Days. They will watch the sun drop over the hills in the west toward the sea. As night falls, they will look out across the valley. Herather will tell that the lights below are her jewels. The moon and stars will endlessly turn overhead and here they will stay, as they always wished it to be, resting in each others arms, only each others arms, until the end of time. In september, 1994, nancy carln sat down with offer sferazza anthony to talk about her time as first lady and how she dealt with the assassination attempt on president Ronald Reagan. This portion of the conversation is part of our yearend in memoriam program. Carl do you think that Ronald Reagan could have been elected president without nancy reagan . Ms. Reagan oh [laughter] ms. Reagan oh my. Helped think i may have a little, maybe. I hope so. [applause] in your book, you describe, after the attempt on the president s life, you describe being at George Washington university hospital, and people in the emergency room and so forth, and you said, i have to get to my husband. They dont know how it is between us. People werent listening and so forth. You said, they dont know how it is between us. How is it between you . Ms. Reagan well, you have to the wholerstand was,on of that day, which which was tremendous, obviously, are notsay things that maybe as precisely as you would have said them otherwise. , it is alwaysas in a very close marriage, and i can go through most anything as long as i know that ronnie is there. And the same holds true for him. That is what i meant. They dont know how it is with us. Hes got to know im here. There andf him lying not knowing where i was, or if i was even around, i knew that wasnt going to be well, going to sit well. Carl you also, at different moments, have gotten angry because he doesnt get angry. In politics, have you always had to sort of play the bad cop, and he was the good cop . Ewell, in a sens , yes. Maybe because, as you mentioned before, im more i was more aware, always, of people who were, as you said, in running him, and he wasnt. So i would step in and say, you got to watch out for him. President trusted your judgment in personnel and character judgment. Ms. Reagan well sometimes it took a little while. [laughter] you mentioned that one of the worst articles that has ever been written about you was one in which the columnist ms. Reagan which one, carl . [laughter] safire compared you to edith wilson, who had protected her husband during his stroke. Roletially, that was the that you were attempting to play, just essentially protecting him. Ms. Reagan yes, well again, back to the shooting. , your threatshot increase, and theres nothing that can describe your husband being shot. Theres just nothing that can describe that. The emotions that you go through and, and it is something that never leaves you. To this day, it never leaves you. Every time he with the increased threats, people who would write and say, he didnt get him, but i will get him, you and every time he would walk through the door to go out and talk to 10,000 people, my heart sank. I dont think it started rising again until he walked back. Is what i was trying to do. All that was on my mind was, this never should happen again, god for bid. Carl when the press began over inflating ms. Reagan excuse me, but that wasnt the worst article. [laughter] carl i thought you said that was the worst. Ms. Reagan that was the worst in washington, maybe. Washington, got to you see, there was an article written this is part of my problem, i think there was an article written by a woman in los angeles whose name ive forgotten, and it was a fourpart serial. She didnt interview me, but she threatened a lot of other people who threatened to sue her. This came to washington before i ever got to washington. So they had this preconceived idea of me and it was a terrible, terrible article. My word. I mean it was terrible. Safire came along later. Beganwhen the press sometimes over inflating your sense of protecting the president and trying to make more out of it than it was, you gave a particular speech, i remember, to editors, and you used humor. About all of the things that people accused you of doing and you managed to shoot it all down. Ms. Reagan yes, i remember that. I remember i was so nervous, i couldnt sleep the night before, and i had three cups of coffee. Now i never drink coffee. I had three cups of coffee at and got there and i forgot exactly how i put it, but they asked me a question that was along these lines carl you were saying something, that you at first thought you would clean out the president ms. Reagan sock drawer, yeah. They asked me if i was doing something with some wonderful, marvelous scientific program. I said, no, theres not first i thought i would clean out my husbands sock drawer. That may not be it exactly. [laughter] carl do you think the critics during the reagan situation, do you think some of those critics were jealous because they resented the influence of a wife or a woman . Do you think some of them were people that perhaps wanted to have that influence and didnt . , youeagan well, i think know, women or men, i think theres always a certain of the one who is closest to the president. And obviously the one that is closest is his wife, or should be. [laughter] carl the gap between the perception of your influence and the reality of your influence was, it was quite off target. The Public Perception ms. Reagan they made it much stronger. I was doing all sorts of things. , everyanaging everything program, i was running nuclear that is what i said with the sock business. Truth i wish i was doing what he was doing. Carl what kind of situations that would arise which would make you feel Strong Enough talking to the president , or giving him your opinion of something, or