, quit your job and become a hippie. The massive publicity that ginsburg warned would be trouble brought the authorities down hard on leary. When he and his family cross the border from mexico into the United States, he was arrested for a small amount of marijuana, which they should not have had, and he was sentenced to 30 years in prison. This caused him a lot of trouble. Leary is interesting because he had a natural knack for soundbites, and he would call a press conference, making sure the New York Times was there every two weeks for about five years. There would always be one line that would become the headline of the New York Times story. It would be the first paragraph, and it would be inevitably on page one. He was getting constant publicity. Advocating turning on, tuning in, and dropping out. The fourth person in this movement for lsd was ken kesey. He can also be described as an oregon author and a political libertarian with anarchist tendencies. He was very proud of the fact that his ancestors had in pioneers in the west. He thought of himself as a rugged western pioneer. He had been in the Creative Writing Program at Stanford University. He worked at the nearby va hospital and eventually he too was put into the lsd experiment there. Kesey in college was a champion wrestler in top physical condition and almost made the u. S. Olympic team. He was an athlete. He was disciplined and selfwilled. As a writer, he had a good vocabulary for description. Unlike most users of lsd, he had retained a capacity of describing what was going on while he was stoned. He could, at times, even write while he was stoned, which no one else seemed to be able to do. The doctors at the va hospital were very fascinated with him as a test case. They never had anyone who was able to do this. After his first book, one flew over the cuckoos nest, which was partly written under the influence of lsd, was a best seller he bought a house and began to experiment on his own. This was in the early 1960s. Kesey almost immediately grasped that if youre going to have a drug as powerful as lsd, you need a music to go with it. He hires a musician, a young folksinger name jerry garcia who invented the music or it garcia tried Classical Music, did not work. Jazz, did not work, full music, jazz did not work. Folk music did not work. Then he came up with rock. This is how jerry garcia ends up founding the grateful dead. It all comes out of these experiments with mixing lsd and Music Together up at his house. Like huxley and ginsberg, kesey understood the revolutionary potential of lsd, but he rejected their approach. He believed that a crackdown against lsd was inevitable. He said you need to flood the country so fast with lsd that the authorities could not crack down on it. In 1965, he began to stages test to stage his acid test in San Francisco. At the acid test, who were lured there by the music, the participants were given a chance to take lsd at the concert. The Jefferson Airplane showed up, their name stood for free trip. In 1965 and 1966 the San Francisco band, the grateful dead, janis joplin, the big brother rose to prominence while lsd was no longer distributed for free. Many arrived already stoned. Lsd became rampant in the bay area until the state of california and the u. S. Government banned it in october of 1966. It remained available but riskier after that. You never knew about the safety of it. All of this would lead to the summer of love in San Francisco in 1967. 50 years ago. About 75,000 young people, some of them high school students, some of them College Students , converged on the haightashbury district of San Francisco during that summer. The new hippie hangout district. Not the north beach area, because the north beach area the rent was too high. In the hit single Scott Mckenzie his song, if you go to San Francisco with flowers in your hair, that stimulated people to go there. There were free concerts by the leading bands in the Golden Gate Park with a lot of marijuana and lsd to be scored. Any young person with long hair walking down the sidewalk would be offered drugs at least once a block. It was impossible to escape. Being a hippie turned out to be about three things. Rock music, drugs and sex. There was plenty of sex and the haight, or at least a lot of talk about sex. Maybe there was plenty of sex, because the rate of sexually transmitted diseases went way up in San Francisco that year. A year later, most of the hippies were gone from San Francisco, but haight was over run with heroin and crime. The heroin addicts had eaten all of the neighborhood cats think about that. Some of the hippies fled to berkeley where they continued to live in the 1970s, but others moved out of town to quieter places, perhaps to Mendocino County where you could grow your own marijuana. The biggest cash crop in Mendocino County. Rural communes became the new thing for the counterculture in the 1970s. By the 1970s, there were hundreds of thousands of People Living in rural communes. The hippies left the cities and move to the country because of rising rent and partly because they wanted to escape their neighbors were irritated with them, and so forth. They also try to grow food in these rural communes. Meanwhile, the counterculture became commercialized in the 1970s. One fine cooptation going on, especially in the Music Industry. It was the first one where this happened. Once you had big money, it was going to bring in people with money. At first, the Music Industry tried to create their own rock groups that would be less drug oriented and easier to manage, and cheaper, but the major groups had more talent and the audience cared about the talent. In the end, the Recording Companies had to capitulate with huge sums of money. Jerry garcia and the grateful dead was the first band to hold out under a record contract on which they decided who the recording engineer would be. They got total approval of the content of the album. It mattered a lot. It changed the way music was done. The San Francisco bands are among the first to obtain this artistic fame. Artistic freedom. Their albums were mostly recorded in los angeles, not in new york because recording engineers in los angeles were cool. The ones in new york were stodgy and oldfashioned. As long as drugs were illegal, there was no way to commercialize the hippie drugs. Hippies also had other new ideas. Ideas about food. They were hostile to largescale corporations, they just like they disliked processed food, they were suspicious of supermarkets. Many became vegetarians, many others declared themselves in favor of organic food and they grew organic food and natural foods. In vermont, ben and jerry cashed in on the demand for natural ice cream and made a lot of vermont Dairy Farmers happy with the process. The politics of vermont changed from conservative republicans to liberal democrats because of ben and jerry. Very interesting story. Two jewish guys from brooklyn go up to vermont and reform the whole state around ice cream. Which is weird. Although