Transcripts For KYW 60 Minutes 20180108

In chicago, an experimental Computer Program is trying to do just that. Its called predictive policing. You were in the top 1 , in the risk group that theyre following. Smith yeah, i know. I could believe it because, you know, i used to be wild, i was, man, real wild, you know. Mallette the goal of this operation is keep people alive. Thats number one. Number two, keep them out of prison and jail. Alfonsi dr. Ann mckee has spent 14 years looking at the brains of hundreds of athletes who suffered concussions. Recently she said former patriot tight end Aaron Hernandez was the most severe case of the degenerative brain disease c. T. E. She had ever seen in someone under 30. Tonight we hear that its not only athletes who are at risk, but also the 300,000 soldiers who have returned home from war with brain injuries. Kieffer before he was deployed, he said, you know, i could come back with no legs, or no arms, but nobody ever said that he could lose his mind one day at a time. Im steve kroft. Im lesley stahl. Im scott pelley. Im anderson cooper. Im sharyn alfonsi. Im bill whitaker. Those stories tonight on 60 minutes. Its easy to think that all Money Managers are pretty much the same. But while some push High Commission investment products, Fisher Investments avoids them. Some advisers have hidden and layered fees. Fisher investments never does. And while some advisers are happy to earn commissions from you whether you do well or not, Fisher Investments fees are structured so we do better when you do better. Maybe thats why most of our clients come from other Money Managers. Fisher investments. Clearly better money management. Essential for vinyl, but maybe not for people with rheumatoid arthritis. Because there are options. Like an unjection™. Xeljanz xr. A once daily pill for adults with moderate to severe ra for whom methotrexate did not work well. Xeljanz xr can reduce pain, swelling and further joint damage, even without methotrexate. 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Complete the job with listerine® help prevent plaque, early gum disease, bad breath and kill up to 99. 9 of germs. Listerine® bring out the bold™ when you have a cold, stuff happens. { sneezing ] shut down cold symptoms fast [ coughing ] with maximum strength alka seltzer plus liquid gels. Stahl its widely accepted that Vladimir Putin used disInformation Warfare to interfere in our 2016 president ial campaign, but how exactly did he do it . Well, according to a u. S. Intelligence report, one of his weapons was a Russian Television network called rt. It stands for russia today, and you can find it on many of our cable or satellite systems, just like any other news outlet. We recently went to moscow to meet with the head of rt, Margarita Simonyan. We arrived just as the Justice Department was insisting that rt register as a Foreign Agent in the United States under an 80yearold law enacted to expose nazi propaganda. And simonyan was scalding mad. Simonyan should we close American Media in russia because theyre all antiputin and they wage campaigns against him every single day . Should we close them . You tell me. Stahl no ones closing you. No ones closing you. Simonyan what theyre doing is destroying our reputation. Should we do the same thing here in russia to all the American Media . Theyre all antiputin. Should we do that . Probably should, shouldnt we . Stahl Margarita Simonyan is blustery, a force to reckon with. Shes the head of a vast, state run tv network, with almost 2,500 employees. They broadcast around the world, with a spanish channel for latin america, an arabic channel for the middle east and four english editions, including rt uk and rt america, available on cable and satellite. While not a lot of americans watch rt on tv, it is widely disseminated on social media and youtube, where it has racked up more than two billion views. Much of their schedule is routine newsoftheday or talk shows, including this one hosted by larry king. Larry king there is no movie like this movie simonyan we wanted a cnn of our own. You can put it in these words. That would be true, i cant deny it. Stahl let me tell you what u. S. Intelligence agencies say about rt and im talking about the c. I. A, f. B. I. , and n. S. A. They describe you as a weapon in an information war. Simonyan all the russian intelligence agencies call the American Media the same. I think thats what the intelligence agencies do. I think its pretty much their job. Stahl she dismisses the u. S. Intelligence report that assesses with high confidence that putin ordered an influence campaign aimed at the u. S. Election, and that rt, russias staterun Propaganda Machine contributed to the influence campaign. In this Intelligence Report there are, i dont even know how many references to you simonyan 27. Stahl 27 references to you. A photograph of you, and a cartoon of you stepping over the white house. Simonyan theres nothing illegal that we did. Theres nothing murky. Theres no weird activity that were involved in. Nothing. Stahl to most of our questions, her answer was well, what about you . Lets talk about russian