Transcripts For CSPAN Public Affairs 20130923

Electricity generation already and we hope to build on the progress that is currently going on and frankly has been going on for years at the state and local level. States are already participating in their own market based programs to cut pollution. From carbon. I should make sure that everybody says when i mean carbon, it means more than 35 states have clean energy targets. More than 25 have already set Energy Efficiency goals and have cut their energy waste and over 1000 mayors across the country have signed agreements to cut Carbon Pollution. Clearly, states and local communities are doing their jobs as incubators of innovation leading the way to cleaner, more affordable, more sustainable energy. Fighting Climate Change makes Good Business sense. Thats worth repeating. Climate change just makes Good Business sense. As the president has pointed out, more than 500 businesses, including gm and nike, called this and i quote, one of the greatest opportunities of the 21st century. So we know rejecting our kids from harmful pollution is something that just cannot be solved overnight. It is going to take a broad, concerted effort from all levels of government as well as the private sector as well as individuals sitting here and beyond, as well as the International Community, but make no mistake about it. Epas action today to address Carbon Pollution from new power step forward in this long clean clean Energy Journey and it is a a necessary step to address a Public Health challenge that we all simply cannot afford to avoid any longer. The good news is we can successfully face the challenge of Climate Change but only if we Work Together. We have proven time after time that setting a fair clean act that setting a fair Clean Air Act standards to protect Public Health does not cause the sky to fall. The economy does not crumble. In fact, we are already seeing investments in clean energy pay off. Just this week, the department of energy released a report showing the cost of renewables are dropping while the use has grown. Just last year, in 2012, the u. S. Deployed almost twice as much wind as it did just the year before. Working together with input from states, communities, tribes, industry, and environmental advocates, we have grown our economy. We have driven innovation, we have created healthier, safer, more Livable Communities to hand down to our children and our grandchildren. Established standards for passenger giggles. Those standards will save consumers thousands of dollars at the pump. They did not cripple the Auto Industry. They made it more competitive, by working on and on with industry, the united auto workers, environmental advocates, he got the job and we got the job done right. With the support of the Auto Industry, we achieved standards that will cut Carbon Pollution from our cars in half by 2025. And the average driver will save more than 8,000 at the pump over the life of those cars. Far from the Auto Industry collapsing, it is actually thriving. Over 300,000 jobs have been added in that industry alone since the president of the United States rescued it from collapse. 40 years of Clean Air Act history proves we can reduce pollution while at the same time create jobs and strengthen the economy. The old roles might have said that we cannot protect our environment and protect Economic Growth at the same time. You heard it. In america, we have always sought out and used new technologies. We have used science, research and development, and discovery to make those old rules obsolete. We have the knowhow and the ingenuity to take on Climate Change. We can, we must turn this Public Health and environmental challenge into an economic opportunity. As the president has reminded us, all we need is the courage to act. For me, i muster that courage every time i look into the wonderful of faces of my three children, daniel, maggie, and julie. In the end, this is really what this is all about for all of us, our obligation to leave our children a world that is as healthy and safe as the one that we inherited. Thank you very much. [applause] thank you. Isnt your proposal a ban on new coal power plants given the fact that Carbon Capture and other technologies are, at this point, not proven expensive than not yet ready for primetime . Who wrote that question . Were they listening to my speech . [laughter] probably. Clearly not. I really appreciate the question and im glad it came up first. Ccs is a technology that is feasible and available today. We know that. How do we know that . Its been demonstrated to be effective. We know that its been demonstrated and it is being actually constructed on real facilities today, not just unconventional facilities but coal facilities. They are actually being invested in and being constructed and the designs are now available for others that are coming up. I think the coal industry and those investors said there needs to be a certain pathway forward for coal to be successful now and into the future. I believe this proposal, rather than killing future coal, actually sets out a pathway forward for coal to continue to be part of the diverse mix in this country. Look. We know coal will be part of the Energy Generation that we rely on substantially over the next few decades. Why wouldnt we now acknowledge and invest in the type of technologies that will allow coal a future long beyond that . The president has made a commitment to support a Diverse Energy supply because it helps us economically, domestically, as well as it protects us from international concerns. We might as well invest today and set the pathway forward. We believe that this does that and we believe that, over time, you will be able to see that this is a reasonable, Cost Effective strategy as we move forward to keep coal in the energy mix. To what extent, if any, did the epa consider making concessions to aid the coal industry, or was that even a legitimate consideration during the discussions . The epa, and im very proud of the people who do this work thomas spent a great deal of time working with the industry themselves. We do it before, during, and after rulemaking, and we do it for one reason. Epa, while we are solely looking at regulating pollution, has to understand what kind of pollution reductions are achievable without doing significant damage to the companies that we are regulating. We know, and i have said before, that our standards rather than doing damage can actually promote an industry sector to grow. What we did here in this proposal was we worked strongly with the utilities to understand what technologies were available. We will work with them over the Comment Period so they understand what type of Carbon Capture sequestration will be necessary and at what level because it is only going to be partial ccs but it will be enough to make them competitive in a carbon constrained world and we have always, as the epa, do wonderful costbenefit analysis so that we can understand for the American People and lay it out in a public and transparent fashion so that they can understand the impacts of our rules and the Public Health protection to the costs associated and, in this case, we think we have done exactly the right job at looking at what the science and the data tells us, again, to make a sensible, reasonable steps forward to address what is essentially one of the greatest of the Health Challenges of our time, Climate Change. You told the house energy and Commerce Committee this week that coal will continue to be a significant source of energy in the u. S. For decades. What assurances do you have to offer to those who are skeptical of the epas motives . I think we have made our motives pretty clear. The epas job is to look at Environmental Health and protection. We implemented the Clean Air Act. Epa does not have aspirations outside of the authority that congress has given us. We just want to work on the pollutant regulated under the Clean Air Act and we have taken a look at how to be reasonable, rational, understand the data, look at the technology available, and make sure that we craft our decisions in a way that is fully sciencebased, fully datadriven, and is reasonable and rational. Im not making a statement with this rule, nor would we ever, about some independent choice about what fuels we like or dont like. We are looking, as we always do, the ways in which we can reasonably reduce pollution under the Clean Air Act with the authorities that congress has given us. What steps will the epa take to ensure that electricity consumers will not be harmed . Please explain regional flexibility since some areas will feel more impact than others. That is a good question and let me make a note for myself so i dont forget. In this rulemaking, we have to keep in mind that this is about future power plants, new power plants, so, really, we needed to understand what technologies were available and we needed to make sure that we wrote a rule that took advantage of the most costeffective technologies given the fact that any investment as large as a power plant will be hanging around for a while. We are going to be living with that plant and those Technology Choices for decades to come. We dont think that is a regional issue. We think that is just about how you build a new power plant and how you use the most effective technologies. However, when you look at flexibilities, when you look at two of the changes that you saw in the rule that is different than the original proposal, one of them was on the natural gas side. If you look at the comments that came in under our proposal, there were questions and concerns about the level we had originally proposed and whether or not some of the smaller natural gas units used could really operationally and effectively achieve that standard in a consistent way. We have teed that up for a discussion establishing slightly different standards recognizing operational issues. These are all technical discussions that we look at in great detail. We looked at the averaging periods applicable to the standards. The 1100 pounds of co2 per megawatt hour is a 12month average. We also put in a flexibility for those facilities that would allow them to average over a sevenyear period. Why did we do that . It is not because we thought we would get lower environmental protection. It still requires partial ccs as it is designed and constructed. What we recognized was that ccs may provide a challenge out of the gate as to whether or not you understand how to operate it effectively, whether or not you have all of the equipment you need, as tuned up as it needed to be, so we gave flexibility to go to a slightly lower standard for the opportunity to have seven years to make the system right for you. That should be plenty of time given that ccs is already technically feasible, already available, and it is being constructed in facilities today. Why did the epa decided to shorten the flexibility option from 30 years to seven . That is a good followon question. I dont know. Im kidding. [laughter] i think we learned from the data that came in during the Comment Period. We began to understand what the challenges were with this technology and as i said before, we started looking at the shift in the Actual Energy world was looking like. If you remember during the original proposal, we had 15 really traditional coal proposals that were out there and they are not getting funded and are not moving forward. What we realized was that the ones that are attracting investment and the ones that will provide fuel diversity and certainty moving forward were ones that actually installed ccs. We understood that was a pathway forward. What we were able to do was get a much better handle on the kinds of adjustments that would need to be made. He got a better handle on how long it would take to address those issues, and we found a way to provide flexibility without losing the environmental protections that the original proposal had sought. We are getting the environmental reductions at the same time as providing just the right flexibility we need to make this work for the industry. Did the revised proposal factor in the updated social cost of carbon values . Yes. Let me hit this issue, if you dont mind, a little bit more robustly because it has become an issue of concern. Epas job when we do rulemaking is to look at the costs and benefits of our rules, and that means we are supposed to look at all of the benefits of the rules that we do, all of the costs to the extent that we can identify those through Peer Reviewed processes. Back in the Prior Administration in 2008, they did start looking at the cost of methane and factoring that into their rulemaking. This did not begin with this administration. That is because everybody recognized that carbon actually had a cost. I think we now know the cost is a lot larger than we had originally proposed. When you reduce carbon, it is factoring in to the ability to address Carbon Pollution in the changes that the world is experiencing relative to a changing climate. When this administration came in, they then began another process to look at what science has happened since then, what the modeling shows us about the earlier cost of methane projections. We updated it and we put it in a rule in 2010. There is a good technical document that is with that rule. I dont think it was an epa rule. But we put it out, and it was a document that was produced by the white house. Omb and the cea did a process and the epa was participating. We put it out, and we had a good discussion. We got public comment, and we move that forward with the rules, so we had a new cost of methane. And what it said was that we were using three of the models that are always used, most effectively, to estimate climate impacts, and we said that as the models are updated or in two years, we should look at it again because the information is changing as science comes in. That is how we do our business. That is what we did recently. We did an update. You know why . The models were updated. We did not change any inputs. We just listened to what Peer Reviewed scientists and economists told us about the real social cost of carbon. The year we put it out in a standard recently and it has caused anxiety which is why i wanted to explain this to you a little bit more fully although it may be boring the heck out of some of you, but it is an issue where people are concerned that we were not transparent. It went through a rulemaking process twice. It is in one now. If youre concerned we got the number wrong, put some comments in, but the federal government makes its decisions on the basis of peerreviewed science, whether that is about Public Health consequences or economic consequences. We are always open. We provide technical information. We take comments, consider that, and make decisions. Thats all this is. When shall e. P. A. Expect to finalize the regulations being proposed today . Well, the Clean Air Act gives us a oneyear time frame, and let me explain why that is. Because when this particular rule goes out it really does send a signal to the agency, to the market, that if you expect to start up and construct a facility, then you need to Pay Attention to these particular standards because thats going to be your obligation if they stay the same. So it really has an impact and the Clean Air Act recognizes that and asks us to complete it within a year. Now, i will say that that doesnt mean that over the course of the Comment Period we wont Pay Attention and there might not be adjustments but it does send a signal to the market right away and were hoping that that signal is that there is a way to build a coal facility that is clean and can operate for a long period of time in a carbonconstrained worldle if the plan works and survives legal challenges, will that put an end to the effort of the california and the northeast states plan to deal with it through a marketbased system . Yes, it will. Just kidding. Seeing if you were paying attention. [laughter] remember this is about new sources. New, new, new. Just about sending a message to the industry about what the latest technologies are and how we expect them to reduce act. Fpblgt as i indicated, an information will be available today, were really gearing up to start working with state and local communities and the business communities to begin to take a look at how we address the existing standard and the existing standard under the Clean Air Act is very different than the new source standards. These shouldnt indicate that we think we can retrofit existing facilities by plunking Carbon Capture sequestration on the end. Carbon capture sequestration is really being designed into these facilities, which is why its very appropriate to look at this technology in new facilities, which is why i dont want you to look at this proposal and say, ah, i know what e. P. A. Is going to do with the existing. New process is likely anticipated. E. P. A. Sets the standard, we take comments, and then everybody complies. Isnt life grand . It doesnt actually often work that way, but we hope. In the case of existing facilities, what we are really supposed to do is establish a guideline and then the challenge is for the states is to look at that guidelines, look at their own facilities, and send a plan back to e. P. A. That assures they can meet that plan and effectively reduce carbon in a way thats sensitive to local concerns and to understand how electricity is being generated in those states so that we can all Work Together which is why what were announcing today is a series of meetings and engagements with states and with local communities all across the region and with the Business Community and with utilities. If you wonder why e. P. A. Is at every Energy Conference imaginable, this is it. Because we are going where people have information, where we can understand the issues, where we can develop a guidance that we put out in june. Now, i will say that the Clean Air Act in regard to this statute and many others requires that e. P. A. Work with states as coregulators in these tasks. I am looking forward to that. I have been one of those co regulators for many years when i worked at the state level. In this instance state and local communities have been far ahead of e. P. A. And the federal government in understanding what actions make sense for them and how they can reduce the carbon from their electricity sector. We will go out with a great process that will explain the flexibility in the statute, that will explore those issues, that will provide certainty to the states who are already addressing these issues effectively that we are going to Pay Attention to those processes, some of which i played a pretty heavy hand in crafting, and i think theyre still pretty good, and well make sure that we look at these regional differences and that were totally respectful of the processes that are already in place and, frankly, these discussions will given us a opportunity to explain to the American Public that they need not be afraid of the actions we will take to address carbon and Climate Change. You will be hearing from all over the United States about entities that have taken huge leaps forward and are learning how to shift money and put it to school teachers, for example, instead. I know the guidance we put out will respect that progress moving forward. Ccs technology is not currently being used on a commercial scale power plant. Why does e. P. A. Think ccs is ready for use by the industry . Well, i probably should let all the technical people explain but let me pretend what ccs is. Its the capture, the transportationion of the co2, and the storage of the co2. There is no question that the capture can be done effectively. The capture of co2 has actually been going on since the 1930s. We kind of know that one. We know how to transport. There is actually a fullscale plant. Its a Gasification Technology that is in operation today thats been using ccs at a full scale, pulling out ccs at percentages much higher than our proposal is contemplating, and they have been doing it effectively for years. There is no surprise about how to do this. Now, that doesnt mean that over time these technologies cant get better. Sequestration is one area where we hope to advance. We know the department of energy has resources that have already been announced, 6 billion in resources that are going to continue to fund the development of these types of technologies. This is what is going to ensure that we have a Diverse Energy supply in the future, and i feel very confident that the information we have in this document will show that we know how to not only do those three components, but its been demonstrated in facilities at partial ccs capture that is being demonstrated stood, what kind of facilities the u. S. Government thinks are going to be effective in a carbonconstrained world. Following up on that we have a couple questions about the kemper project, which one person describes as vastly over budget. What are your conclusions at this point about how economically feasible that will be. Good question. Kemper is a Southern Company facility. I will tell you, i cant speak to will whether its over budget. Ive certainly read that, but the one uniqueness you need to understand about kemper that i think makes it really not a good comparison, if you are wondering, or a good model, if you are wondering if ccs is going to be Cost Effective and available, again, we have four facilities currently in the construction phase. You know, at least one is 75 complete, thats integrating ccs into the design of the facility. But the kemper facility is actual think very unique, not just in the ccs but it has other unique technologies being tested by the Southern Company because they have some proprietary oversight over those technologies. So it isnt just the ccs. I think its the actual gas turbine that is different. So theres a lot of things different and unique about that facility which really tells me that there may be a lot more going on than just whether ccs in its traditional way can be put on that facility and work Cost Effectively. I would be remiss not to ask one of the many questions about fracking. What will your approach be to enforcement regarding shale drilling or fracking . Its a good question. Its not the subject matter of today, but ill take it on anyways. No, its good because it is clearly related. This country has had an enormous increase in the amount of natural gas its generated and how