maybe if he was thinking about a decision that could go one way or the other, were they usually personnel or policy things . Usuallyan they were personnel. He didnt always listen to me, of course. Sometimes they were policy, but usually personnel. Carl what about the bitburg situation . Ms. Reagan i was very uncomfortable with going to bitburg. It took a long time for her to tell me anything about that. Justhen she did i was horrified. The idea of going back there, somehow i felt i was betraying and i was just very uncomfortable with it. Carl were there other situations that arose, looking back, where maybe there were issues, public issues that you might have wished you had offered him advice, or things that you decided not to say anything about . Gosh, 2020 is always great, isnt it . Im sure there probably are. You know, you always think, if i had just done, if i had just said something but i cant carl you were one of several people who offered advice and he didnt always ms. Reagan not always, no. He listened, but he does have a mind of his own. Weve actually had two bachelors in the white house and four widowers in the white house. Do you think today, with the kind of emotional strength it takes to be president of the united states, to cope with all these problems, do you think somebody who is unmarried has , or same sense of balance would serve less effectively without having a spouse . Ms. Reagan i dont think you can have a sense of balance in anything unless you are married. Me, that is it. Carl do you think that first formallyould be more included in some advisory teams . During the 1984 campaign formaly , you would occasionally join others. Ms. Reagan well, there was the one debate that was just terrible, awful, terrible, and i died, and so did my husband, and i knew what had happened. They had thrown so many facts and figures at him that his mind was just and i said to them afterwards, leave it alone. He knows what he wants to say. Leave him alone. And they did and he was fine. So that kind of a personal influence can have a political impact. Ms. Reagan yes. You know your man. Carl do you think that a first lady also might perhaps offer a different perception of how things are in america than a president could have . Ms. Reagan sure. Because people tell you things that they wont tell the president. Many, many times, people would come up to me and i would say, knowing that they were going to be seeing my husband, tell my husband. If something happens and they get in the oval office, it just doesnt happen. Ivy to hearing a lot of things that he doesnt here, which is very useful. No, and bettyaid ford said yes. Au think a first lady first lady should be salaried, that a first lady should ever be salaried . I know certain ranks of career diplomats spouses have been. No. Reagan i dont really think so. It is something you do naturally. I never no. Carl is there something about the role itself, though, inherent in the role, being the spouse of a leader, that, particularly in this country, and the expectations that are put on a first lady, that you really wish could change, that you wish were altered in some way . Reagan gee, expectations well, maybe if they in my anyway if they held off judgment a little bit, it would have helped. I dont quite know how to answer that, carl. I dont know. Carl do you think that the expectations are unfair . Do you think that people perceive the first lady as such a symbol as to expect her to be nearly perfect . Well, i think once ,ou get into that white house you are held up to a higher standard. The white house is a very and you have to try to live up to that. Find that do you peoples greatest misperception was about your life in the white house when you talked to everyday citizens . Thoughtan i think they that the white house was so glamorous, and your role was so what you did was so glamorous, your life was so wererous, and all they saw the parties, the meeting people, you know, and ive got to tell you, i never worked harder in my life. Even when i was in pictures, never have i worked harder. How did it change you . What are the things that you suddenly found you could do . Ms. Reagan your whole life changes. If your life doesnt change in the white house, then i dont know, you are living underwater or something. But you are exposed to so many wonderful, interesting, fascinating people, and you are. N the midst of making history countries,onderful and it is just a very expanding experience, or should be. Carl did speechmaking ever get easier for you . Ms. Reagan oh, speechmaking. I remember when my husband first announced he was going to run for the governorship. Had never given a speech i didnt really intend to give one. And i said to stu spencer, who was handling the campaign, i said i want you to understand, i dont give speeches. And he said, well, but you could stand up and take a bow. And i said, well, i guess i could probably do that. Then they began to get me where they knew they could get me. Know,aid, well, now, you your husband california is a very large state and he cant get into these little small towns. And hes really so tired. [laughter] course, youso of know, i went to the little small towns and discovered that i loved it. It was q and a and i learned a lot and i love to the people and it was fun. From then on carl to the u. N. Ms. Reagan never thought i would do that. Carl how about when unscheduled happen . Here you are, a human being, but at the same time supposed to be this happen symbol. Ms. Reagan there were so many funny things that happened. Everyone talks about the serious things, and there were a lot of them. For instance, i have a habit of walking very fast. As you go into a state dinner, you are walking into the state abreast, andour im walking on ahead, and suddenly im aware