interference in our election. Simonyan uhhuh. Stahl which our intelligence agencies tell us happened. And, i believe simonyan and you believe them. Just like you believe that they were weapons of mass destruction in iraq. Didnt you believe that . Continue to believe that russian interference in american elections happened. In five years, you will know that it didnt. Stahl its also facebook and twitter say the same thing now. Simonyan oh, what do they say . What do they say . Stahl they say that the russians used their websites to perpetrate protrump, anti Hillary Clinton information. Simonyan i cant deny that there couldve been Russian Media that had their opinion on twitter, on facebook, whatever broadcast. Is that bad . Is that illegal . Isnt that what the American Media do as well . British media supported hillary. No problem with that. No interference. Nothing. French media supported hillary. No problem with that. Some Russian Media supported trump oh, my god stahl did rt support trump . Simonyan no. Rt did not support trump. Stahl was rt simonyan and rt our fault is that rt did not support hillary either. Stahl i know that. Simonyan i wanted, to win, somebody who would be nicer to russia. Stahl did you get that . Simonyan no. Is it even possible . We dont know. Stahl one curiosity is rts connection to michael flynn, president trumps former National Security adviser, who has pled guilty to lying to the f. B. I. In the russia probe. Simonyan invited him to rts 10th Anniversary Gala in 2015. You paid him 45,000 to come to the event, and sat him next to mr. Putin. It just conjures up the idea that eventually he may have been some kind of a conduit when he did get close to trump. Simonyan because he sat next to putin in very stahl not because he sat next to putin. That there was some relationship. Simonyan with putin . Putin didnt know who he was. I give you my word on that. Stahl but members of Congress Want this further investigated since flynn failed to disclose these contacts on his security clearance forms. So youve had this job for how long . Simonyan for 12 years now. Stahl 12 years . Simonyan too long. Uhhuh. Too long. Stahl you started when you were 25. Simonyan yes. Stahl she was a young reporter covering the kremlin at the time, and putin liked her work. So when rt was created, she was tapped to be the editorinchief of the new stateowned tv network. I marvel that a 25yearold was given that job. Simonyan i do, too. But it worked, didnt it . Stahl when it started, the focus was on happy stories about russia. But according to u. S. Intelligence, under her leadership and putins guidance, rt morphed into a tool to attack the west. Its budget, set by the kremlin, grew tenfold to over 300 million a year. Thats because rt is part of a larger strategy. Five years ago, russias highestranking military officer wrote whats known as the gerasimov doctrine, saying that in warfare, information can be more effective than a military weapon. An idea that was then put into action. Your defense minister said in february that he had formed a new branch of the military called Information Warfare troops. Simonyan i dont know if thats the case, if thats what the military is doing. We know that thats what nato has been doing for years and years. They are military. We are not military. Stahl in 2012, you said that russia needs rt the same way it needs a defense ministry. And youve also said, rt was fighting an information war against the whole western world. Simonyan i am not at any kind of war. I have two children. Im a journalist. Ive been a journalist ever since i was 18. Stahl before that, she was a kid growing up in southern russia. Simonyan we were extremely poor, our family. We had rats this big in i cant even call it a house. In the room where we lived, with my parents and my sister. Stahl this was in the soviet time . Simonyan yeah. Stahl back then, she says she was a big fan of the United States, especially when she was an Exchange Student in bristol, New Hampshire. Simonyan New Hampshire is absolutely beautiful. Stahl did you watch American Television . Simonyan mostly mtv. Stahl mtv. Simonyan i was 15. Stahl i get the impression though, that your views of the United States have kind of curdled. Simonyan it didnt just happen to me. It happened to, more or less, all of russians in 1999 when you bombed yugoslavia. Stahl the u. S. Called that nato operation a humanitarian intervention to prevent ethnic cleansing. But to russia, it was a sign of u. S. Aggression too close to home. Simonyan we found that absolutely unfair, outrageous illegal, because it wasnt approved of by the united nations. It was a shock. America had russia wrapped around its little little pinky through the whole 90s. We did everything you told us. And we were eager to do more and more. The whole nation russian nation was like, tell us what else we can do to please you. We want to be like you. We love you. And then in 1999, bam. You bomb yugoslavia. And that was the end of it. In a minute, in one day. And thats when you lost us, unfortunately. Stahl tensions between our two countries have only grown, leading up to the 2016 