Cost Effective and really inexpensive natural gas has become. I think thats one of the reasons why you are seeing a significant shift away from coal and investing in natural gas, and im quite sure thats how everybody is looking at it. The fracking issue is one that e. P. A. Has been all over for quite a while. If you are unaware, we have an ongoing study that is really 18 Research Projects all into one to look at all the water issues associated with fracking, to make sure that we have the science to understand what its threat might be and whether or not there needs to be action and how that action should be taken. I think the president in the Climate Action plan actually addressed this issue in a couple of different ways. Really, the first way was he told us we needed to get what he called a methane strategy, and hes pulled all the agencies together to develop that. Now, the thing i think many of you may not know is that on the air side, e. P. A. Has already regulated fracking. The reason you dont know it is because we did it so well, nobody complained. Well, very few. I shouldnt say nobody. And what we said was and understood was that methane in the fracking process is emitted, and in that methane say lot of volatile organic compounds. Those are air pollutants regulated under the Clean Air Act, and in order to address those we are requiring actions throughout the sector to take a look at natural gas wells and during the fracking process to make sure that they use either green completions which are phased in and going to be fully available in a few years, which recaptures the methane, then allows companies to make money because thats the product theyre producing. Thats the major constituent of natural gas, and it allows them to capture the vocs so it doesnt contribute to what we all know are significant air quality challenges we are seeing in the western parts of the states that were never seen about. Ozone. The so we are regulating the industry from the air quality side effectively. Its not just Cost Effective, its going to make some money, and weve done that working with the states hand in hand to ensure that as they are regulating, we dont duplicate their efforts but take advantage of it. We are helping them understand if issues are arising and provide Technical Expertise to them, but we are effectively looking at fracking in general from both the water and air quality side, and we know thats our obligation. Again, thats e. P. A. s obligation to protect Public Health and the environment, so we take it seriously on the natural gas side as we do regulating coal and the emissions from coal. We are almost out of time but before asking the last question, a couple of housekeeping matters. First, id like to remind you, on september 26 we will have new orleans mayor michigan landrieu and philadelphia mayor michael nutter. November 11 we will have walt binther, president and c. E. O. Of the Charles Schwab corporation. And we would like to present our guest with the Traditional National press club coffee mug. As long as its less than 5, i accept. Yes. [laughter] we buy them in bulk for a very good price. And one last question. You are here at the National Press club today. A questioner asked, now that you are administrator, will you allow more access for journalists to interview scientists and policy advisors . I would say e. P. A. Always allows access to our scientists but if theres any issues, well talk. Thank you for your attention. [applause] thank you, administrator mccarthy. Thank you all for coming today. Id also like to thank National Press club staff, including our Journalism Institute and broadcast center, for helping organization todays event. Finally, you can find more information about the National Press club at our web site, www. Press. Org. Thank you. We are adjourned. The Associated Press is reporting that administrator or willy is saying her agency shut down unless Congress Passes the cr past the september 30 deadline. Only a core group of people would remain on duty. President obama and Michelle Obama are departing today for new york city. This took place about an hour ago. Both will attend the opening of the General Assembly today. The president is afternoon will meet with the president of ageria and will take part in Civil Society roundtable. Tomorrow, obama will address the u. N. N the you can see live coverage of the president tomorrow on cspan. Joe biden is in colorado today, surveying the damage from recent floods there. This afternoon he will join the governing and the fema administrator for an update on recovery efforts. We will have that News Conference at 4 00 p. M. Eastern on cspan3. Today, Homeland Security, and other officials will testify reduce Human Trafficking. Barely 20,000 people are trafficked to this country for prostitution or domestic servitude. This will be at 2 30 eastern on cspan. We are in prospect garden. This is a garden that mrs. Wilson design. Which he was in the white house, she brings the white house partner that here to this garden createshe says, lets re the rose section of this garden at the white house. This becomes the famous rose garden at the white house. Ellen does not live to see the rose garden completed. She is dying in the summer of 1914. She is wheeled out in her wheelchair and she watches as the gardener works, but does not live to see the completion of this vision she had four roses blooming at that white house. Meet the first and second wives of president wilson tonight at 9 00 eastern on c span and cspan3, also at cspan radio and www. Cspan. Org. Foreign Affairs Minister spoke on friday, addressing north Koreas Nuclear program. This is about an hour and 10 minutes. Good evening, everybody. [bell rings] thanks for the help. Its my great pleasure to welcome all of you here this evening for what is going to be a rare opportunity to hear from the foreign minister of the peoples republic of china, wang yi. As i look around this room i see many friends and supporters of the institution, friends of china, friends from china. And im grateful to all of you for making the effort to be here this evening. We also have quite a number of representatives of the diplomatic corps. I want to particularly thank the ambassador for the help and cooperation and extended hospitality, if i can put it that way, in putting this Evenings Program together. I think we know a lot about our distinguished guests career. He came into his present post in march after spending virtually all his career, including a stint as a visiting scholar at Georgetown University as a specialist on asia and particularly japan. As vice minister for the region, that is, asia, he played a vital role in getting the diplomacy involved with the north Korean Nuclear program on to a constructive track, and as chinas ambassador to japan, he was there at a particularly sensitive time in that bilateral relationship, as i think everyone knows. By the end of his tenure as ambassador to japan, think it can be said that the p. R. C. s relationship was on a steadier course than when he arrived. He also served as director of the Taiwan Affairs office in the state council. He has graced us here at brookings with his presence before, but this is the first time in his capacity as foreign minister, and were all very grateful to hear his views on a new model for great power relations between the United States and china. That is the topic that occupied a good deal of time between our president s when they met at sunnylands and a topic they returned to when they met at the g20 in st. Petersburg. Its also an issue that is very much on the agenda here at brookings, at the john l. Thrornton china center and our Brookings Center in beijing. So both in washington and in beijing, we at brookings are doing as much as we can to improve and identify areas of cooperation between the United States and china. And its in that spirit that we welcome the foreign minister back to brookings tonight. The minister is going to offer some opening remarks. There are earphones on your tables. The simultaneous english interpretation can be found on channel 2. When he finishes his remarks, there will be a conversation moterated by my colleague jeff bader, who was the founding director of the Thornton Center here at brookings, also at the state department, and president obamas senior director for asia at the National Security council. So, mr. Minister, again, welcome and the podium is yours. [applause] ladies and gentlemen, its my pleasure to be here to meet old friends and make new ones. When i was preparing my speech in beijing, my colleagues encouraged me to speak english, and i agreed. [laughter] but finally i found i have not had time to practice my english. So i decide to speak my own language, chinese, because, you know, georgetown only gave me half a year. [laughter] maybe less time i can do it. So you can use the head sets. It gives me great pleasure to be back at the Brookings Institution and share with you with you my thoughts on a way to a new model of relations between the u. S. And china. Before i start, i wish to thank the Brookings Institution and the president , strobe talbott, for graciously hosting this event. Over the past few years, i was here several times to meet your experts and scholars. As the president said just now, at that time i wore the hat of the minister of the Taiwan Affairs office. I was in charge of affairs related to taiwan and the reunification be china, so the topics focused on the question of taiwan. I remember at that time many uven wanted to ask me on issues of Foreign Policy, so my reply was always, sorry, theyre beyond my portfolio, but today i will not say sorry again, matter what questions you may ask. This is a year of great significance in u. S. China relations. Last june the two president s held a successful and historic meeting in annenberg estate in california. The most important outcome is china and the United States agreed to build a new model of relations between the two countries. The agreement is strategic, constructive, and pathbreaking in nature. It has charted the future course for our relations. It will surely produce a positive and profound impact on the asiapacific and indeed the evolution of the international landscape. With the agreement come two questions. First, what is this new model of relations about . In his words, the essential features of this model include no conflict or confrontation. Mutual respect, and cooperation. No conflict or confrontation is the prerequisite for the new model of relations between us. According to some study of history, there have been about 15 cases of emerging powers, and in 11 cases, confrontation and war broke out between emerging and established powers. However, we now live in a different world. China and the United States and in the all countries world are part of a community of shared interests. Countries are increasingly interconnected. From the will benefit confrontation or will he will get nowhere. We may need to follow the trend address shouldn, reject this trust, and build confidence in the future of chinau. S. Relations. Mutual respect is a basic principle for this new model. We live in a world of rich diversity. States,a and the united different in social systems, history, and culture, yet connected by intertwined Mutual Respect is all the more important. Only by respecting each others othersas well as each core interests and concerns, can we seek Common Ground while reserving differences, and on that day system expired and and resolven ground differences so the countries will be able to live together in harmony. Way totion is the only turn the vision into a reality. There is an innermost need and vast potential for bilateral cooperation in all fields. Besides the world, certainly needs china and the united with greatntries influence to Work Together and contribute on issues ranging from counterterrorism to cybersecurity, from Nuclear Nonproliferation to Climate Change, and from peace in the little eastern africas development. Is only possible when both countries are committed to growing cooperation. Moreover, such outcomes should chinast the beneficial to and the United States. It should also be beneficial to all countries in the world. Now let me turn to the second section, how can we make the more the new model of relations a reality. Indeed, this will be a systemic project that requires ideas and efforts from people all walks of life in both countries. It also needs sustained political resolve, persistent commitment, and tireless efforts of both sides. I know that Many American friends say to me that this new model is great, but it must not be just a slogan. The should not stay at level of a concept. It should become a reality through concrete action. Americans are very pragmatic. So are the chinese. This is why the moment i arrived in the United States, in the first meeting with the press, i said publicly that i am here this time to send a clear message, that is, our two countries should Work Together. Lets use concrete action to advance this new model. Lets carry out specific cooperation to reflect or to enrich this new model. There are so many areas that we can cooperate. I would like to talk about my observations on how to build a new model from the following aspects. First, we need to enhance Strategic Trust to put this new model of relationship on a more solid foundation. We have all along emphasized that chinas development is peaceful in nature. We have never had the strategic intention to challenge or even to replace the United States in its position in the world. We work with the United States and all other countries for peace and common development. We are aware of the u. S. Statement that it does not see china as a threat or intends to contain china. Instead, it wishes to see a strong and stable china. This is right. As long as china and the United States can both stick to this Strategic Direction in their actions, we will certainly build up Strategic Trust and strengthen the foundation for this new model of relationship. Second, we need to promote practical cooperation to put this new model of relationship of more shared interests over more than four decades since the establishment of our diplomatic relations, Economic Growth and trade have brought huge developments to each country. They have served as a stabilizer that enables chinau. S. Relations to forge ahead despite wins. Today bilateral trade is 500 billion u. S. Dollars and mutual investment more than 80 billion. According to the latest report from chinau. S. Exchange foundation, in 10 years time, by 2022, our two countries will become each others top trading partner. By then, u. S. Exports to china will exceed 450 billion u. S. Which means over 2. 5 million jobs created in this country. The number of Chinese Tourists visiting the United States will grow to 10 million from 1. 5 million in 2012. These are conclusions of the joint study by chinese and american scholars, not from the chinese side only. I believe they will give a strong impetus to the historic process of this new model of relationship. Recently, china has agreed to carry out substantive negotiations with the United States on the bilateral investment treaty on the National Treatment and a list. This shows the great sincerity and resolve of the Chinese Government to deepen china and u. S. Economic trade cooperation. This will open up new prospects for bilateral business ties, and there is also need for the two countries to tap cooperation potential in such fields as energy, environmental protection, urbanization, biotech and infrastructure. China takes u. S. Concerns on Market Access and ipr protection seriously and is prepared to take measures to address them at the same time china hopes the United States will ease its control over high tech export to china and give fair treatment to Chinese Companies investing in this country. Third, we need to enhance people to people and Cultural Exchange and put this new model of relationship on Stronger Public support. Statetostate relations at the end of the day are about people topeople relations. In todays world, Public Opinion has increasingly become a significant factor shaping or even defining bilateral relationships. Friendship between peoples leads to amity between nations and vice versa. The success of our endeavor to build a new model of major country relationships hinges greatly upon the understanding, involvement, and support of the majority of our two peoples. With this in mind, we need to encourage and expand into actions in various areas and within various groups including families, communities, schools, and ngos at the grassroot level so that our peoples will understand each other better and deepen friendship. We need to strengthen Cultural Exchange, and as the two sides meet and interact, they will gradually achieve mutual tolerance and inclusiveness. We also need to lead Public Opinion in respective countries so that the voice advocating chinau. S. Friendship and cooperation will become the mainstream in public support where our relations will grow stronger. Fourth, we need to strengthen cooperation in international and regional hot spots and global issues and put this new model of relationship on greater common responsibilities. The United States is the biggest developed country while china is the biggest developing country in the world. The two countries share evergrowing converging interests and shoulder increasingly greater common responsibilities on such measured issues as maintaining regional and International Stability and promoting Sustainable Development of mankind. Joint contribution to world peace and stability and progress of civilization is what the International Community expects of our two countries. It should, therefore, also be inherent future of this new model of relationship. China is prepared to engage in all dimensional cooperation with the United States at regional and global levels. What we seek is not the so called g2, but each complementing the other for its respective advantages. China is ready to shoulder International Responsibilities commensurate with its National Strengths and reality and together with the United States offer more quality public goods for the International Community. China and the United States can cooperate on any issue. We may not always see eye to eye, but that should not prevent us from talking to each other. As long as we truly act in a shared interest of the two countries and for the benefit of regional and global stability and the prosperity, our positions will get closer and our Strategic Trust will surely get enhanced. On cyber security, a peaceful secure open and cooperative cyberspace is in the interest of all countries in the world including china and the United States. China firmly opposes any behavior that disrupts order in cyberspace and endangers cyber security. As a matter of fact, china is a victim of hacking and other Cyber Attacks to safeguard cyber security, we need cooperation instead of finger pointing. The first meeting of chinau. S. Cyber working group made a good beginning. We need to keep up constructive dialogue and to promote the formulation of the International Cyber rules to help ensure cyber security. On Climate Change, our two sides have set up a Climate Change working group within the framework. As china is committed to deeping economic structural readjustment and accelerating the shift of growth model, addressing Climate Change meets its own needs of Sustainable Development in the first place. We are ready to enhance cooperation with the United States on environmental protection, Energy Conservation and emissions reduction and alternative and renewable energy, take part in relevant Climate Change negotiations in a responsible matter and jointly contribute to Sustainable Development. On syria, china is firmly opposed to the use of chemical weapons by any country or individual. We believe that political settlement is the only right way out in diffusing the syrian crisis. With support and early launch of the process to destroy syrias chemical weapons, at the same time a geneva two should be held as soon as possible, thus bringing the syrian issue back to political settlement. On palestine and israel, china has proposed peace talks in a manner and pushed the two sides to make efforts on the Iranian Nuclear issue. China and the United States have close communication. There has emerged positive factors in Iranian Nuclear dialogue. We should seize the opportunities to work for early substantive progress in the dialogue. Fifth, we need to prioritize our cooperation on Asian Pacific affairs and start the building of this new model of relationship from the Asian Pacific region. The asia pacific is the worlds Fastest Growing and the most promising region. It is also home to most of the hot spot issues. China and the United States have more conversing interesting and interactions in the Asian Pacific more than anywhere else. It is both possible and imperative that our two countries start the building of this new model of relationship from the Asian Pacific. Just think if china and the United States can avoid conflict and confrontation in the Asian Pacific, there is no reason we cant coexist in peace in other parts of the world if china and the United States can respect each other and conduct cooperation on Asian Pacific affairs, there is no reason we cannot Work Together on other issues. How to turn the Asian Pacific into the testing ground for our new model of relationship, i think the following two points are extremely important. First, china and the United States should genuinely respect and accommodate each others interests and the concerns in the Asian Pacific. China respects the traditional influence and immediate interests of the United States in the asia pacific. We have never thought about pushing the u. S. Out of the region, rather we hope the United States will play a positive and constructive role in safeguarding peace, stability, and the development in the asia pacific. The vast Pacific Ocean is broad enough to accommodate our two big countries. The asia pacific has been the home and root of the chinese nation for thousands of years. Therefore, we hope that the United States will also respect chinas interests and concerns. The taiwan question concerns chinas sovereignty and the integrity. It bears on the National Sentiments of its 1. 