that there nobody on either side of me. Nobody. [laughter] ms. Reagan i left everybody way back there. I came to a stop. From then on, i crept. I was so careful. Then there was a time that horowitz came to the white house to play his first concert after many years. We were all excited about this. And thank heavens, he had said because acoustically, he had said that he wanted to have a strip of grass in front of the platform, and plants, so we did that. Man, i dont mean horowitz, i mean the man who let mrs. Horowitz and myself, and my husband, to some chairs on the rememberhe stage i mrs. Horowitz and i, i was saying, you first, and she was saying, you first. Finally, i went first. Thank heavens. Because i was on the edge. The poor man had put the chair too close to the edge. All i did was that. That is all i did. , im over onsudden the floor. [laughter] ms. Reagan and i thought i did it rather gracefully, actually. [laughter] ms. Reagan and my husband got up and said, i told you not to do that unless it wasnt going well. [laughter] [applause] ms. Reagan i said, i thought i would just liven things up. As it happened, he saved my life, horowitz. Then i will tell you one more. This is the topper. I woke up i was going someplace that day for a drug sure, and in the middle of the night, my filling fell out of my tooth. This is one of the advantages of being in the white house. You can get a dentist right away. Like you can get a plumber to come to the white house. So you came at the crack of dawn. We got the thing back in. Now i have a meeting before i lady who we were trying to convince to do something for the white house. I had on a blouse and a wraparound skirt. She got up to leave and i got up to shake hands with her [laughter] ms. Reagan the skirt is down by my feet. And im standing there in my pantyhose and my blouse. [laughter] ms. Reagan i dont know whether we ever got the money or not, but i said, im sure this is a meeting youre never going to forget. And rosebush, who i saw a little while ago, was my chief of staff. I could hear him coming up the elevator. Im yelling, dont open the door. She leaves. I get my skirt back together. I rushed to the plane. Now im really discombobulated. , i have to gone to the little girls room, so i go to the little girls room, i forget to lock the door, and the pilot [laughter] the expression on his face. [laughter] [applause] indepth will feature a live discussion on the presidency of barack obama. We are taking your phone calls, tweets, and facebook questions. Our Panel Includes april ryan, author of the presidency in black and white. Princeton university eddie glaude. And, david marinus, author of barack obama the story. Watch book tv on cspan 2. Our in memoriam 2016 Program Continues with pbs news host when eiffel, who died in november at the age of 61. In 2003, she spoke with Stuart Thompson middle school about her career as a journalist. Heres a portion of those remarks. Gwen i was in college in boston. I get my first job at the Boston Herald american, which is the second newspaper. They gave me a chance to get a job. Ill tell you how i got this job. I worked to their the summer of my junior year. I was going to start looking for jobs. At the time, there were not a lot of jobs for journalists out there. I figured i was different and i would get the job i needed. I was working in the Photo Department at the Boston Herald american, and in the Photo Department and the entire newspaper, there was no one there who looked like me. Collegeeducated black woman, they had never been exposed to this. When it became clear that i didnt bite and i did the job and i was pleasant about doing the job, and i was pretty good at it, which mostly involved getting coffee and running errands, they thought, shes ok. At the very end of my time there, i discovered one day when i came to work, a little note that was apparently directed to me, but i didnt know what it was. I picked it up and it said, nigger go home. When i first looked at that, i thought it was for somebody else. I went to my boss and said, look at this. What do you think this means . My boss is horrified. His boss is horrified. At some point it began to dawn on me that this was pretty bad stuff. They knew who had done it, but they didnt want to expose it because it was an older man who was going to lose his job. Everyone began to apologize to me. They said, if you ever need a job, you can have a job. Were so sorry this happened. I thought, why would i want to work with these racists . I will get out and pursue my life somewhere else. Except when i started looking for jobs, there were no jobs. I found myself going back and saying, did you have a job for me . And they provided it. It was an entrylevel job. I guess i got my first job out of guilt. On the other hand, it gave me a chance to get in the door and prove myself. I knew if they got in the door, they would be happy they got me. I worked there for three years. I started as a gopher. Id. Ecame a copy a my first writing job was in the food section. It seemed to make perfect sense, except i couldnt cook. Never done it. I knew how to make macaroni and cheese from a box on a good day. They said, you can be our food writer. I said, sure, i can do that. I am smart. I can learn but i dont know. I did. People would call and say, how do you cook this turkey . How long do you cook a turkey . I didnt know, so i would make it up. I would make up the temperature, the seasonings, and my reasoning was that they didnt call back. They were either dead or it was fine. I learned something about common sense. Sense is whatmon needs to be applied to your work. You dont always make it up, obviously, but i learned a lot about the subject. So every lesson that you learn early on pays off. When i left the Boston Herald american, i