ben and jerry was a capitalist business, it was small business. It was not a big business or a part of any conglomerate. The company donated to vermont charities. In boulder, colorado, celestial seasons made herbal tea in the mountains behind boulder, eventually becoming one of colorados largest companies. Coop Grocery Stores brought up in hippie neighborhoods. The produce would come in from hippie owned farms that were outside of town. While most of these ultimately disappeared, some survived, including the pcc in seattle. The Health Industry can also be traced to the 1960s. Fitness centers, exercise classes, disapproval of tobacco and alcohol, the rise of dance as a form of entertainment was all about body day worship. About body worship. An idea that any hippie would recognize. Crisisll be in a real the age where they need nursing when they reach home care. In the hippie view of the world, hippies never get old. Which is really fascinating. I am proposing that there be a chain of cemeteries called woodstock. At woodstock cemetery, the music of woodstock will be played forever in the background. There is one other way in which the counterculture also figured, and that is the invention of the personal computer. Waspersonal computer invented in california just six blocks away from where jerry garcia lived when he was doing the grateful dead. And it soon attracted the attention of a young teenage hippie by the year by the name of steve jobs. Apple computer emerges out of the counterculture. What is the connection . At the time the only computers anybody had were ibm or honeywell or other major corporations, and they sold computers for millions of dollars. So only large Government Agencies or large corporations could afford to have the computer. The vision of the personal computer was that everyone in the world could have a personal computer, that each person could be empowered by a tremendous amount of Computing Power by having that. Todays cell phones have more power on them than the giant computers did in the 1960s. Steve jobs really did follow that vision. He was very much part of the counterculture of the bay area. Went to india, lived in india for eight months. Brought his buddhist guru to san jose. So the personal computer is the ultimate legacy of the counterculture. Im going to stop with that. You are watching American History tv, 48 hours of programming every weekend on cspan3. Follow us on twitter on cspan history for information on our schedule and to keep up with the latest history news. We are flying over washington, the district of columbia, capital of the United States. Of every american from the clouds and the ground, observing at the best advantage. The senate house of Representatives Office building and the Congressional Library. They have the legislative and judicial branches of the government. Should the plan encounter sudden air pockets, dont be alarmed. Congress may be in session. Here is a close up of the house Office Building. In this structure each representative has an offer in which to transact the government for official business. The senate Office Building is just across the capital grounds. Both are constructed of beautiful white marbles and connected with underground railways. Who first knew it as a lane landed with and now the proud street carries the nation the doors of the capital. This magnificent structure stands on capitol hill. Laid byerstone was washington himself but the building was not fully completed until the end of the civil war. Joining the Capitol Grounds is the Congressional Library where more than one million books and prints. Displayer walls remarkable display. These figures favorably compare to the masterpieces of the world. They represent to americana in its highest form. Only from the air can its beauty be fully appreciated. This is the most popular public building in washington. Who says not all is golden glitter. This is coded with 23 caret cold. One ofthe capital stands the newer and more impressive of the rocks of art. Was erected to commemorate the piece of the close of the world war. Pennsylvania avenue we see the classic treasury building. The vault holds millions of the nations wealth. Americas forefathers reached back in the age is for the design of the treasury. One of the loveliest buildings in washington. The treasury was erected on the stuckhere Andrew Jackson his cane on the ground to fix the site. Across the famed lawn to the war building. The department of state and Water Department occupied. And adding them together, they are two miles long. The treasures kept here include the original copies of the constitution of the United States and the declaration of independence. Also the armchair in which jefferson wrote the declaration. Here are the state and more buildings in the foregrounds. The treasury in the background and between them the white house. After the british had partially burned them. It was given its lovely structure and delightfully descriptive name officially. Atn adams and his wife were first ofont circle, center magnificent homes in the embassies of foreign nations, it is a historic part of the setting. A record of millions of inventions are kept here. Heres the Worlds Largest printing plan. Of ink flow here, mostly and the congressional electorate. In this building they committed a crime which shocked the world. Aprilswas shot down on april 1865. We fly over the mall being developed over a century and a quarter ago. The glamorous memory of the first president. Monument, 550 feet in height, dominates the landscape. From the northern end of the mall we see the monument and unforgettable beauty. The Lincoln Memorial is the greatest monument ever erected to the memory of one man, the great emancipator. Each of the 36 states of the union is represented by a pillar, thus the restrict that reconstructive land. Within is the superb statue of lincoln. The spirit of lincoln seems to move beside the river that held its anguished thoughts. Indeed all is quiet. Is aridge to virginia memorial to Francis Scott keys, author of the starspangled banner, for he lived nearby. Arlington originally was the estate of the property elite. It was from here he to leave his cause. Dated amid thers theater. The sided is the countrys memorial to its heroes. The tomb of the unknown soldier seen at the top. 16 miles from the city he founded on the opposite bank stands mount vernon where the father of the country lives and dies come and where his body is entombed. The nation now holds his home in trust for the ages. Wanted to call the Capital Federal city. The young nation lovingly ignored it and gave it his great name. Homage to the undying glory of washington. War, first in his country. Click cspan, where history unfolds daily. 1970 nine cspan was created as a Public Service by americas Cable Television companies and is brought to you today by your cable or satellite divider. Satellite provider. The 19th amendment, which granted women suffrage was ratified in 1920. Up next, university of maryland history