3 billion chinese people. Right now relations enjoy a momentum of peaceful development. Its the common desire of people on both sides of the straits to have peace rather than war, cooperation rather than confrontation, and exchanges rather than estrangement. Gradual integration of the two sides through twoway interactions and cooperation will lead to ultimate reunification. This is a historical trend that no one can stop. For many years, the taiwan question has been a liability in chinese u. S. Relations that undermines mutual trust and disrupts cooperation. However, if the United States can go along with the prevailing trend of peaceful development, of relations and genuinely appreciate and respect chinas efforts to oppose separation and achieve peaceful reunification, the issue was a liability, the negative factors in our relationship will be turned into an asset and a positive factor providing long term steady grove of chinese u. S. Relations and opening prospect for allaround cooperation. Second, china and the United States should Work Together to produce substantive results in our cooperation over hot spot issues in the asia pacific. If we can succeed in doing so, we will be able to accumulate experience and strategic cooperation on a global scale and demonstrate to the rest of the world our ability and resolve to jointly safeguard Regional Peace and stability. A case in point is the Korean Nuclear issue. China and the United States have built much consensus on the issue. It is ouch common responsibility to maintain peace in northeast asia. Yesterday was the eighth anniversary of the september 19th join statement. Before yesterday, china hosted an International Workshop in beijing to mark the 10th anniversary of the sixparty talks. China believes that dialogue and the negotiation is the right path toward a Nuclear Weapons free peninsula and that the Six Party Talks have turned out to be an effective mechanism for dialogue. The parties concerned should recommitment themselves as soon as possible to a joint statement and the Work Together to create the necessary conditions for the restart of the sixparty talks. The u. S. Position on this is of vital importance. China is ready to keep in touch with the u. S. Side. We were also ready to cooperate with the United States on other regional hot spot issues such as afghanistan. 10 days ago, the second china u. S. Collaborative Training Course to afghanistan diplomats was launched in washington, d. C. I sent con graceses to the program. Afghanistan is in the phase of crucial transition. What other country can proceed smoothly with the reconciliation and reconstruction including china, the United States, and other countries in the nation. China u. S. Cooperation on afghanistan has just started. There is Great Potential and room for enhanced cooperation if our two countries can work with each other and to bring out our respective strengths, we can turn the issue into a new highlight and cooperation. Ladies and gentlemen, not long ago, president gee and president obama met again on the margins of the g20 summit in st. Petersburg. The two leaders reiterated their commitment to this new model of major country relationship. The building of such a relationship requires not only political guidance from our leaders, but also and more importantly, the involvement and support of people across the society in both countries including the continuous intellectual input from action demonstratea. The Brookings Institution is one of the greatest think tanks. What to do next is to look at what the Brookings Institute is working on. The Brookings Institution has always had a keen interest in u. S. Relations with china, but its purpose, the china center bringing together many Renowned Experts on china u. S. Relations and doing a great deal of work in promoting bilateral ties. I hope and im confident that as china and the United States build this new model, the Brookings Institution will continue to put a positive role and make major contributions. [applause] now it seems i need to answer your questions. I would like to thank minister wang for andreas that was full of insight and full of ideas about how to build a new model of major power relationships. As the minister said, there was a concern at the outset that this might be just a slogan. I think what we have heard from the minister tonight are some excellent ideas about how to make this much more than a slogan. Its also important that this name of the relationship not simply be an umbrella for all of the old issues and all of the old disputes. We need to infuse this new model with some new determination to solve problems rather than merely repeat old positions and old talking points. I think minister wang has blazed the path and shown us how to do that. So i would like to take advantage of my position as moderator and ask the first question, if i could, mr. Minister. And we thank you for being willing to take some questions that will doubtless be difficult and probably unpleasant. [laughter] my question is as it was indicated, you are almost certainly the leading expert in the Chinese Government on the subject of japan. Do you want me to complete the question . Although i must say that the gentleman who followed you as ambassador to japan also did a terrific job. This way. For many of us it has been very upsetting to see the worlds second and Third Largest economies have their relationships, relationship become tense and deteriorate over what to many on the outside appear to be four uninhabited and habited rocks. I know it looks different in china and japan, but that is the truth. As foreign minister and as chinas leading japan expert, do you have ideas about how to renormalize relations between china and japan in the coming months . Will it require some sort of agreement about the islands, these four uninhabited rocks or will the two countries take a broader higher view and look at the many important common interests that they have and find a way to rebuild the relationship . He asked a very sensitive question from the beginning. To answer this question, i want to answer this question, i want to first be very clear that it is chinas consistent and clear position that the islands are an integral part of the chinese territory and this position of ours has not changed and nor should it change. China has a Firm Determination to uphold its sovereignty and territorial integrity. At the same time, we are aware that the japanese side has its own thoughts and views and what should we do, it is chinas consistent position that when it comes to territorial disputes, we are ready to resolve the disputes through a dialogue and negotiation. But 41 years ago when china and japan broke their years of estrangement and achieved the normalization of diplomatic relations, leaders of the two countries reached a very important agreement or you can call it an understanding, that is, we have different positions on this issue and we can set aside our difference and take care of it or resolve it at some later date. This understanding has been incorporated into many diplomatic documents and the memory of reaching such understanding is still fresh on the minds of both japanese and chinese diplomats who are personally involved in that part of history. That has enabled the continuance of peace and stability on the islands and in their adjacent borders including in the East China Sea for so many years. However, to our regret, last year the japanese side decided to press its claim and control over the chinese territory, the islands, by nationalizing these islands and that move broke what existed over these islands in the past 40 years and under such circumstances, one can easily imagine that the chinese side must and surely need to make a response to it. So, the situation may seem complicated, but the whole story is actually a very clear one. And circumstances continue to move and in undesirable direction. I want to tell you it is because the japanese side denied the existence of such an agreement or understanding, which was reached 40 years ago, and certainly this is an acceptable unacceptable to the chinese side, because, as i said before, this is a historical fact. In spite of this, we are still ready to sit down and have dialogues with the japanese side to find jointly away to control, manage the current situation. But the japanese said to us there is no such dispute the between china and japan, and that has made it impossible for dialogues to happen. China and japan are perpetual china and japan are perpetual neighbors. The two countries have very close business ties. We are still ready to sit down and have dialogue with the japanese side, but first the japanese side needs to recognize there is such a dispute. The whole world knows there is a dispute here. I believe there will be a day when the japanese come back to this table and dialogue. So, how things will go next is not just up to the chinese side, but also up to the japanese side, too. I believe there will be a time when the two sides come together to have serious dialogue and discussion to work out a solution. Thank you for that comprehensive answer. I would like to take two questions now, and we will see after those questions whether we have more time. We have a tight schedule in new york. If we can get a couple of questions secretary cohen . Please. Thank you very much for very comprehensive statements about the Foreign Policy of china. I attended a conference recently in singapore. During the course of the conference, i met with a number of your counterparts. The issue was raised during that time let me stop here. An issue was raised during that time about the socalled 9 dash line drawn in the south china sea. And you mentioned earlier of course we need to respect each other and common interest in the asiapacific region. The issue that was raised was whether the socalled 9 dash line, which appeared in many maps prior to last year and, now the new maps show a solid line. I wonder, is there any significance between the 9 dash line, which indicates some question about sovereignty, or a solid line, which would seem to indicate Something Different . Continue . Please. Minister wang, thank you for your candid remarks. I would like to raise the issue of the Korean Peninsula again, if i could. This is been an issue for many years. North korea insists it is a nuclear state. It continues to expand its Nuclear Weapons potential and states unequivocally that it has no intention of giving up its weapons. What reason should we have for optimism in this case . You have mentioned, of course, sixparty talks on the anniversary of the september 2005 agreement, in which of course china played a vital role. What reasons would we have for optimism for what could result from any presumed talks, and how do you see the United States and china cooperating as a test case of major power relations . Thank you. Both questions are important ones. For the question raised by secretary cohen, for me, it is the first time to hear it, that is the line has been changed into a solid one. What i can say to you is there has been no change in chinas position with respect to the 9 dash line. I do not think this line should become a solid one, but if you did see such a map showing this, i would maybe have to look into it and check it. This line, the 9 dash line, was drawn by the r. O. C. Government back in 1948 and this has been upheld by successive Chinese Governments and i do not think there has been any change in our position on the issue. Second, about the korean issue there has been much discussion about this. It is true, i was personally involved in sixparty talks, framing the talks. To our deep regret, the Six Party Talks have been at a standstill for quite some time, which is something none of us want to see. We are also aware of these statements that you referred to made by the dprk side. But i would also like to tell you there has been new developments recently, some things that the dprk says it does not object to the joint statement and is ready to come back to the statement and to the february 29 deal it had with the United States. The first article set out in the september 19 joint statement is that dprk gives up all Nuclear Weapons and nuclear programs. At the same time, the joint statement also sets out the respective responsibilities and obligations for china, the United States, and other parties concerned. Another change on the part of the dprk recently is they have said they are willing to commit to the denuclearization because they say that this is the legacy of their past leaders. To achieve the denuclearization of the peninsula is our common goal. Now that the dprk has reiterated it will commit to be denuclearization goal, and now is the time for the parties to sit down and think how they will achieve the goal. One of the important items on my agenda of my visit to the United States is to discuss with the u. S. Side that we can resume this process to affect reasonable, resumption of all the talks, that is acceptable to all the parties. Our position is a clear one. We are firm and our commitment to the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. We believe this is in chinas on business and the dprks interest and the interest of all other parties, including the United States. Meanwhile, we believe this issue needs to be peaceably resolved through dialogue and negotiation. The purpose of such dialogue and negotiation is to address the concerns of all the parties involved, including the legitimate concerns of the dprk. I believe our countries, china and the United States, are in agreement with respect to denuclearization and resolving this issue through dialogue. I am confident that as long as we all get ready and be serious and moving forward our dialogue, we will be able to achieve our common goal of denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. It is also our common responsibility. I will be open to more questions. Ok. We will take one last question. Ken, fire away. Thank you, mr. Minister, for your very informative formal comments and responses to questions. I was really struck in your speech that you characterized future u. S. For cooperation on afghanistan as becoming a new highlight of u. S. China relations. The chinese involvement has been very limited and incipient. I wonder if you will share with us your thinking what future cooperation would consist of that would warrant calling it a new highlight of the relationship . Thank you. On afghanistan, china and the United States have a common interest. We want to see a stable area after the United States troop withdrawal from the country and we want to assist afghanistan in the reconstruction process and neither of our two countries was to see a resurgence of terrorist activity in the country. Now parties are not so optimistic about the prospects of the country post2014, and i believe that has made all the more important the china, United States, and other countries with close links to that country to advance cooperation. Concrete cooperation can involve a wide range of areas. Just one example, the Collaborative Training Program of our two countries. It is not a very big program, but it is a very positive one. Next year, china will play host to the issue of Afghanistan International conference, the istanbul process international conference. We certainly hope the United States will participate in it where we can have a more detailed discussion. With regard to the instruction process post2014, on the economic front, i believe both china and the United States can make contributions and china can make its own contribution to reconstruction. On the domestic political reconciliation process, it is a tough one. I believe on this, china and the United States can play a role, too, and we can Work Together with pakistan and other neighbors with afghanistan in this regard. Now all people are talking about syria, but probably in the latter half of next year the most important topic we will talk about is afghanistan. I think it is important to see into the future. The Brookings Institution is a very forwardlooking economic institution. I believe it is very important to consider what afghanistan will be like post2014 and how china, the United States, and other countries can Work Together on this. Thank you. Thank you, mr. Minister, for providing us a very productive and enjoyable evening. Those of us who have worked with mr. Wang throughout the years know him as a gentleman who is pragmatic, who is fairminded, experienced, and i have had the pleasure of meeting with a chinese gentleman who was not in the government the other day who said what he really appreciates about mr. Wang in his appointment is he is tough. I believe we heard all of those traits displayed tonight, although the toughness is described by a velvet glove he wears. I would like everyone to show our appreciation for mr. Wangs address and his willingness to deal with difficult questions tonight. Show your appreciation by giving him a round of applause. [applause] today, president obama and first lady obama are turning the opening of the United Nations General Assembly. Tomorrow morning, the president will stand before International Leaders and give a speech on iran and syria and the use of chemical weapons, specifically regarding iran. The associate press is reporting that two senators, including bob menendez and lindsey graham, sent a letter today to the president asking him to make their that United States would not tolerate iran developing a nuclear weapon. We are planning live coverage of the president tomorrow on c span. Coming up later, Homeland Security and Justice Department and state Law Enforcement officials will testify on attempts to reduce Human Trafficking in the United States. Nearly 20,000 people are trafficked into this country for restitution or domestic services. That will be live beginning at 2 30 eastern here on cspan. Vice President Joe Biden today is in colorado where he is surveying the damage from the recent floods. This afternoon, he will join John Hickenlooper and admiral fugate. That is scheduled for 4 p. M. Eastern. This is seated press reported moments ago that emergency officials in colorado have found a 79yearold woman dead from the floods. On capitol hill this week, the u. S. House is back. The legislative work on wednesday as they await action on the bill to extend federal funding of the government passed the september 30. Deadline it also september 30 at nine. September 30 deadline. You can see the house live wednesday here on cspan. Senate beginning in about 10 minutes on cspan2. For look at the week ahead on congress, we spoke earlier today with a capitol hill reporter. Host here are the headlines on usa today. Thank you for getting up with us this morning. Talk a little bit about the timeline for the potential shutdown of some of the votes going on this week, showing you our readers now the National Journal story from last week, inside bonus plan for a boehnerst inside the owne plan for Government Shutdown. Guest a motion to begin to proceed. This could stretch out throughout the week with a couple of procedural votes and then perhaps, in the senate, a will handle the funding of obamacare along with continued funding of government passed at the end of the month expiration of a current funding bill. Host it looks at you will go up to the funding deadline again . Guest it does. The house does not get formally underway until thursday morning. But house members arrive on wednesday. They probably wont receive anything back from the senate until this weekend. Of course, the deadline is next tuesday. Operationsovernment not essential government fundedons are no longer unless there is a new spending bill passed. Post is anybody talking about a is of compromise host anybody talking about acer compromise . Guest it puts Speaker Boehner in the house in a tough position if he were to get a bill back from the senate on monday or sunday even. He will have to decide how to proceed. If a bill isat, brought back to the house that does not include obamacare funding, he will have to decide whether or not to rely on democratic votes if he can to help him get it past if he loses enough conservative votes who wanted the obamacare or he will have to decide on some other procedure or decide leading Government Shutdown and blame it on the democrats. That is probably unlikely. As for a compromise come i wouldnt call it a compromise may go but House Republicans by thursday or friday morning may debtvote on another ceiling bill that would allow government to continue borrowing beyond what is anticipated to be in exhaustion of the current limit in october. And they would add to that will as well a defining or delay of efundinge just a d andy a vote, care they would add to that bill as or delay ofding obamacare as well. About october 18, midoctober, treasury says they anticipated that the current 16. 