moved to baltimore. My second job was at the baltimore evening sun, which taught me a lot about journalism. I was going in as a working reporter. I was really going to be allowed to cover city hall, politics, and government. That was my first exposure to covering politics. I covered campaigns with people who were running for mayor. I covered city council and people who were going to jail for accepting illegal money. I went to the state house in annapolis and covered the legislative session. I got to meet a lot of people who chose Public Service for the right reasons. It is one of the reasons that i still like politics and politicians. I met so many politicians serving on doing it for the right reasons, not the ones you hear about who are doing it to rip you off. I met people who were committed to Public Service. That impressed upon me the importance of Public Service and public servants, the people who could be doing other things, but decided to represent. I worked in baltimore for another three years, then left and came to washington. My first job was at the washington post. I worked at the post for seven years. I started covering Prince Georges County. Once again, politics and government. The interesting thing about Prince Georges County and this whole region is that everything was always changing. The county was about 5050 blackwhite, which means power was shifting hands. People were taking jobs for the first time. There was conflict. Conflict is always good for the news. My, whent i call chickens fly theory of journalism. If a chicken walks across the street, that is not news. If a chicken suddenly flies, that is my, when chickens fly theory of journalism. News because it is unusual. That is my thought about what was happening in the Prince Georges County schools. And in the Prince Georges County government. I covered montgomery county. I covered the district. I covered, i guess it was the First Administration of marion barry, which was an interesting time. I did that for my first several years and then i went to the National Staff and covered my first residential campaign. This is the 1988 president ial campaign. None of you were probably born. So depressing. It was very exciting. You might remember, at that point, in 1988, nobody was running for the presidency. They had someone else taking his place. There were eight democrats running. I spent all of my time chasing after them and trying to figure out who was going to be serious. I covered dick gephardt. I covered bob dole. This was his first race. Al gore ran last time and lost, or whatever you think happened. Iran and covered his campaign. I got to meet a lot of national politicians. Traveled to most of the states of the union. You would usually bounced into a place, talk to people maybe, listen to the candidates, bounce out again. I spent a year traveling in planes with candidates all over the country. It was a remarkable experience. I got a chance to see the country and talk to people. I spent a lot of time covering Jesse Jacksons campaign. This was the second time he ran for president. Everywhere he went, even though he was the most disorganized candidate ive ever seen, but everywhere he went, people showed up by the thousands. They would show up in the middle of the night in palm springs, california. They would show up in stadiums. He would always have young people who were excited. He always gave an amazing speech. Even though we were often overtired because of the disorganization of his campaign, and we often didnt know when we were going to see another meal, when he walked into a room where there were 1000 young people, that kind of woke you up. It was amazing. He ended up staying in the race all the way through to the convention. It was the first time i ever covered a national convention. It was really exciting. Nothing says american politics like the floor of a national convention. Michael dukakis won the nomination. He went on to run a terrible campaign and was defeated by george bush. It was end, he ran a fascinating way of watching a campaign. Beati left the political for a while to cover housing and urban development, urban affairs. At the time, jack kemp was the secretary of housing and urban development. A lot of things happened. For years and years, people have been ridding the government off. It was only now surfacing to the extent which this happened. It happened on my watch. I covered was later called the hud scandal, misdeeds that had gone on in many cases years before. The other interesting thing about covering housing and urban development is that it taught me once again, something i always suspected. Whatever you bring from your background to your job, it always will inform you. York forn buffalo, new a short time, in public housing. Living in the projects was not an enjoyable experience. Years later, when i was covering people who were living in public housing, i got they were. I understood what the situations were in a way that other reporters didnt. Every experience that i had in my life informed me by the time i got to journalism. Former utah republican senator Robert Bennett passed away this year at the age of 82. He delivered his farewell address to the senate in september of 2010 after losing his bid for reelection to a fellow republican. Senator bennett the first thing ive learned is this is an extraordinary place filled with Extraordinary People. That we getcature from the press and the movies and other places this is filled with people who have selfserving agendas and a low standard of ethics, is simply not true. The senate is filled with people with the highest standard of ethics. We have a few clunkers. I will admit that. But overall, highest standard of ethics the American People could want. And if i made it back into my history, give you this example