7 trillion ceiling will be hit. So congress and the white house will have to decide whether the white house disputes that a decision has to be made, but the republican congress, members today have a say on that and plan and will force a vote on whether that can even be raised or delayed for a year. Thank you for getting up with us this morning. Gavel the senate as they on cspan2. The house will return on wednesday. Later this week, the Budget Committee hearing on longterm budget outlook. We year it testimony from the office to rector, douglas almond elmendorf. Uglas that ellena garden wilson designed. She brings the white house garden or backyard to this garden at prospect house. She says, lets recreate the rest section of this garden at the white house to and that becomes the famous rose garden at the white house. She doesnt live to see the rose garden completed. She dies in the summer of 1914. She is wheeled out in her wheelchair and watch as the garden at work, but does not live to see the completion of this vision she had four roses blooming at the white house. Meet the first and second wife of president Woodrow Wilson tonight live that 9 00 eastern on cspan and cspan three, also on cspan radio and cspan. Org. Hour, ap in half an senate Committee Hearing will take place on Human Trafficking here on cspan. Onht now, a discussion implementation for the Nations Health care law and how it will affect employees. Topic ofed turn to the the formal character and our ongoing series. Today, we are joined by jay hancock, a Senior Correspondent to talk about how it is implement it is impacting and indirectly impacting employees. We have already seen some Companies Make changes to their Employee Health lands and blame it on the affordable claire Affordable Care act. What do employees need to be looking for . They should watch for changes in the companysponsored plan. Open enrollment starts october 1 for the Public Health exchanges, which are a key aspect of obamacare. ,imultaneous to this traditional open enrollment season for employmentbased benefits for the next year also takes place in the fall. So if you work for a company that has Health Insurance meiko you probably got four Health Insurance, he probably got a package. This year, you need to dig into the details and look for changes in terms of differing what it was before. The that doubles are going up. Deductibles are going up. Say,yees who were used to, a 500 deductible, those are going up in some cases to 1000 or 2000. If you anticipate going to the doctor a lot next year, you need to dig in and look in the bit closer. Maybe the option you are signed up for is not the right one for next year. Just look at the details. Host we have set up our phone lines differently this morning. Jay hancock, talk about part time employees and what they should be looking out for. Guest parttime employees have always been on the bubble, on the edge of coverage and have typically not had robust offerings from employers. Having any kind of Health Coverage for parttime is more the exception than the rule. Because of this they are more among the groups being affected by the Affordable Care act more so than fulltime employees. This requires coverage from employers of more than 30 hours per week. What is going on is employers are looking at their workforces and trying to figure out what the costs are going to be and in some cases are reportedly cutting back hours. Other employers are shifting around how they cover the part timers. Host what are some examples you have seen . Guest trader joes a few weeks ago, a boutique grocery chain, shifting their parttime employees into what are called private health exchanges. They are providing a stipend to employees, but instead of getting coverage to the company the employees are going to go into private exchanges that we should point out, this is not obamacare. One misunderstanding out there about some of this shifting that companies are doing, the public exchanges eligible for tax subsidies that open on october 1 that are online marketplaces, these are the Obamacare Exchanges. What is going on with employer sponsored insurance is they are changing the structure of how employees shop for Health Insurance. Typically you would be in an open enrollment season as an employer and you might be offered a few different plans with different amounts coming out of your paycheck depending on what the plan was. It mightve been hmo, ppo, blue cross. You will see the same kinds of choices, but the platform is going to be an exchange run by an outside Human Resources benefits company and it will kind of look like the Obamacare Exchanges that are supposed to open next week. Host statistics on Companies Offering Health Benefits to their employees, small firms, those with 3 199 workers, 57 offering it. Larger firms with over 200 employees, 99 offer Health Benefits. We already have questions coming in for you. This is an email from biloxi, mississippi, on the subject of parttime employees. Guest the changes that employers are shifting even more workers to parttime. In the job figures this year that come out at the beginning of every month, the Labor Department measures employment growth and a lot of those jobs that have been created are part time jobs. Critics of the health law are saying that it is hindering the creation of fulltime jobs and point to these parttime statistics that show a large amount of parttime jobs as the evidence of that. It is unclear as to whether this is cause and effect. There are certainly a lot of parttime jobs being created right now. Host how much of this is to blame for the changes of the Affordable Care act, and how much of this is businesses using it as an opportune time to make changes . Guest it is hard to piece that out. The United Parcel service, ups, big brown last month, they told employees that it was going to be removing spouses of ups employees who had access based on working spouses who had access to coverage at their other employers. They will not be eligible to be on the ups plan next year. This attracted a lot of attention, because they kind of went out of their way to blame the Affordable Care act. There was a lot of discussion about how much to blame it really was. Aca does have an effect on Large Employers, like ups. There are some taxes involved that they say are raising their costs. There is a limit on outof pocket spending for employees that goes into effect for Large Employers in 2015 that they say are raising their costs. It is what is called the cadillac tax on high benefit plans. Ups said that this was partly caused by the Affordable Care act but also said that it was caused by their continuing rising costs for medical care in general. This has been an issue for employers for 25 years now. A lot of people say that these are just the latest tactics to try to deal with law with rising costs, to try to get this under control and it is not hugely related to the Affordable Care act. Host here is how it came out on the front page of the wednesday issue of the wall street journal, last week. Host we want to hear what is happening with you at your company. We have lined the setup for fulltime, parttime, and temporary employees. Timothy is up first. You are on with jay hancock of Kaiser Health news. Caller i work for a Large Employer and i think i have what is called the cadillac land. My question is, will i have to pay taxes on the amount of my plan for whatever it would be worth . Guest the simple answer is no, the employer is liable for the tax on the cadillac plan. We should point out that it does not kick in until 2018 and there is some debate as to what degree it will apply to generous employerbased plans. The thresholds are fairly high, fairly much higher than the value of plans now. Some of the predictions that people made about how affected the plans would the were predicated on Health Care Costs rising at the traditional historical rate. They have actually slowed down an appreciable amount and there is some doubt about how soon it will hit the cadillac tax threshold. In any event, the employee is not liable. Host this question come through twitter what was the news about walgreens last week . Guest they are shifting their active, fulltime employees to the private exchanges that we discussed earlier. Let me try to make a point here. We should not exaggerate how big of a change this is. Walgreens is still contributing enormous amounts of money to its employees Health Coverage. We do not know if it is declining or how much it is declining, but there are still employers on certain Health Coverage is at walgreens, the drugstore chain. What is changing is how employees are choosing the coverage, which is going to a private online marketplace similar to the obamacare marketplace, but in many ways is also very different. The obamacare marketplace is financed by your money, you, the consumer, with very generous tax subsidies. The private marketplaces are financed to a very large degree by the employers that have always offered companybased Health Coverage. That is going to be going on. What is changing here is how you choose the coverage, not large changes in who pays for it. We are talking about changes for employees under the Affordable Care act. We want to hear your stories. How is this affecting you . Al is next from ohio. Good morning. Caller good morning, cspan. I have a quick statement. I wish that mr. Obama was upfront and told us that it would be a tax on the American People instead of the mandate. The question is, december 1 is when we have to sign up . The health care does not start until 2014. My employer says i have to get signed up, so there are three months there that i will not have health care. I am not sure what to do. Should i wait for three months and hope i do not get hurt . All right . Thank you. Guest let me ask you a question, stay on a second. You have coverage with your employer now . Why is it ending . Caller the first it will end. Guest that is kind of weird. Caller home depot, you have heard of them. Guest what are they doing . Caller you do not get Health Insurance or you quit. Guest parttimers . Caller yes. Guest if that is what is happening, you do have the option to go out and buy a shortterm policy. Caller yeah, right, ok. Guest depending on what kind of policy you have, you may be covered under the cobra provision, where you can extend your coverage that you have now. I would go find a registered Insurance Agent and talk to them about your options and see what your options are. That would be my recommendation. Host richard is on next for our line with all others. Caller hello, there. Really enjoying your program. I appreciate you. [heavy breathing] host go ahead with your comment. Caller i really appreciate your program. I am a Senior Citizen with a degree in statistics. Looking at the Obama Health Care being misused, not being properly coded, the majority of the American People are being told that 16 of those want singlepayer. They are really not against health care change, which is being used by the republicans and those people, businesses and newspeople who are being paid by the corporations that believe in Republican Health care, republican people. The Supreme Court has said that we are a government for the corporations. Guest you make a point that has often been made that is kind of a double standard, a disconnect in the polls. Numerous pollsters have shown that if you call it a obamacare and say that this is the Affordable Care act, are you for it or against it, the majority of americans are not for it, but if you break it down and you talk about the individual parts of the law, if you say ok, are you in favor of insurance are you in favor of Insurance Companies not being able to deny you if you have a preexisting condition . Argue in favor of putting a cap are you in favor of putting a cap on the outofpocket costs that consumers have to pay . In favor of keeping Adult Children on their Insurance Plan for their parents . People are in favor of that. There is a bit of a debate out there over what the American People actually want, but it is clear that as they understand it, the Affordable Care act is not hugely popular. Host this would be a good time to note that Kaiser Health news has been helping us to break down this law for many weeks now, a nonprofit editorial News Business that is separate from the Kaiser Family foundation. They are not affiliated with kaiser permanente. They cover the health laws of hospitals, doctors, and insurance. Jay hancock, your specialty . Guest the news and business while we are doing some housekeeping, let me correct something i said earlier. We were talking about trader joes and the parttime workers. I said they were shifting to the private exchanges, i believe i was wrong about that. The trader joes folks are being sent into the public Obamacare Exchanges with, i believe, a 500 stipend from the company. In fact a lot of them will probably wind up being better off, because once they go into the public exchanges they will be eligible for fairly generous subsidies, tax credits that they would not have if they stayed on another plan. Host a question from ricky from email guest a great question, which people are only now starting to figure out. There were two big aspects of obamacare that they had an option on. One was whether to expand the Medicaid Program for the poor, the other was whether or not to run their own online marketplace, these online exchanges we have been talking about. Again, a big aspect of the Affordable Care act will Begin Next Week when you can go online and shop for this subsidized coverage that we have been talking about, if you are under certain income levels. So, a little more than half of the state is changing week to week, a little more than half the states have decided to expand their Medicaid Program. So, this will ensure coverage for folks who make if you are an individual, a low about 15,000 per year. Host for the states who are planning to expand and participate, this is from the wall street journal, a map that shows which states are planning to participate and which are planning to not expand. The gold color here are the states planning to participate and the red are states planning not to expand. The gray in there are those who are uncertain. Go ahead. Guest they are still on the fence. Pennsylvania is moving to expanding medicaid. South dakota is talking about it, but they do not know where they are. The other aspect, the online exchanges, states were presented with three options, they could set up the exchange and run it entirely themselves, about 16 states and the District Of Columbia are doing that. They are generally liberal states with a high degree of interest in implementing the aca. Places like maryland, connecticut, vermont, california. Host we have a map of that as well that we are showing our viewers. The yellow is doing the federally run exchange, those are the state run exchanges on this map. The green states are doing the joint and federal exchanges. Guest there is a partnership. A lot of states are default into the department of health and Human Services in washington to run their exchanges, which what that means is the feds are going to run the backbone, sort of the infrastructure of the online marketplace and the consumers will see little, if any difference. They will go to healthcare. Gov to access their insurance choices in their state rather than the url for the state exchange. But the idea is the same. You will go on in your state and if you lack insurance now as a Family Member lacks insurance, you will go on these exchanges and punch in your income, your employment status, whether or not you want to keep your doctor, the computer will show you your options and what the cost to you would be after the subsidies. You plug in your income and the computer figures out the subsidies you are eligible for and you will be able to see then you will be able to then see you will be able to then see the net costs of these planss. Host this question comes to us guest i do not see them stifling the success of obamacare. I see private exchanges as operating in parallel. It really is too early to say what sort of features and benefits they will have. They are brandnew. It is kind of breathtaking how quickly this subject of private exchange has come out of nowhere. There are Large Employer groups and benefits groups that sort of track what employers are doing in Offering Health benefits. A year or two ago they were not even asking questions about this and now companies are setting up these exchanges, offering them to employers, and a good analogy that i like to use for the private exchanges is that the private exchange is to Traditional Health care as the 401 k plan is to traditional pension. In one case the employer is responsibly covering the coverage. We will be doing more of a decisionmaking process in the hands of you, the employee, in terms of the costsharing as well. Host a comment from barbara this morning no employer has ever hired fulltime employees that they do not need. Employers decide what coverage to offer with no input from the employees. We need to take the employer and Insurance Companies out of the matter. It is time for singlepayer Health Coverage for all. Guest there is that sentiment out there. Most other developed, rich nations like the United States have substantially different systems than we do. Switzerland, the netherlands, it is sort of similar to obamacare, but there are still important differences. The argument for singlepayer is look, lets expand singlepayer for everyone and we will get rid of a lot of administrative costs represented by the Insurance Companies. The fact is that singlepayer is not going to happen in this country any time soon. If obamacare succeeds, we may never see singlepayer. If the Affordable Care act is somehow repealed or does not succeed, singlepayer may be back on the table again, which is what many cited as an interest that the Insurance Companies should have in ensuring that it is a success. So, we will see. Singlepayer is largely theoretical. Host were talking to employees, fulltime, parttime, and temporary, about how this is affecting them. We will go to wanda from california on our line set up for fulltime employees. You are on with jay hancock. Caller hi, thank you for taking my call. I just wanted to say i hope you do not cut me off, but i just wanted to say that republicans have spent billions of dollars since the passage of obamacare to misinform the American People. And when you hear propaganda 24 7, seven days a week, 24 hours a day, on what used to be considered the liberal media bias guest can you give us an example of the propaganda . Caller yes, i can. The fact that there are death panels, that is one. The fact that people who are working fulltime or working parttime, their coverage is going to go up. It is going to be higher. They will not be up to see their same doctors anymore. Guest you are talking about arguments, publicity, assertions made against the Affordable Care act. Caller yes, sir. Guest you like the law and you are unhappy about the attacks being made on it. Caller it is not just about being unhappy. It is about the fact that the American People have been propagandized and they do not know what to think or believe. And because you hear a lie over and over i do not care if it is obamacare or anything else, the budget, the deficit. When you hear this stuff over and over and over again, you began to believe it. The fact is you begin to vote against your own best interests. Guest there is certainly a lot of discussion around the Affordable Care act, and you are going to hear a lot more evident it this week and next because october 1 is the date that these online exchanges are supposed to open up. You are absolutely correct, there are assertions being made, not only by people who oppose the Affordable Care act, against the Affordable Care act, but there is some confusing information on the other side as well. We are trying to do our best at Kaiser Health news to cut through it. If i can do a little plug here, i would recommend our coverage on just google Kaiser Health news. We are trying to cut through a lot of the blabbering and tell people what is really going on, but there is a lot of fog out there. You are right. Host lets go to oklahoma city, oklahoma on our line for part time and temporary employees. Caller my understanding is there is a mandatory list of required coverages that the Insurance Companies must offer, and if you have a religious objection, objection to any of these items and you are forced onto the exchange or you choose to go on to the Affordable Health care exchanges, what are you supposed to do . For example, prescription medicine is not an option for some. Why do you need prescription medicine if you go to your backyard and get what you need . Or you do not want artificial Birth Control or sterilization, you are not going to do it anyway are these things necessary to have on your plan . And if you choose not to have them on your plan for religious reasons, what happens to you . Guest you sort of are talking about two different issues here. One is Preventative Services that are required to be on the plans. The idea was that at the very bottom, Insurance Companies should cover basic care to keep people healthy, and there is a list of preventative features that are supposed to be on the plans. I am not aware of religious objections to any of these. For example, having a colonoscopy or other preventative care. You do bring up Birth Control and abortion, that people might have objections to. In the case of abortion, under federal law, the exchanges are not allowed to use federal money to pay for abortions. That money is sequestered, and that is the law. You ask about naturalpathic medicine. I cannot tell you anything about that. You will have to look at the plans, see for the cover, and see how they square with your beliefs. Host we showed a map of who is running exchanges from the wall street journal. The blue ones are state run. Federally run, the orange color. And the green states are the joint federal and state. A question on twitter what would be the inducement for a state run owned exchange . Guest to be in control. To have Health Policy play out the way the people of whatever particular state it is want it to run out. You hire your own contractors. You have your own board of directors running the exchange board. It is just a lot more handson activity, rather than depending on washington to come in and resume for you. It has been an argument in conservative states as well. Some conservatives say, well, why do we want washington coming in and running this for us . It will happen no matter what, so why dont we do it ourselves . The other side has predominately won the argument, which is to say we do not want to have anything to do with it. Do your best, washington, we will see what happens. See the rest of this discussion at the cspan Video Library at cspan. Org. The Senate Governmental affairs to many is about to begin a hearing on Human Trafficking. Thankeally want to senator high camp senator heitkamp she will be here momentarily. She recommended that we hold a hearing on this subject matter. I know that senator kelly ayotte is a former a. G. All three of them are former a. G. s. The routed to my attention and the attention of dr. Coburn, Ranking Member on the third committee. We have a second panel that will he moves to ask from over there to write here. Heidi heitkamp is coming from over there to write here. We will figure this all out and get on with the hearing. Human trafficking has been described as a modernday slavery. And that is because its victims are in some cases forced to work , including as prostitutes, sometimes in sweatshops, against their will. Trafficking victims may not be physically imprisoned, but they are trapped in often hellish conditions through physical or mental coercion that makes escape impossible or at least seem impossible. It is easy to think of Human Trafficking is something that happened somewhere else in countries far away from hours that are suffering through war, maybe property. Sadly, Human Trafficking is a real and growing problem all over the world, including my hearing home. It can be invisible unless officials and citizens alike are trained to recognize the telltale signs. By some measures, Human Trafficking is the second most significant criminal enterprise in the world, generating 32 billion in revenue. To me that is stunning maybe to you as well. The statistics for one type of Human Trafficking and prostitution are particularly shocking. Year, what than 1000 children in the United States are forced into prostitution. The average age of entry into prostitution is roughly 13 years of age. In fact, i understand there have been reports of girls forced to byk as prostitutes granted cap used to mark them as property. It sounds like branded by tattoos to mark them as property. Traffickers prey on Vulnerable People in their own communities. While some are undocumented immigrants, others are teenager runaways born and raised in the United States. Just last year in wilmington, delaware, a minimum a man was found guilty of forcing a 13 yearold girl to work for him as a prostitute. Just last month, the fbi conducted a threeday operation in 76 cities that led to the rescue of 105 children who have been trapped into the commercial sex string. 2 were found in the philadelphia suburbs roughly 25 miles from my home. It reminds me of a passage from the book of matthew in the bible i guess many of you have heard this. Jesus was describing how god looked on those who performed acts of kindness for the disadvantaged by saying, as much as you did for the lease of fight others least of my brothers, you did unto me. These being preyed upon by human traffickers are the least of our brothers and sisters and we have a moral rosemont ability to make sure they are being protected moral responsibility to make sure theyre being protected. Examineys looking to the underlying cause of things. With a case of Human Trafficking, i hope that our Witnesses Today can help us better understand three key things. First, we need to know what drives Human Trafficking so that we can be more effective at stopping it. Second, we need to get better at identifying victims so that we can more successfully intervene and remove them from their terrible situations. Last, we need to better identify victims of trafficking so that we can intervene before their and snared and offer them an effective treatment before they fall prey. Today we are fortunate to have two panels of witnesses who can help us understand the current efforts underway at the federal, state, local, and tribal level to attack Human Trafficking had. Ot we have for senior system the departments of justice and seniorecurity witnesses from the department of justice and Homeland Security who can hopefully address some of the underlying causes. On s second panel we have four witnesses who can speak to how Human Trafficking impacts our communities and how state and local officials and even School Children are tackling this problem. As i said, just before senator heitkamp joined us, how much i appreciate both of them suggesting we hold this hearing. Dr. Coburn is not going to be ,ble to join us at the hearing but we have been joined by senator ayotte. Im the only person here who is not a former a. G. They are all recovering attorney generals. [laughter] it is not sick once vince it is not a coincidence that they have an interest. We will start off with our friend from new jersey sitting in for dr. Coburn as a Ranking Member could outlast it senator i will ask if senator heitkamp would like to speak for a while and also if senator ayotte would like to say anything. Thisank you for convening hearing, thank you for your leadership of this committee, thank you for your leadership on the issue of Human Trafficking. Earlier,airman said Human Trafficking should be called exactly what it is, modernday slavery. It is a plague on our nation and the world. It is, to put it bluntly, a crime against humanity. It is a crime against the dignity of every person victimized by the ruthless criminals who trade in human beings. It is a crime against society. As dr. King said, injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. It is happening not just in foreign lands. It is happening here in our own country. It is past time to put an end to it. To make at be content dent in Human Trafficking. We must do everything we can do to abolish modernday slavery from our country and around the world. This is an ambitious goal but not an impossible dream. We must commit ourselves to ending the nightmare that millions of victims of Human Trafficking are living every day. None of us would give up our freedom for even a day. All of us must dedicate ourselves to ensuring that no one else suffers that fate. You are more people in slavery around the world today that at any other point in our history. As many as 27 Million People around the world are being held in bondage, forced to work in unsafe, degrading, inhumane conditions. That is the equivalent of three times the entire population of new jersey, 30 times the population of delaware, an estimated 100,000 of them right here in the United States. Liberty,of their subject to unspeakable abuse, the victims of human traffickers cry for help. Too often their cries are unheard. Today in this hearing we are giving them a voice. We are hearing pleas for rescue and for freedom. Most important, we are committing ourselves to answering their cirries. The war to eradicate Human Trafficking must be fought on many fronts. It requires the concerted, sustained efforts of Law Enforcement, federal, state, and local. Intergovernmental cooperation is also essential to success. It requires legislators at every level to provide resources Law Enforcement needs to sustain an effective effort to bring human traffickers to justice. It is not adequate to provide just enough resources to fund a limited effort. Without dedicated resources, there cannot be a dedicated effort. It requires lawmakers to make changes to the laws that allow human traffickers to sell their victims with impunity. Modern slaves are no longer auctioned in the public square. They are sold on the internet and on the back pages of newspapers. Human traffickers and the publishers who take the advertisementsor the cloak of the First Amendment, even though e under the cloak of the First Amendment even though the First Amendment is never intended to permit these and prices. It requires the work of citizens a book writers it requires citizens working together to advocate change. To its existence that inform citizens can recognize and call attention to. It requires the close cooperation of federal, state, and local governments. We must Work Together to uncover the crime where it exists, prosecute the criminals to the fullest extent of the law, and assisted the victims so that they are not twice victimized, first by their captors, and then by the system that often treats the victims as criminals themselves. As an assistant u. S. Attorney, as the attorney general of new jersey, i was in a position to ensure that we put in place the dedicated resources to sustain a dedicated effort to combat Human Trafficking. Vast majority of Law Enforcement agencies across the country and at every level find themselves limited in their efforts by the limitations of the resources. To our Witnesses Today, i asked you to be candid in your assessment of where we stand in the fight against Human Trafficking and to tell us exactly what more we need to do to bring about its eradication. We have seen over the years effective shortterm efforts to combat Human Trafficking in places where it seems to grow overnight and dispersed just as quickly. International sporting events such as the super bowl, which is being played in new jersey this february, often attract huge numbers of human traffickers. In new jersey we are seeing a coordinated effort to let human traffickers know that they are not welcome, and if they decide to bring their evil trade to our state, they will pay at the price. They will pay a heavy price. As important as such efforts are, they are just part of the solution and are temporary in nature. For human traffickers, there is no offseason, and for their victims, there are no timeouts. Their captors exploit them day in and day out for as long as they can. Mr. Chairman, i am very much looking forward to the testimony of our Witnesses Today, and i want to again thank you for connecting this hearing today. We want to thank you and certainly senator heitkamp for suggesting that we do it and encouraging us in a very strong and forceful way. Senator heitkamp, welcome. Thank you so much, chairman carper, and i want to our root want to reiterate how thankful we are to bring attention to a problem that way too often is in the shadows of our society. Im joined, by no small s asents, with former a. G you look at the challenges of providing services to the victims, providing effective enforcement. We desperately need to take this problem out of the shadows. We need to identify what the causes are, as the chairman has said. But also, what we can do to provide effective deterrence, to our shock lack value of this problem we need to have that shock value reflected in our prosecutorial system. We need to make this one of our highest priorities, because as a senator from as the senator from new jersey has said, this is in fact human slavery. There is no other way to identify it, theres no other way to talk about it. I think way too often we think about this problem as a matter of the sex trade. Yet we know it goes beyond that. Were talking about trafficking and laborers, trafficking in domestic workers. These are people who are not here as a result of a smuggle in, which is a completely different issue. They are here without any activity on their own. They are here because they are providing a source of revenue. They are being treated as a commodity. Not a human being. We are not that society. Mr. Chairman, i look forward to the testimony, i look forward to hearing not only what the problem is, but what the solutions are, and how we can move forward in a very see thean way, as you panel appeared today, to identify a path forward to provide this horrible activity from occurring within our borders. Thank you very, very much for your strong encouragement of me. Senator ayotte, i know this is something you care about. If you want to say a few words, feel free. I want to thank you, chairman carper, senator chiesa, and also senator heitkamp. We are former attorneys general, and seeing what a horrible kindnes what a horrible crime this is coming Human Trafficking, in each of our states. I also want to point out that senator chiesa, that Human Trafficking is an International Problem and international crime, and one of the problems with Human Trafficking is that it is used to Fund Terrorism around the world. Today we will be talking about domestic Human Trafficking, and it is absolutely horrific what happens to victims of Human Trafficking, and they are treated like things instead of people, and that is so wrong. We need to do everything we can to learn from you about how can we be more effective in allowing these are vulnerable victims to come out of the shadows, to properly enforce the crimes and make sure we have the right laws in place, and, frankly, send a message that from the federal governments and state governments working together, that we are not going to tolerate Human Trafficking in our country, and that we are going to make sure that victims are treated with dignity and respect, and that we prevent future victims from falling prey to such horrific crimes. I will also say that we also know that the act of trafficking itself is a horrible crime, but it often feels other criminal activities, and we would like to hear from you today what other criminal activities are being fueled by Human Trafficking, and how do we make sure that we come down on those criminals as well as those types of activities that are actually encouraging more trafficking rather than making sure that we stop these types of crimes. I thank all of our witnesses for being here, and most of all, i want to thank my colleagues for holding such an important hearing, and i look forward to working with all of you on a bipartisan basis to address the problem that should not exist in the United States of america. , thank you,yotte thank you for joining us today. A lot of our colleagues are not here but we have no votes today, so some may wonder in during the course of the afternoon, the folks convening this hearing care deeply about this issue and want to make sure we address it. I want to take a moment to introduce each of our witnesses on the first panel on later the second panel, but our first witnesses first witness is alice hill, i think once a judge superior court in l. A. . Yes, essentialist superior court. Should we those angeles superior court. Should because you judge . Or should we call you judge, should peop the people call you judge . Occasionally they do. My kid calls me captain at ease, sailor. Alice hill is chair of the Blue Campaign, which we will be hearing about today. Before joining the department in 2009, ms hill served as Los Angeles Superior Court judge and prosecutor in the los angeles United States attorneys office. Before her career in Public Service, ms. Hill was a lawyer in private practice in paris, france. Is do you go james or jim . Jim. Associatekins, director of Homeland Security, customs and enforcement, also known as ice. Of dinkins has oversight enforcement initiatives and operations. Prior to assuming his current position, he has held a number of leadership positions within ice, including special agent in charge of washington, d. C. And baltimore. Began his Law Enforcement career with the u. S. Customs service in 1986. Our third witness is ms. Anne gannon three g is currently the National Coordinator for Child Exploitation prevention and interdiction at the department of justice. Prior to holding this position, she served as assistant u. S. Attorney in california for nine years, where she courted native Child Exploitation investigations and prosecution. In 2009, she was named one of the top women litigators in california for her work combating Child Exploitation. She began her career as a law clerk to a District Court judge in arizona. Who was that judge . Do you remember . Pollin indge reynard tucson. Our final witnesses mr. Joseph cattell, Deputy Assistant director for criminal Investigation Division at the fbi could he is responsible for compex financial crime, public corruption, civil rights, and criminal investigations. Mr. Campbell has held a variety of leadership positions at the fbi. He began his career at the bureau in 1990. It is my understanding that only gannon will be. Providing oral statements for the panel, so we will begin with ms. Hill and move onto ms. Gannon. Gentlemen, you will be invited to join in. A number of years ago i think i was in the senate, so within the last 12 years i was on an amtrak train heading north, home , something i do almost every day could i ran into one of my former colleagues from the house of representatives, i believe it was john miller, and i said, what are you doing these days . I think he said he worked at the state department, and his principal focus was Human Trafficking. I dont know if he is someone you ever worked with or knew there you go but anyway, he said it was a big issue. He said even then something i out of i ought to think about and focus on as well. I thought about it for a while. Feel free to summarize as you wish, and at least one of you may have a video for us to see as well. Judge hill. Thank you very much, chairman carper, Ranking Member chiesa, members of the committee. The department of Homeland Security welcomes it appreciates the opportunity to speak with you today. Aremen and women of dhs dedicated to combating the heinous crime of Human Trafficking. The departments Blue Campaign coordinates and unites the departments work. Before discussing specific initiatives of the loop campaign, i will look to short of the Blue Campaign, i would like to show you a short Public Service announcement that illustrates what the senators have been speaking about, that Human Trafficking occurs in the United States and there is a need for the public to open its eyes to Trafficking Victims hidden in plain sight. We will play this now. Every day we go about our we see,iven by what blindfolded to the reality of the world around us. Our mission is about the very normal people would take for granted. The victims of Human Trafficking walk among us. The Blue Campaign provides [indiscernible] Human Trafficking. Orther it is forced labor the sex trade, it is within our eyes. Learn what you can do to help by visiting dhs. Gov bluecampaign. This is an example of our attempt to engage in a conversation about what is occurring here in the United States. As has been mentioned, traffickers use force or coercion to lure their victims and forced them into labor or commercial Sexual Exploitation. As chairman carper and senator heitkamp noted, it is important to distinguish trafficking from smuggling. Confused, andn given our authorities, we want to make clear that there is a difference. Human trafficking is exploitationbased and does not require movement. Smuggling is movementbased across our borders illegally. I want to share with you the whose parentsl sold her into slavery when she was eight years old. She was smuggled into the United States when she was 10 years old are 10 years old. She worked as a domestic servant , 16range county, california hours a day, scrubbing floors, cooking meals. She was rarely allowed outside. She never visited a doctor, and she could not speak english. She was 13, a concerned neighbor called an attempt to Law Enforcement. Immigrations customs enforcement, ice, opened an investigation to her captors were prosecuted, in prison and then deported. She is a United States citizen, and her goal is to be an ice age and, because she wants to rescue others like her she knows are hidden in plain sight in the United States. Her story helps us understand the Important Role the government can play in identifying, investigating, and prosecuting Human Trafficking. Of the lead federal lawenforcement agencies engaged in combating Human Trafficking. Yhrough its homeland securit investigations, dhs is responsible for investigating Human Trafficking domestically and internationally. The u. S. Customs border protection, cbp, is in a unique position to detect trafficking on our borders, as is the u. S. Coast guard on our high seas. The Transportation Security Administration at airports and mass transit facilities. And the federal Emergency Management agency, fema, in disaster areas. Our investigatory authority, screening authority, and most of their programs are authorized by the Trafficking Victims protection act and its subsequent reauthorizations. In 2010, dhs launched the Blue Campaign to combat Human Trafficking. AndBlue Campaign began continues with no direct appropriations. It reflects the belief that we can be highly effective when we work collaboratively with our internal an extra no partners. Internal and extra no partners. The Blue Campaign focuses on training so that we can attack trafficking as well as outreach so that we can prevent it from occurring. We have created specialized training and videos to educate state and local Law Enforcement officers at all levels on indicators of Human Trafficking. We want Law Enforcement to know how they can assist victims and to be aware of the full range of Resources Available to them when investigating trafficking. The Blue Campaign collaborates with the department of state to create a general Awareness Training to educate the public on the indicators of Human Trafficking. We produced an informational video to help First Responders identify possible victims of Human Trafficking. Just of this summer we entered into a Partnership Agreement with the National Association of counties to work with county personnel to identify Human Trafficking. 2002, dhs, along with the u. S. Department of amtrakrtation, dot and entered a partnership to train all 20,000 amtrak employees and the Amtrak Police department to recognize indicators of Human Trafficking as well as how to report suspected cases. We also work with the Airline Industry recently, together with dot, to launch the blue lightning initiative, a Training Program to educate airline employees on Human Trafficking and how to notify Law Enforcement. Hsi tipl year 2012, the line received more Human Trafficking kids than ever before, 588 tips. We think our efforts are working. Hsing that same year, investigated more cases than ever before. It resulted in over 950 criminal arrests, 381 convictions, and seized assets of more than one million. This year we are on pace to exceed last years record numbers, having already initiated 940 Human Trafficking investigations. We take a victimcentered approach in our investigations. We have victim assistance specialists across the ice offices all over the United States could we have expanded our Forensic Interviewing Program so that we have specially Trained Personnel to conduct the important interviews with the victims. One disturbing trend we have not encountered is increased gang activity. This has been observed right here in washington, d. C. Ice, in collaboration with the Northern Virginia Human Trafficking task force and our federal partners, recently investigated and successfully prosecuted cases where ms13 gang members recruited girls as young as 12 years old from our schools, on the street, and through social media, into sex trafficking. Dhs, through its u. S. Citizenship and immigration providesand ice, immigration relief to eligible foreign Trafficking Victims. Immigration relief options a cyst Law Enforcement in stabilizing victims so that they may begin to recover and rebuild their lives. Proud of what dhs has a contest, but there is still so much to do. We are working more every day to expand our partnerships. We regularly interact with our stakeholders for new ideas and new innovative ways to combat this crime. The posters that we have here are a great example of exactly that, and they are available at dhs. Gov bluecampaign for anyone to download or print out, or we will give them hard copies. She learned that relates to sex trafficking. The next poster is in connection with labor trafficking. It says, what good is a timecard when his freedom clocked out long ago . The final poster goes to domestic servitude and reflects a person, and states, some prison cells have metal bars and some have picket fences. I appreciate the opportunity to represent the Blue Campaign before this committee. I would be pleased to answer any questions you may have and work with you to find the answers to the very important questions that you have already posed. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you for being here as well. You are next up. Please proceed. Thank you. Good afternoon, chairman carper and members of the committee. Thank you to testify about the department of justice and the fbi efforts to combat Human Trafficking. Training,ed either outreach, and Research Efforts by a wide array of components, the department is committed to fighting Human Trafficking. It is a crime that strikes at the heart of the american promise, freedom. People are bought, sold, exploited like slaves each and every day. Are often beaten, starved, forced to engage in prosecution prostitution. The department is working hard y victims. Ie we bring Technical Assistance to our partners. the fbis efforts are for native by the civil rights unit and the violence against children section. The Sexual Exploitation of foreign minors, while the Violent Crimes against children section focuses on the x boat patient of children under 18. Six trafficking prosecutions do not require proof of the use of force. This year marks the 10th anniversary of the most prominent initiative to combat the problem of sex trafficking within the United States. Joined of 2003, the fbi the National Center for missing and exploited children to launch an initiative. The fbi and its partners executed an action focusing on underage victims of prosecution. Our seventh and most recent operation in july concluded with the recovery of 105 sexually exploited children and the rest of 150 pimps. Today the task forces have rescued more than 28 hundred children and investigations had led to the conviction of more madams, andmps, their associates. These have led to multiple life sentences. Our civil rights unit investigates trafficking involving foreign nationals, which is aimed at recent and other individuals, particularly women and children. With our Law Enforcement partners at dhs, as well as the departments of labor and state, are working to combat trafficking in any form, but only because of the toll it takes on individual victims and families, but also the prophet thisenerated by exploitation. The departments efforts are led by two units, the civil rights unit and the criminal divisions Child Exploitation section, ertise. Rovides exploi ofse units initiated a total 128 prosecutions in 2012, charging 200 defendants. Aring 2012, doj convicted hundred 38 cases. The Human Trafficking and prosecution unit enhances prosecutions of significant ,ases, particularly complex multijurisdictional cases and those involving financial crimes. Teams ine led collaboration with fbi, dhs, and the department of labor. These teams, through enhanced coordination, have developed significant investigations and prosecutions. Dhs and the department have , and hasd with mexico contributed significantly to restoring rights and dignity of Human Trafficking victims through outreach and coordination and Capacity Building. The Child Exploitation chin fort mates Training International prosecutions engaged in efforts to enhance to enforce law. Best13, staff presented practices for investigating cases at a seminar in california and participated in the crimes against children conference in vietnam. Haveattorneys offices forces. Ated in task of these task forces the department does more than those who exploit victims. Workictims specialists with Human Trafficking victims to advise them of their rights and ensure they get the help they need to address their short term and longterm term needs, such as legal and repatriation services, education, job training and child care. Made12, the Department Awards 27 cap task force sites to combat all forms of trafficking, including those of foreign nationals and u. S. Citizens. The office for victims of crime apresented doj by serving as cochair in the development of the first ever federal should you should plan to strengthen service for Trafficking Victims. The plan will be released in 2014. The National Institute of justice has maintained the most active portfolio on trafficking in United States, making dozens of rewards over the past decade. These tackle the toughest questions, includes the measuring the prevalence, the perpetration of trafficking, and evaluating best practices and service provisions. In april of 2013 the attorney called for the formation of the American Indian and alaskan native Children Task force, and the focus will be to improve the response to the needs of American Indian and toskan natives exposed violence. This is particularly susceptible to trafficking. We thank you for the opportunity to testify today and will now welcome any questions you may have. Thank you for joining us today. Before i start question, i want to make a quick note. Has beenccains wife involved in the fight against Human Trafficking for some time. Both in her own state and as the taskair of the governors force on human track 15. She has worked outside of first date, and most recently, the first lady of mexico, and we are proud of her and would you just convey our thanks to her for the great work that she has done. I want to go back a couple years. The year i was elected governor, i said why dont we focus this on the underlying causes, why does a kid start school behind, why do they fall further behind, why do they become disruptive in classes, and up in crime end up in crime. We could focus for eight years on underlying causes. We focused on teenage pregnancies. We see that teen pregnancies are down by half 1992. We focus on training for people, including people in prison, because most of them were parents, they would did not have very good parents, and they did not have good parents either. We went after the root causes. I wanted do in my question, a way of telegraphing this pitch, root causes. Root causes which in some cases are the cause of what makes the traffickers want to traffic. 32 billion could be part of the reason. And those who end up recruiting servitude, what makes the victims willing to do that or unable to escape that. Could we talk about underlying causes, and we will start with you, and then we will go from our left our right. Underlying causes. At the perspective of the traffickers, for themk unfortunately, this has proven to be a lucrative form of criminal activity. Prosecuteicult to these cases. The victims are so traumatized. They have suffered such psychological damage. They have fear for their children, for themselves, their families, that they are sometimes unable to tell their stories. Hsieed, when ice, encounter victims in the field, often they do not recognize they are victims. They have suffered such suchion brutalization that they are unable to recognize what has occurred, and often they are unable to testify regarding what occurred. I speak as a former judge and a former prosecutor. I will interrupt. Lets go back to before they have been recruited or pressed into this kind of servitude. Lets go before that, if you will. How does that get started . Is there anything we can do at that early juncture . With regardnow is to sex trafficking in the United States of girls and boys, we know that many of these children have suffered trauma in the home and have suffered previous sexual abuse. We also know that many of them are runaways and that the more times a study in texas has shown that the more times a child runs away the more likely they are going to be victims of Human Trafficking. In a also poverty may drive this crime. We know that we have individuals who are seeking affection this is particularly common for some of our International Victims they fall in love, i will use that in quotes, with their trafficer. We see where the victim moves in with the traffickers family, at child is born, and the child is helped and the trafficker takes the victim north to the United States, in many instances, to be trafficked here. There is a whole host of reasons. We have some indicators that help us know which populations are more for horrible. One of them we are very concerned about, what is occurring in our schools, as is the department of education and our work with them, to make sure that our schools are not an opportunity for traffickers who recognize this is a profitable form of crime. I will say, because these cases are difficult to prosecute, the victims have challenges in coming forward to tell their story. It makes it an attractive crime notuse of the deterrence being there. It is harder to prosecute. Great points. Would you like to add to that . One of the things we have seen with our foreign nationals to come into the United States becoming victims of sex trafficking, those are individuals coming into america to live the american dream. They come with some type of idea that they will get educated or will work in a home and get stable employment, when really theyre coming home to fall prey to criminals who are seeking to exploit. Find they do not have the support system of their family. Travel documents are held by their trafficker. Ultimately they came here to live the american dream. As far as what we have seen, he have to remember many of these children come as young as 13 years old, these are pedophiles that are seeking them, so there is an underlying industry seeking out to have sex with a weor, which is something have to look out, as much as we are those who are trafficking, and those who are seeking sex with young children. Thank you. In terms of traffickers, traffickers view these victims as a commodity. For drugs, they can be sold once. For individuals that are smuggled, they can be transported once, but a person situation, in a whether labor or sex, can be used and sold multiple times. Unfortunately, everyone from transnational organized crime to gangs to individual traffickers have realized this. They view this as a business, and they use these victims to gain monetary advantage. In terms of the underlying causes for the victims, unfortunately, poverty is an issue that drives people to seek a better life and seek Economic Opportunities where the traffickers have no intention of complying with the compensation they promised. In addition, we see victims with precarious immigration status, and that makes them particularly vulnerable and reluctant to report. In that mission, we see young girls and boys with a desire to be loved. Mentioned, they may be runaways from the foster care system and that makes them vulnerable as well. They may be living on the streets and a trafficker presents the first person to show them security and law of, betrays person then them as well and forces them into prostitution or forced labor. I would reiterate what ms. Gannon said about children who are homeless, bad selfesteem, and we understand within 48 hours of being on the street as a runaway they are quite often approached by traffickers and lord into the trade with this person who says they love them, it starts to care for them, and lures them into the trade itself. Some are affiliated with gang members. They might be Family Members of gang members, friends of gang members, and the gang is involved in trafficking or becomes involved in it, and then those people are lured into it becomeently persuaded to prostitutes, child prostitutes, and so forth. In some cases, individuals are kidnapped and forcibly held, and that leads also to that. I think it brings home the importance of training local Law Enforcement and tribal earners, community organizations, school educators, etc. , as far as recognizing where this can happen. Im sure many of you know of stories were children have been from so soap lured called prominent high schools, and it comes to a surprise to you that kids could be lured from a place like that. But it happens all the time, unfortunately. In delaware about how do we strengthen the Building Blocks of families. We did that to make sure that kids get a better that kids did a better job in school, and not being a burden to the rest of us, not end up. I am reminding you that that may be part of the way we are dressing underlying symptoms. The National Governors association, i do not know what it was like in that attorney generals association, but we have a center for best practices, and every problem we are facing in delaware, some state has figured out how to solve that problem. The question we ask you, are there any countries out there that we ought to be looking at, see what they are doing, how they are dealing with the underlying problems and the symptoms of those problems. You will be with us for too short a time. Senators are here for only a limited duration. Him in the senate. I want to thank him and the senator for having this event. I appreciate your expertise and your passion. Actalk about this horrific by identifying the people as property. That is a concept that is so foreign to anybody who is living in this country, and one of the things that is troubling to me is the way that certain aspects of our Business Community can reinforce this. I will tell you what i am talking about. This february the super bowl will be in new jersey, and we have been preparing for that for a number of years on a bunch of levels security, but also because we know traffickers follow these International Events around. We know that there is an increased demand. In dallas we sought. Also in indianapolis. One of the troubling things we see as a result our webbased companies that advertise people as property on their websites. I have had a chance to review some of these ads, and you will see children advertised in these ads with obvious signs of abuse on their bodies. They do not try to hide it. I put girls on their ads with bruises all over the bodies, that prosecutors and detectives and agents will tell you are obvious signs of physical and sexual abuse. They do not even care. What i want to talk to you about is i understand that we are not in the business or i do not believe we are in the business of regulating speech and content. I have no interest in doing that. I have an interest in talking about businesses whose is this model it is to advertise people as property. What i want to ask each of you, and i was dark with you, judge, and i appreciate the chance to meet with you last week, what can the federal government do with webbased companies that are engaging in these advertisements that promote and encourage Child Exploitation . What can the federal government do to better monitor and take action against these companies . This is a challenging area for us, because as soon as and i am sure mr. Dinkins can sure do as soon as we hone in on a particular advertiser, it is pretty elusive. They can disappear and reappear in some other format. It is a challenge for us on an investigatory basis. We applaud the efforts happening in the private Business World of companies saying they will not participate in Human Trafficking, either with their supply chains or in other methods of simply not having them are dissipated in this effort at all. We believe we need to continue to educate the American Public so that they will also express similar outrage, as we have with other issues and to see the change in the public view. At first we need to have the American Public to recognize that there is a problem here in the United States, and frankly, in my discussions, as i have gone out, i do not think thats eight and local lawenforcement thinks there is a problem, and they may not even believe these ads would affect their community. Once we have had a chance to share with them our training and our knowledge, almost universally and this is borne out by the research at the department of justice there is a recognition and then a heightened scrutiny, and that is where we need to start. We need to have all of our Law Enforcement partners recognize that this is a challenge for us and collaborate and find his best practices that will help us attack it. Thank you this is an area we can agree on that we cannot arrest our way out of it, and by educating people, it bears out the results that we have seen on the enforcement side because we are able to identify early on red flag indicators of abuse. You were talking about the web bsase, and we got some good leas out of it. Theres a prior Banking Institution that did just what you did. They searched the internet looking for individuals advertising commercial sex on the internet. Then they looked at those same web addresses and phone numbers and Contact Information to see are they looking are they also advertising overseas in at Risk Companies for Employment Opportunities by doing a bait and switch. We came up with good leads on that, and that is great to create investigations, but the best way to do is not have the ads. Usually as the judge mentioned, once we educate private business is and web companies, they take action very quickly to rid themselves. Nobody wants to contribute to Human Trafficking. Thanks. Same question, ms. Gannon. The Department Chairs or concerns about the use of the internet to perpetrate these types of crimes, particularly against these formal victims. The department has had successful investigations and prosecutions elated online advertisements of minors for sex trafficking, and two weeks ago i attended meetings where i was informed about the utilization and leveraging of technology to look for missing children in these ads. Something the Department Takes very seriously. Of a website or an individual who is purchasing these types of services requires the government, whether state or federal, to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the website operators actually knew or had reasonable cause to believe that the advertisement for was for a sexual act as opposed to a legal service, and that the individual acted in the advertisement, in the instance of minor sex trafficking, is under the age of 18. We continue to aggressively combat Human Trafficking, whether it takes online or off line, and we are cognizant of the unique factors that this type of trafficking advertisements present. We have also our primary focus is on traffickers of these victims because they are primarily responsible for the caused harm tond the victim. We have also demanded enforcement through operations. At the purchasers of these types of Sexual Services on the internet, and in the case of usa case, the department pursued an appeal when the District Court rejected those charges against a purchaser, and they found the existing Human Trafficking federal statute 5091 is applied to purchasers of Sexual Services on the internet. Toi hoped he will continue let this committee know about things that they can do to strengthen your ability to bring those prosecutors. If i could have ms. Campbell respond. Where these websites are in some ways supporting, according to the criteria of the statute, Human Trafficking, sex trafficking, we will work with the department of justice to investigate and prosecute those. Among those companies are more cooperatives than others in regard to that issue. He continued to work with them to increase that cooperation and focus in this area. If i may, i wanted to Say Something about these special events you alluded to. The super bowl. One thing these ads do is demonstrate us when there might be an increase of Human Trafficking, prostitution, etc. , at these types of special events. It could be a sporting event, a Large Business convention, in anyher type of event, location in the United States, and we see from the proliferation of ads that there might be an influx of pins ringing in their adults of pimps bringing in their adults and children. In that case, what we do through our crimes against children Interagency Task forces is we begin gathering or intelligence about where this might occur. We look at social media sites. We look at the areas, the street tracks where they are being trafficked. We worked through our sources of information, even in drug areas, and other gang areas, to obtain information. We train partners on what to look for as well. Partner with local Community Services for them to be focused in case we can do a rescue and they can provide services to them in that event. We use our Victim Assistance Services as well. Area a an important focus as well, and we will continue to be focused in that area as we these events occur around the country. Thank you. I thank you so much again for bringing us here. Thank you, mr. Chairman. It is so critically important that we get on top of this. I look at this problem as an hourglass. Senator carper has done a great job asking you to think about all of the potential victims out there and how do we avoid sending them into the pipeline to continue to be victims. We all know that a lot of the runaways were talking about already were Sexual Assault victims, and that is the dirty secret about runaway kids. Theyre usually running away from a condition like that. Then we have all the bad guys who would exploit all those kids. Then we have all the people who serve to be the customers of the bad guys. And we have learned from our work in the best of violence that there is a way to begin to thoseeterrence against people who would participate, either on either end, in terms of i hate to use the word shaming, but certainly before if this was simply a family matter, it was easier, but when it became a public matter and a crime against everyone in this country, which this one is asked it is not just these victims, it is a crime against every person in this country and the sensibility of every person in country. I want to go to the demand side. You have begun that process of talking about it. We have got to reduce the demand and the kind of sense that it is ok to do this. Into ok to hire someone domestic servitude. It is ok to use a prostitute. Maybe i do not her age or his age. On less to run your than minimum wage. All of that is ok. I want you to give me a couple of ideas on how we build that are deterrence into the system, and i want to start with you, mr. Campbell. Im sure you have horrific stories you could tell us. I want to know what additional tools could provide or could be provided to Law Enforcement to investigate these demand side. Right. Well, certainly the types of media campaigns that we conduct, such as when we did operation cross country, where we put the word out to the public with regard to what to look for