of how much better the present senate is then some of the older ones, i remember when i was prowling the halls, i ran into a friend was distraught. I said to him, what is the problem . He said, im taking a group of schoolchildren through the capital, and i sent a note to a senator to ask if he would come out and speak to them. And he did. And hes drunk. , and cant get him to stop get the schoolchildren back to the tour. I dont know what to do. You dont see that kind of behavior in todays senate. You dont see the kind of casualness towards personal Campaign Contributions that existed. Why do you think when they built the dirksen building, they put a safe in every Senators Office . Thats to hold the cash would be brought into the office and handed to the senator. That was a routine circumstance. One of the things i enjoy about the renovation of the dirksen building is being able to say to the architect, take the safe out. We dont need it anymore. I started a trend. I leave if i leave no legacy other than this, it is that the safes are all coming out of the dirksen building. I was the first one to do that. It is an extraordinary place filled with Extraordinary People who take their jobs very seriously and deserve the kind of respect that too often they do not get. Everybody says, when they leave this place, they will miss the people. I certainly will. The friendships that have been made here, the lessons i have been taught, the mentors i have had, have been a major part of it. I will not name names. Once i get started in that, i will not be able to quit. But i do recognize the mentors ive had, and the leaders. My senior colleague, senator hatch, i will tell a story about him. In the staff, these are also Extraordinary People who go to extraordinary lengths to serve the country, and we should acknowledge that. Senator hatch gave me this piece of advice. We were talking one night about an issue. We were on opposite sides. That didnt very often happen. Senator hatch and i, we dont confer in advance of a vote every often. We come to our own conclusions. But both being conservative republicans, we usually end up in the same place. On this occasion, we were different. He was giving me his fullcourt press. Youve all been exposed to his fullcourt press on an issue. Bob,ly he said to me, apply the driving home test. I said, what is the driving home test . He said, after this is all over and the lights go out and you get in your car, you will drive home thinking back on the day and the vote you cast. Is, howing home test will you feel driving home if you cast that particular vote . I said, that is some of the best advice i ever got. I voted against him and i felt great while i was driving home. [laughter] that is one of the first things ive learned. Place, an extraordinary filled with Extraordinary People, who are dedicated to their country, dedicated to doing the right thing, and uphold the highest ethical standards. The next thing ive learned is there are two parties, and there is a difference between the two parties. There are those who say, theres not a dimes worth of difference between republicans and democrats. They are the same people who say we are all corrupt. There is a significant difference. The democrats are the party of government. Going back to their roots with franklin roosevelt, they come to the conclusion that if there is a problem, government should solve that problem. The republicans are the party of free markets. They come to the conclusion, if theres a problem, it should be left to the markets to solve it. And they are both right. That is the thing ive come to understand. There are some problems where government is the solution, but not always. There are some problems when free markets do provide the solution, but not always. And the tension between those two has run throughout the history of the republic. You can go all the way back to Thomas Jefferson and alexander hamilton, the arguments they had as to what the proper role of government should be, a government or little government, this or that kind of power. It ran through the Constitutional Convention and the arguments that occurred there. And it is appropriate that those who believe in government should have strong advocates on their side. And those who believe in free markets should have equally strong advocates on their side. And because i believe in free markets, im a republican, and ive been happy to be a republican, and ive been careful to stand up for those things that i believe, and ive compiled a record that many of my friends on the democratic side would consider fairly miserable in terms of wisdom on voting. But let us understand in the debate, that as we go back and forth between these two concepts, that we do not question the motives for the patriotism of anyone on the other side, or within our own caucuses. Event wheren someone on the republican side voted with the democrats, in a way that some thought was betrayal. There was a sense of, let us punish him. Trent lott taught me this question. He said no. The most important vote is the next one. Were going to need his vote the next time. And if we punish him for this last vote, we wont get it. Differences a between the two parties. Yes, we disagree. In an we can disagree effort to solve the problems of the country and be willing, on occasion, to say maybe the other side is right, we will move forward. Let me go back to the Civil Rights Act, and that debate. Barry goldwater was the republican standardbearer in the year that was fast. Barry goldwater and many of his colleagues on the republican side believed the Civil Rights Act was an unwarranted intrusion on civil liberties, that you were entitled to pick your own associations. And the democrats, some of them, believed that the civil rights bill had to be passed