for child trafficking, the vulnerable immunities look in, and partnering with agencies and so forth. Exposing to the public as you said the fact that this does illegal and it is being vigorously investigated by hardships of federal and local agencies. I understand that that may lead to more investigations and more complaints. But i am talking about presenting the marketplace from working. About publishing the name of every person who was. Ngaged in spousal abuse you have the 10 most wanted. Im trying to get at what is going to stop people from demanding these services or using the services of people who are trafficked. We have named individuals to the top 10 most wanted who are egregious offenders at an International Scale as a way of exposing individuals, and we support local Law Enforcement in what they do is with regard to information that they can use to expose these individuals as well and put them in local newspapers. I would respectfully also submit that a vigorous prosecution of these individuals that is nationally known, that is very effective, that results in large sweeps of rescuing victims, arresting pimps, a lot of times either ourselves or the locals , i would the johns submit that Media Exposure of that activity acts as a deterrent as well. Ms. Gannon . Thank you. I think your comparison to Domestic Violence situation is very appropriate. Trafficking is not a private matter. As the judge was talking about, the young girl who was held in orange county, it was a neighbor who came forward and reported that. Many years ago, perhaps in a Domestic Violence situation, people would have turned away. Through Public Awareness of trafficking, we encourage people to come forward when it is happening at the dinner table. Want to get a specific question in on Indian Country, because of its jurisdictional complexities. It presents some real challenges, and federal officials have a great deal of jurisdiction and are looked to as a savior. I know you were recently in north dakota. I am wondering if you can offer any insight about strategies in Indian Country. I think there are opportunities that we had that need to be addressed. I have worked with members of offices of tribal justice to increase Public Awareness, and u. S. Attorneys offices have been hearing active and has been looking to increase their numbers of special assistance United States attorneys from tribal prosecutors offices who are best situated to be in the community and to Work Together with u. S. Attorneys offices to encourage reporting and to successfully prosecutors Indian Country cases. Thank you, mr. Chairman. Did you want mr. Dinkins to respond . Go ahead, and we will recognize kelly when she comes back in. I would love to hear the other responses. Be fairly brief. Demand is a key. I think having strong sentences, seen, is veryve powerful and puts folks on warning. Thatis a social illness unfortunately is too common, and i do not think sending pedophiles away for dirty years will prevent another pedophile from taking action. We need other avenues for treatment and to do with that issue. The heavy sentences, we are seeing life sentences in some cases. Question, mr. Dinkins, because i was one of the leaders on civil commitment of sex offenders, a lot of which are pedophiles, repeat offender pedophiles. Have you seen anything coming out of those programs that would encourage the department and encourage us to believe this is a treatable problem . You know, im not that suited for it, but im skeptical it is a treatable problem. I would like to address the demand side question. The National Association of attorney generals, twoy years ago, started a campaign. One of their pillars was addressing the demand side. Much of this prosecution occurs in the state courts. 95 of criminal conduct is addressed in the state courts. One of the things that we had working on at dhs, given my prior background as a state court judge, is to educate judges. I believe that when i was on the Municipal Court there were victims of Human Trafficking coming through my courtroom as defendants. I believe that they were feeding guilty to prostitution charges. I can remember someone sitting , staring me a pimp down and the prostitute, but i simply did not understand the dynamics of what was occurring. I did not know that that person in all likelihood could not enter a voluntary plea because they were being coerced into prostitution. This is an area where judges need to be educated come as they were with Domestic Violence. They were talked about the cycle of violence and why a victim would recant their testimony at trial. Similar education is needed here to help address the issue of victims being revictimized through our court system. That will also help arrived the discussion on how the state courts should address the demand side, particularly for sex trafficking. Thank you. Senator mccain . Thank you, mr. Chairman. At least six departments and agencies are authorized to receive 127 million in funding to combat Human Trafficking. Million, 21 millions is for investigations and prosecutions of Human Trafficking in united dates. Maybe the witnesses could provide for the rectitude for the record what that 106 forion that is not spent investigations and prosecution is spent on. If the witnesses would provide for the record what their various agencies spend and on what i would be very interested. Ms. Hill, was that you in that film there . No, it was not me. Someone looked a lot like you. Advertising. That is not a very good message. Bumpingwed two people into each other and spilling their lunch. If you really want to have a message that will strike home to people, show the young lady that ms. Annan was talking about, show the people that have been victimized in a way that makes repulsed that we do not even want to think about it. That has been the most effective ads on things like smoking. I do not know how much you spent on that, but it is a muddled meshes each message. It is not a very effective message. I hope you will review it, and there is enough compelling stories associated with this herbal crime that i think you could yet the message through you could yet the message a lot through more effectively. Mr. Dinkins, how strong is the linkage between drug cartels and Human Trafficking that are operating across our southern border . There is a linkage. Wele not all organizations have seen in mexico and throughout the United States are engaged, we have seen some trafficking in organizations involved in both human smuggling as well as Human Trafficking. See the july 31 Time Magazine article that cartels, that pointed out particularly that mexican cartels have become heavily involved in human business from mexico . I have seen they have morphed into more organized crime. How serious is the problem . Very problematic. Drugmuggling and smuggling as well as Human Trafficking. The subject of this hearing is Human Trafficking. Mr. Campbell, what evidence have you seen . We have the Bilateral Agreement with mexico and the purpose of that event is share information and work against those cartels in all of the criminal activities that they are engaged in, and this is certainly an area primary focus for the fbi. And have you seen it grow larger, less, the same . What trends are using on that . The information we have is that organizations like the zitas wereply enter of simply in Drug Trafficking and they have branched into other activities, including money laundering. Have you seen an increase into Human Trafficking across the Mexican Border by the cartels . Senator, i do not have the information right now on the specifics of the growth of Human Trafficking related have you got an estimate . I do not. I can provide you with other information. Generalafficking in across the United States unfortunately is a growing problem. It is trending upward, senator. Ms. Gannon, one of the serving facts of this horrible stuff is that 95 of the young women and men who are subjected to this have a cell phone, and yet they never call in to get relief from the terrible situation they are in. That is because of physical and mental the basement. Physical and mental debaseme nt. These traffickers are ruthless in manipulating their victims. They beat them, they tattooed them, they hold them in isolation, and if they have a means of communication, many are reluctant to come forward. I think the way to address that is by increasing Public Awareness, getting that hotline out there in the right places, whether it be truck stops, transportation hubs, so if they are moving they have a chance to see it, and also the engagement of communities so that Trafficking Victim does go to a juvenile shelter at some point, that person at the shelter is trained to identify the size of trafficking, knows what to do, who is the appropriate person at call, andagency to give the victim some assurance that they will be treated with respect, Law Enforcement is there to help them, not arrest and hurt them, and that they can trust them in order to come forward and they were received the Victim Services they desperately need. The super bowl is the single Human Trafficking incident in the United States history. That is a stunning statement. Do you think maybe we ought to have some of our people on hand, mr. Dinkins, during the super bowl . Absolutely. We are already working on that, both myself and the bureau have advance ofring in the super bowl to educate the state and locals as well as businesses and ngos to be on the lookout for Human Trafficking. Well, if it is the largest single Human Trafficking incident in United States history, you should not have too much difficulty effecting that, i would think. Difficulty detecting that, i would think. Finally, i am somewhat interested in this six different departments and agencies are involved in this. Are you satisfied with the level of cooperation, ms. Hill . I am. I think there has been a Remarkable Partnership among the personnel that are present here, as well as dhs has entered into partnerships with agencies across the federal government as well as the National Association of counties. The folks this issue, that are involved work remarkably well together. All of us share a belief that modern slavery has to come to an end. There may be minor instances, but in my experience, we have worked closely together and share resources, shared ideas, shared best artist is to become more effective, just in the time that i have been working on this issue. I have witnessed this myself. Im glad to hear of your confidence. I am sorry that since it seems that Human Trafficking is on the rise that your dedication has not shown the results that. Erhaps we might like to see i thank you, mr. Chairman. Again, our thanks to cindi for her efforts. I have spent a lot of years in the navy. I was just a guy who flew around in the planes. This is an all hands on deck moment. There is also a real shared responsibility here. It cannot just be Law Enforcement. Is a good one, spending a fair amount of money, and the question of how well we are cord knitting what we do. Everything i do i know i can do better. This is what we have to do better, making sure we are coordinating and everybody plays an appropriate role. Thank you. I want to thank the witnesses. I wanted to get at the issue of to followup on what senator mccain was asking about. I was struck, ms. Hill, when i heard you testify about the numbers from 2012, that these were improvements on the past with 950 arrests, 281 convictions, and a Million Dollars in forfeiture. That struck me as fairly small given some of the estimates of what the problem is here. How big is this problem in our country, that obviously is a horrific criminal problem, but those numbers, looking at a state attorney general perspective, i am glad that you are working hard to prove them, but i was really struck by given the size of the United States and given the issues that we have heard about this morning. Excuse me, this afternoon. Good data it remains a challenge in this area. There are a number of efforts in the department of justice and other places to get good data. One caution i would give with regard to the data that i gave. I am confident that that underestimates what is actually occurring across the United States, and the reason for that is because prosecutors and judges may not choose to prosecute cases under a new statute, the Human Trafficking statute. It requires additional proof they may not need for a rape or kidnapping charge. It requires force of coercion. To prove that you will need the testimony of the victim, and sometimes the victim is going to be unable to tell his or her story in the courtroom. Prosecutors may choose another charge that requires a lower level of proof, confident that they will get a similar sentence or hopeful that they will get a similar sentence. They will use their discretion to make sure the conduct is addressed, even if it is not addressed under the federal antihuman tracking that shoot statute. I do not think that statute is used as widely as we know the problem is, because, and this is based on my experience as a prosecutor and as a judge, and unfamiliar statute is a deterrent to the prosecutor and the judge. They want to make sure that the prosecution does remain a successful connection and this is a little inside baseball, but for a judge, the most likely place for reversal is jury instructions, and that will come with the untested statute. There are built in deterre nts. Numbers the trend is positive. The absolute numbers, i do not believe the a reflective of what is happening, but i do not have those numbers for you. I can only share my own experience in how these new statutes play out. Do we have the right statutes, meaning have there been any difficulties with the statute itself . Ms. Gannon, you mentioned a younger case in the eighth circuit Register Court of appeals overturned a District Court decision, holding the purchaser accountable under the trafficking statute. Has that been settled or do we expect or is there any conflict among the circuits . Is there any issue that needs to be terrified in terms of federal statute . The eighth circuit said the statute applies to purchasers. But it is one Circuit Court of appeals. Is there any conflict, or is that issue resolved in terms of prosecution across the country, because if we cannot prosecute purchasers, that we are not obviously going to get at this crime because the purchasers you to be fully prosecuted, held up, and the public needs to understand that those purchasers are going to be prosecuted, they said,as my colleague senator height can, that they will be known publicly of the crimes being committed, because that will discourage them. There is no conflict among the circuits with regard to the 1591 regard to purchasers. Notices on actions purchasers but the demand side of trafficking, have occurred throughout the country. A few years ago, the Justice Department expanded the project safe childhood, a program to include minor sex trafficking domestically, and there is a very active list serve among federal prosecutors about techniques maturing instruction, how to apply these laws in addition to the subject matter. We are working to make sure that the prosecutors in the field know how to use this law and how to apply it appropriately. One thing that leapt out at me in terms of coronation, and many of these bald herbal victims, too many of them children, part of the group that is coordinating this, the task force, because i had familiarity working with my task force in new hampshire. Frankly, it is just shocking the amount of child pornography and Sexual Exploitation that is occurring over the internet. I see this as a tool that these traffickers could be using as well. Absolutely. The task forces are active. They are funded for prevention. One of the organizations which can address the root causes and reasons why some of these children find themselves in such a vulnerable area, and another nice thing about the program, a bridge that has already existed for many years now between the federal and state and local Law Enforcement. Ining trafficking awareness a way that already has a structure in which the department of Homeland Security and fbi participated in this program can maximize, and in my experience as an prosecutor, what happened with the local district attorneys office, there is coordination. Andstate attorney generals, sed statee and pas laws that the prosecutors at that level can sit down and have a discussion about where most appropriately to pursue the case, factoring in everything from the elements necessary to the possible penalties, to what is appropriate for the victim, the duration of the case, and i engaged in many conversations with my local prosecutor colleagues. That is an area where the an increasewill see both in federal investigations of prosecutions and at the state level, we will see the both systems. I want to thank both of you. One of things we did when i was attorney general is we did an internet safety booklet that went to all our schools, and i did that in partnership, hitting advice to see what that would say. I think that is a Natural Partnership because they are doing at the local level a lot of partners education in schools in addition to their Law Enforcement function. Im glad to hear youre working with that task force because that is a natural partner right there. Thank you. Thank you. Thanks so much for joining us today and for all you bring to this hearing. Thinking, senator height you are talking about the truth campaign, and im sure our attorney generals rumor remember, the attorney general in our country, they negotiated a settlement with all 50 states with the Tobacco Industry to reduce, to deter young people from starting tobacco, and then urging them to quit. Or markedly successful. Remarkably successful. A foundation was created out of , and in terms of a Public Awareness campaign, it was shaped by young people. Preteens helped shape the messages. Kinds of multimedia efforts. A lot of places where tv shows, movies, venues that people our age would not see, will work with kids. I am thinking about best practices in terms of reducing young peoples use of tobacco, finding it incredibly successful. Teen pregnancy campaign. Half 1992. En down by Pretty Amazing. The challenges before us in this regard, in terms of maybe some campaigns of team privacy, teen pregnancy, there been remarkably successful efforts in the last decade or two. I said earlier that i would come back to you and ask you to look around the world at other countries. This is a problem not just here, but in other countries. Just think out loud about some best practices in other parts of the world where they are grappling with this and having some success, either on the supply or i think that we have looked internationally, certainly at the Blue Campaign, to explain it is came up with the a reference to the united kingdoms efforts to combat Human Trafficking. The office of drugs and children , the Blue Heart Campaign to combat trafficking as well as a reference to the thin blue line. We also entered into Bilateral Agreements with a number of nations to work on Capacity Building efforts. We look to their trainings and the other offerings to make sure that ours makes sense. Together, the best ways to combat Human Trafficking. I am not sure if one country has the silver bullet. Maybe they have silver bbs. Sharing to make sure that we are bringing them up to the same level. We work with the department issue a traffic report. The challenges and successes that other countries have engaged in to address this issue. The Human Trafficking work extensively to discuss best activees and it is quite in International Training and meetings. We had the arrest of a top 10 fugitive. From thecooperation philippines, thailand, and closely with interpol. Involved in 40 Different International task forces regarding child trafficking and that type of thing. I would like to try to limit ourselves to five minutes. It is in your hands and i will take a quick phone call and be right back. We continue to evolve as a Law Enforcement community to try to educate ourselves about Human Trafficking. Part of that is reminding people at every chance we get that we have modernday slavery. They hear the statistics and the numbers that we have. What i would like to talk to when weyou about now, come on a crime scene, they are expertly trained to take it down and take steps to prosecute who might be involved in criminal activity. We asked them to dig a little deeper and find ways that might not be obvious at first glance. As a result of the tremendous amount of knowledge you are beginning to build, how much of that is shared with state and . Al Law Enforcement e t . One of the things we produced was a computerized training for Law Enforcement to capture and video segments of a brothel scene or a traffic stop. Teenager in a place where you might believe prostitution was occurring. What are the indicators for those scenes that could lead you to believe the trafficking is possibly occurring . We know that foreignborn victims will be interested in immigration relief and it will help us as we investigate the case to stabilize the victim. We will work internationally with Capacity Building. Dhs wasny represented. We try to share materials and live programming. I think this is key. The partners are really the front line. , and evenal training during roll call in the mornings , recognizing that not everybody is going to go back to the police academy. Also, i will point out another way we have been able to hit a large number, that is through associations. The association of certified antimoney laundering , so we are doing it on many different fronts. The coordination with state and local Law Enforcement is vital to combat this issue. Of justice assistance and victims of crime, which are have been very engaged in this issue. This is in addition to the fbi task force to represent comprehensive ways to combat this issue. In addition, the victims of crime provide training on how to respond to victims of trafficking which is an integral part to addressing this issue. A victim receiving services can assist with prosecution of the offender. Representing educational institutions, the Victims Service providers, so we are doing that both through the fbi and the u. S. Attorneys office task force and through these grant programs. I will just talk to you about the kind of challenges of working with these victims. And the difficulty that we have. One of the things we did in Domestic Violence was to prosecute without victim testimony. It was a huge training effort and change the way that we look at these cases. One thing that the judge oftioned is the difficulty having traumatized victims provide testimony. We are not going to be very successful if we rely on victim testimony. For tove you advocated get beyond relying on victims do investigations and prosecutions that are not victims entered. Centered . They also have a civil rights and Human Trafficking coordinator. They received information through email that provide them the best practices. Example is finding the corroborating evidence. How many of them were done without a victim . I dont have that information. It would be interesting to find out. If we are going to rely on repairing a victim, you will miss the statute and you might never get victim testimony. Live their world and you know why they are not core operating with you. Cooperating with you. Only that person that trafficked there are about them things that we need to do better. The sex trade and sex trafficking. Are particularly vulnerable to Human Trafficking . What are we doing to address . Hose industries if i may answer your prior question, technology prevents some resent some challenges, but i believe they are looking to technology. Phones,g those cell they may look at text messages. Calling through all of the information and evidence seized to build a successful prosecution. There was an executive order at contractingernment and has also been addressed internationally as well. They meet and discuss important issues. The department of labor is working on this issue. We are looking at that to maximize the effectiveness of. He federal government how helpful will Immigration Reform be dealing with the labor issue on trafficking . I cant comment but we would be happy to provide you with Technical Assistance on any legislation. It is something we focus on through the visa programs that are options for victims of in terms of specific immigration status. I thought immediately of underlying causes. Sometimes when we do these hearings, we ask them to take half a minute to give an opening and just one point, you especially want us to thatber to keep in mind you have said and others have that you have found better ways to coordinate this effort. Give us one good takeaway, please. I would ask the public that child sexspect any trafficking or Human Trafficking , maybe it is related to forced fbi or to call 1800call even local Law Enforcement. Working onn start that and perhaps end up rescuing someone. If you see something, Say Something. 