to keep faith with the 14th amendment, and governments role in securing liberty. Dirksen stood in the middle of that fight. The civil rights bill was written in dirksens office. Lyndon johnson gets historic credit for it, as he deserves, but within this body, where the cloture vote determined whether it would pass, the key figure was everett dirksen. And my father, with me as his chief of staff, was caught in that pressure, with the conservatives saying one thing, the liberals saying another, and dad trying to decide which way he would go. I remember a comment that he made as he made his decision. And he made his decision to go with dirksen. Vote for the bill. Vote for cloture. Being a businessman, he thought it through. He believed in free markets as i do. But he made this comment, which i have always held onto as an example of the way you deal with this challenge. He said, ive thought about it, and many of these companies that refuse im using the language of the time refuse to serve are public companies, with their Stock Available on the stock exchange. So what were saying is, its all right for the negro to own the company, but not all right for him to patronize it. That is unsustainable. Citedthis occasion, he with the people who believed in government to solve the problem. He voted for the Civil Rights Act. Challenger for his nomination in the toughest primary he ever had within the party. He overcame his challenger and he got a fourth term. I made the decision to act in concert with george bush, my leader, mitch mcconnell, and the democratic leader, harry reid, and the republican standardbearer, john mccain, to vote in favor of an act of government as opposed to free markets when i supported tarp. And i got a challenger as i sought a fourth term and i wasnt as successful as my father. So my career was ended. My father never regretted his civil rights vote. Votet regret my tarp because it is the right thing to do. In memoriam 2016 continues with abner met the, former member of congress from illinois, federal appellate judge, and president ial advisor. In 1995, he spoke about the role of the federal government to an audience at georgetown university. Mivka the plain fact is that government doesnt work for the Common People without the peoples trust. If government fails, we will all be poor for it. That is not a partisan issue. It is a national issue. In the spirit of hopeful skepticism, i would like to defend this American National government. View is thatalent even if you can agree in theory that government works, it fails to work in practice. It is all well and good to talk about it in Political Science classes and law school classes, but when you get into the real world, all government is a failure. I have to tell you, after 40 years of looking at it at the state and federal level, that cynical view is just false. Government works and it works well in uncountable numbers of cases through the years, up to and including the present day. My god, said Thomas Jefferson, how little do my countrymen know what Precious Blessings they are in possession of, which no other people on earth enjoy. It was true when he said it. It is still true today. It is easy to lose sight of the successes. Psychologists tell us that human beings tend to notice the unusual and ignore the normal, treating it as part of the national background. You remember the Sherlock Holmes story about the dog who didnt bark. So it is with government. I would like to persuade you of this paradox of hidden success. Government is its least visible when it is succeeding, and most. Isible when it is flunking you will not read in tomorrows newspaper that my Social Security check arrived on time or that the interstate highways are well paved, well marked, and wellmaintained, or that the men and women of the Armed Forces Patrol our land and sea and air effectively. The regularity of those events overwhelms the number of instances of a delayed Social Security check, of the stretch of highway that always seems to be under repair, or of the military person who behaves badly. Yet it hasnt been fashionable to talk about these successes. Government successes are hidden because of much of much government does by nature is not visible. One of the most vital functions of government is the prevention of harm. Acts that actually prevent harm can entirely escaped notice, because when harm is prevented, nothing seems to have happened. People remain healthy, safe, and intact. The number of federal buildings that werent blown up because of activities of the fbi or other Security Forces is not a matter of great knowledge. When the fda stops a harmful product from reaching the. Arket, theres an absence when the securities and Exchange Commission deters financial fraud, no one notices they werent swindled. When the fbi infiltrated terrorist ring, no one notices that they havent been to arise. Well, say the skeptics, even if we need a government, do we need so much of it . Let the state run things for a wild. We tried that. Our we successfully wrested destiny away from the british, we took the strong states rep. The confederation was very local , very loose, and very weak. We moved to a stronger federal union in philadelphia because our insider, our counterparts of those people inside the beltway, the washingtons, the madisons, the franklins, recognized that we needed to tie the former colonies together. They produced their contract with america in philadelphia to build that nation. This Holiday Weekend on book tv, saturday night, at 10 00 eastern, wall street journal 11 00, cnn political contributors talk about the book unprecedented, the election that changed everything and a 2016 ack at the president ial campaign. Professor rnoon, the talks about the final volume to roosevelt series. At 10 00 p. M. Eaer