800callfbi. The priority goal part of tos, we are committed investigating this crime, prosecuting offenders, and providing victims the services that they need. Awareness, thank you for having this to bring awareness. Most of the efforts are based on prevention, protection, and prosecution. Prevention, protection of the victim, and prosecution. This hearing has revealed what others have already said before me. We need to have partnership. That is the way we are going to be able to fight this and and modern slavery. We will ask additional questions for the record, i ask that you respond as promptly and fully as you can. With that, we will bring the next panel forward. To welcome the second panel today and give very brief introductions. We are happy to see you. Were you able to be here for part of the first panel . That is great. John farmer junior became dean of the director school of law ark,i am tempted to say new work new jersey, in july of 2009. Appointed to Senior Vice President of rutgers university. Mr. Farmer began his career as a i am sure that you know each other pretty well. Suzanne, i am good on your first copinger . Capinger. Ok. , ms. Xecutive director koepplinger serves as consultant for crime training and Technical Assistance. She is one of the leaders for the foundation. The Program Specialist for the resource center, she has worked for over 15 years and is executive director of a Nonprofit Organization that addresses violence against native americans and alaska native women. Something that senator high camp discussed with me. How do you pronounce your last name . Papa . He is director of project stay gold, a movement to abolish modernday slavery. The super bowl is being held in new jersey next year. Please proceed, your testimonies will be made part of the record. I want to thank them for their encouragement and recommendation. I want to thank the committee for inviting me here to speak about Human Trafficking. It challenges both the categories we use to think about a crime and hopefully the very structure of Law Enforcement itself. Served as attorney general over a decade ago. Human trafficking transcended local state and national boundaries. Conducted one of the first undercover investigations of Eastern European prostitution trafficking to massage parlors. Glimpse of the dimensions of the trafficking issue. It defied categorization. They sponsored pioneering trafficking legislation and president obama echoed recognition of its evils. I am on leave from the job of dean at the university. Intending to highlight the serious criminal issues of our time. And also how far we have to go. I would like to highlight those issues this afternoon. That theno question world has come a long way in terms of awareness and action. The women seen traffic as criminals, this is still an issue. Awareness has also grown to combat the problem and multiplied. Month, ahis prosecution ring was taken down. They were promised jobs across the border. The problem of prostitution would likely have been seen as an issueicnd state Law Enforcement. Accustomedve become to the underlying and broader issues. Part of operating out of new york and the surrounding states in mexico itself. Follows the arrest of traffickedkers and children between 14 and 17 in the largest crackdown in history. It involved the cooperative efforts of 4000 lawenforcement officers and dozens of local, state, and federal agencies. Mostly in the area around atlantic city. Such complex investigations include substantive changes in the law and the structure of Law Enforcement. Under the leadership of the senator, our state passed a cuttingedge statute that has been highlighted. Trafficked people as the victims that they are. Assistance and serving as witnesses. They created a Human Trafficking office and issued a statewide Law Enforcement directive. Trafficking has also been , a signature issue for 2012. This act was approved in august. It will be a significant step as it will minimize potential confusion and treatment of perpetrators that could arise. Way to meet a long the threat to human liberty. The question is, what remains to be done. I would like to highlight a shortterm threat. The highest comese shortterm threat with the super bowl. One woman estimated she would be expected to have sex with over 20 people a day during super bowl week. It would be a good way to talk about the next step. The devil will be in the details. Between and among Law Enforcement agencies themselves must be overcome. The most challenging issue for Law Enforcement. Emphasis on local Police Departments augmented by statewide and federal Law Enforcement is largely a product of age. The frustration that Law Enforcement experiences is largely a function of the reality that they do not constrain criminals. I am aware of the effectiveness that has been controversial in washington. I have visited leaders across the country. Essentialonetheless because they bridge a critical gap. Boundaries, but it is likely to occur locally. Capable of sifting and collating intelligence can be essential. We have no hope of taking advantage of the acumen of the lawenforcement officers. If local officers are not trained adequately, they may not report suspicious precursor activity so that the dots can be directed. Conducting roundtables. Such as conduct and away from inappropriate indicators. Finally, the suspicious activity reporting concept must be extended to the general public. The signature conduct of Human Trafficking might be in the best position of all to report criminal activity. It is being extended to the Hospitality Industries and anticipation of the super bowl. Human trafficking like terrorism and other transporter crimes challenges us to adapt laws and structures to make our own borders irrelevant. We have put the right laws in place and we raise awareness. The suspicious activity reporting will be an important next step to enable us to eradicate Human Trafficking. On behalf of the women and children we serve in minneapolis , i want to thank you for the opportunity to bring to your attention an egregious human. Ights violation sex trafficking is a growing concern. We analyzed the scope of Sexual Exploitation. The shattered hearts report found native women being targeted by traffickers. 40 of the women reported some involvement and 27 reported activities defined as sex trafficking. Screening for risk factors and involvement, we found that girls haveof the experienced longterm homelessness and out of Family Member diagnosed with mental illness. 86 also had a Mental Health diagnosis, Child Protection involvement, and 86 experienced with the sex trade. This program is finding good results. They are receiving Mental Health care themselves. It is receiving more recommendations every week. They are targeted for recruitment. One alleged incident was sold to 40 man. That her Brothers Best friend repeatedly tried to get her up to the camps because he said you could make us a lot of money. Relatives,t spirit we recognize that more Research Needs to be made. We believe it is only a snapshot. The widespread normalization of violence has numbed many to the point where they rationalize what is happening to them just as a mystic violence do. And live ing raped fear of the consequences of snitching. Beatings, and brutal it is much more difficult to detect. Has a manipulative pattern similar to domestic interpretation where the initial relationship becomes increasingly more controlling and the girls are caught up in a web of abuse and violence that they cant get out of. Of these girls have multiple risk factors. Report is rareo due to a lack of secure housing. As they are reluctant to report to Law Enforcement, they are not counted as traffic victims. They are hindering the ability to get a true snapshot of what the scope of the problem is. The damage is severe in both human and economic terms. A benefit cost analysis has quantifiable damage and includes traumatic brain injury. Are commonth issues and we cannot quantify the damage to a childs spirit. 34 for every one dollar invested in prevention services, we know what works. It is now a matter of prioritization. My organization has engaged tribal partners for solutions. We are working to collect more data and create systemic responses to trafficking. Across all systems, there is the need for more awareness. They are more terrified. They have also created an explosive market for sex traffickers to find vulnerable victims in native american children. Opportunity. An there is a great need for more Law Enforcement, awareness, and education. They created a strong and multidisciplinary response. We passed the safe harbor bill which recognizes victims of a last year, we presented a Model Program which is the result of a comprehensive team approach. Them into protective Services Rather than the juvenile justice system. We were successful securing a modest amount of funding. We are collectively beginning to design more effective approaches to reducing the demand for sexually exploited children. I want to thank the Committee Members for holding this hearing. No person should be viewed as a commodity. Need to stop this Market Driven enterprise and go after the demand where it starts. Miss brunner. Eed, for allowing me to be here and for the invitation. Trafficking is not a new era of violence, but rather, the continuation of a historical one. Boarding schools and forced urban relocation. Native women experience violent victimization at a higher rate than any other u. S. Population. 30 one percent and more 301 , than 6 in 10 will be physically assaulted. Native women are murdered more than 10 times the National Average of the United States. Given the above statistical data and historical roots of violence, the level of Human Trafficking can only equate to the current epidemic levels we face. I live and work and a my children on the reservations. They have heard countless stories. With the introduction of heroine, we have an epidemic at the same age group. Native women and girls are sold for 20 worth of heroine. Call to report missing daughters only to be told we or doetter things to do you should be a mother and know where the hell your daughter is. With public law to 80, 280, the alaskan native villages. If the perpetrator is non native, they dont have jurisdiction. Predatory actions, the fracking comes with man camps. There has been a doubling and tripling of numbers since 2008. The forefront are the lack of documentations. Isolated. Ndicated and there are two types of man camps. They are often 50 to 100 trailers. These undocumented camps present a special problem for emergency services. Is monitoringes sex offenders. Threat toa serious the safety of women and children in the area. They have impacted the largest and theyon of impact have experienced both population and crime explosions. There have been documented increases in drug use and Human Trafficking. Response. Ement the response has tripled in the last year. They are currently 70 miles away in the neighboring state of north dakota. They often prey on young native women. They have access to drugs and alcohol as a method of coercion. Young native women branching from 16 to 21 years of age reporting rape and other acts. Program reports that one year ago, there are 48 registered sex offenders with been600. The struggle has that nonnative sex offenders do not recognize the travel jurisdiction. They have assisted in gaining sex offenders. Trafficking of native children. Bringing children to the highest , in this article, it is stated that 50 native children were adopted out to south carolina. To really gain insight into the domestic Human Trafficking in the United States, one must take examination of the many sectors whether it be pimps, gangs, cartels, Family Members, or lawyers. They must be taken into account to understand the epidemic. The role of the national , it seeks toer enhance the tribes. Responding to the violence against native women. Thank you for your time. Thank you. Mr. Papa, welcome. I would like to thank the committee for this work that the students have done. And also support of the abolitionist movement. 100,000 people traffic throughout the United States and in the face of this crisis. I believe that the solution to Human Trafficking inside our , i am proud to represent the great work that the students have done in my school. Begins in october of 2010 when i was teaching about the introduction of slavery. Made a connection to modern day slavery. Young people have a sensitivity to injustice. Whether it has been the holocaust or slavery, there is a different level of engagement in the room. Projects. Led say theyent created a powerpoint presentation. We have teachers come and say, what are these kids talking about . Our young people are educating the educated. Moved bywere so crime, and exposing this what more can we do . With that, we launched a website. Videos. Ed through that, the students were invited to many different that is where we met. Presented the health and Human Services. With the super bowl coming to our state, we have launched a campaign called not on our turf. Website andunched a we have taken the social media as well. They have organized a student summit in new jersey where they have invited students to come and learn the issue, giving students action kits that they can go back and launch an awareness campaign. They call for the nfl Host Committee to address the issue of Human Trafficking. Campaign is to create Public Service announcements that can be on the radio and cable tv. They will speak to the issue and raise awareness to the public. Part of what the students are doing is not just awareness what they are doing. Seen, students have gone to other middle schools and high schools. They are joining into this effort. This is a solution. Ways that iree believe the federal government can partner with schools and young people. First, i believe that they could work with the department of , the way that bullying education has come in the schools. I also believe that grants can be altered to student movements that meet certain criteria to bring attention and awareness. It is a very powerful step towards prevention as well. That is Pretty Amazing work you are doing, mr. Papa. Thank you. Asked thest panel, i witnesses to talk about underlying causes. I would ask each of you to take a shot at that. To us about underlying causes and how you might address this huge problem. Be fairly brief, if you would. My students have identified one underlying cause, the acceptance of temp altar in america pimp culture in america. A grammy was awarded to a song called p. I. M. P. There is a show called pimp my ride. A pimp is a modernday slave owner. If we can educate the youth on can bepimp really is, it a great step towards the culture. Number one would be poverty. The other is the lack of education, understanding all involved. From a lawenforcement to personnel, to schools. Raising that awareness. The other is drugs and alcohol. In order to entice victims, the use of drugs and ill call. Alcohol. Being sold for 20 worth of heroin and that is significant. At our complexities, listening to the response. Talking about special attorneys. When you look at the recommendations of the country, it is not federal jurisdiction but state and counties. There are subtleties creating a Domestic Violence program which is not currently being delivered. Taught,y, what is being it is to do a dual the rest arrest. This is what they are doing. Sending them back 20 or 30 years. In order to respond to a massive , how are theymic supposed to be educated. Victims,ng to support there needs to be more help and support. I would agree what has been said, and the hyper sexualization of our culture which tells young girls that their only value is in their sexuality and how attractive they are. There are nineyearold girls that look like they shouldnt look. That is one part of it. Until there is an honest dialogue about cultural impunity, it is part of a Sexual Exploitation towards women and has similart connections to Domestic Violence rate. Until we have an honest dialogue about that, i dont think were going to make any big headway. I agree with what suzanne said, and trafficking has many phases. Common, there in is an erosion of sustaining social institutions, whether it be the collapse of the soviet or the vacuum that left organized crime filled. Where youf america have teenagers being victimized. My experience is that crime kills vacuums. Fills vacuums. It is filling it with our most Vulnerable People. One of the words used by our a word usedr, maybe by one of the witnesses here, i think the judge said there are three ps and the fourth one, partnership. I heard the word, collaboration. I asked him the secret for being married a long time. Communicate and compromise. It is also the secret for a vibrant democracy. I think the third will be collaboration. I had spoken and ask a question or two. I mentioned this is all hands on deck time. Our role in this collaboration, i will yield to my colleagues. I agree with the witness and the first panel that the federal cooperation has been better in some context than in others. Is a tendency among federal lawenforcement to overlook the value of state and local Law Enforcement, to view beall ends tehe all. That, but itmprove is still there. And to tease like Fusion Centers can play a vital role in the gap that exists. I think that one of the key things is that the federal law is really framed as a Law Enforcement problem. We really need to understand the role of the advocates and ngos on the ground. Your work can help identify more victims and serve more victims. The analysis will never be complete if we dont allow them to deal with Human Trafficking. I would like to see the development of the task force that is conclusive. Of people with good intentions but have no understanding of what we deal with. We speak very little to that. If we can have more dialogue with that, i would appreciate it. If the average age of entry is 12 14, what 12 to 14, i think that if the federal government was able to support the department of education and a nationwide Educational Program brought to the school system, it would be an excellent step. It reminds me of the truth campaign. This will probably be the last round of questioning. Thanks for sharing your expertise, and thanks for sharing your passion on this issue. You have seen yourselves and the impact. They have distinguished themselves at every level. The dean of the law school jumping in to get through some struggles. Papa, i have known a little less than two years, but whose students really had a big impact. Students withg the issue of Human Trafficking and creativity. Helped focus the , so thank you. Can you talk a little bit panels that you sat on and things that youve done . Talk about the role they played when you think about financial crimes and that context. In yourut how you see, mind, a tool that we should be using. You do Academic Studies of criminal conduct, and you extract objective fact that people can look for. And then the object is to train that they can spot for state orors local, what ever the appropriate level is. And it gets proliferated to the government. Its a way to bridge the gap between the Different Levels of government. Its a way to provided template and theres no more important that it can be supported to then Human Trafficking. You talked a little bit about making sure our boots on the ground, people you describe as having the best instincts to recognize these cases, and one of the things we talked about in new jersey was to better prepare our lawenforcement personnel. They have great instincts, they have great commitment, but i thought what i had not done a good enough job on was explaining to them that it is ok to take a longer look, it is ok to drill down a little bit further. Can you tell us your thoughts on