election, during which rt was accused of going out of its way to delegitimize Hillary Clinton. Guest secretary clinton has engaged in behavior that is criminal, that anybody else would be going to jail for. Roger stone Hillary Clinton has bitten, kicked, punched, scratched and thrown hard objects at her husband. Host we ask Julian Assange whether he has the email that could put Hillary Clinton in prison. Stahl rts most popular segment about candidate clinton, with over 10 million views online, vilified her as hopelessly corrupt host so, in 2015, 96 of the clintons charity went to themselves. Stahl thats not accurate, but its right out of the russian playbook disinform and distort in order to destabilize. Rt often interviews as experts conspiracy buffs, white supremacists, and actors. It traffics in antiamerican crazy theories like, tying terror attacks to the f. B. I. Or accusing the pentagon of inventing ebola. Host can you blame anyone for distrusting the u. S. s medical intentions at this point . Stahl they air a steady diet of violent protests and racial conflict to suggest the u. S. Lacks the moral high ground to criticize russia, and is collapsing from internal divisions. A lot of your pieces are about whats wrong with the United States. Simonyan right now, if we open a website of the American Media funded by the American Government and read what is there right now, that is what screams that not only russian democracy is evil, russia is evil, russians authorities are evil, people are pretty much evil. Stahl no question we interpret events through our separate realities. Typically on rt, nato is bad, assad of syria is not. The u. S. Foments conflict, russia does not. Youre telling me you didnt invade crimea . Simonyan no, we did not. You call it invasion. Stahl well, what do you call it . Simonyan we call it the free will of the people. Stahl and now, european leaders agree with the u. S. Intelligence report. French president emmanuel macron, with putin at his side, accused russia of interfering in their election, calling rt an agent of propaganda. Emmanuel macron propagande et propagande mensongere. Stahl and british Prime Minister theresa may made some of the same charges against the kremlin. Theresa may it is seeking to weaponize information. Deploying its staterun media organizations to sow discord in the west and undermine our institutions. Stahl rt says that in the u. S. , it has begun facing repercussions from silicon valley. Youtube downgraded their preferred channel status and twitter banned rt ads from their platform. And the Justice Department has labeled rt a Foreign Agent. Moves, says the fiery Margarita Simonyan, that fly in the face of the u. S. Constitutions freedom of the press. Simonyan dont you represent the country that had always told us that difference of opinion is good . What happened to that . What happened to the american way . Stahl if you register as a Foreign Agent, you still are protected by the First Amendment and there is still no censorship. Simonyan thats not true. Stahl so why simonyan thats not true. Stahl that is true. Simonyan no, thats not true, because effectively, not a lot of people would like to work being labeled a Foreign Agent. The same thing will happen to American Media in russia. Exactly the same. And we will see how many people will still work for American Media in russia stahl so you simonyan being labeled a Foreign Agent. Stahl youre going to retaliate. Simonyan not me. The russian government stahl will retaliate. Simonyan definitely will. Yes. Theyve already said that. Stahl and indeed, russia hastily passed a law enabling its Justice Ministry to label u. S. Governmentowned media like Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty and voice of america Foreign Agents. Preponderance cbs money watch sponsored by lincoln financial, helping you protect those you love most. Quijano good evening. Stock markets opened monday with the dow, nasdaq, and s p 500 at record highs. Delta and wells far get report earnings this week. And the len trok inshow in las vegas highlights selfdriving cars and High Definition tvs. Im elaine quijano, cbs news. You have a secret weapon inguts. You, theyre more powerful than you think. 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Ask ernest smith, who, according to the computer, should be dead or in prison by now. Ernest smith i got enemies. You know what im saying . And they dont like me, you know . I mean, its all a part of growing up in chicago. Pelley ernest smith was a triggerpulling, drugpushing menace to chicagos west side. One of the reasons you had enemies was you joined a gang. Smith yeah. I was a gang im a gang member. Pelley thats a gangster disciples tattoo on your hand . Smith yes. Its a six, you know . Yeah. Pelley smith was a star on the Police Departments strategic subjects list, which attempts to rank chicagoans most likely destined for solitary or a cemetery. You were in the top 1 , in the risk group that theyre following. Smith yeah. I know. I could believe it because, you know, i used to be wild, i was, man, real wild, you know. Chris mallette the goal of this operation is keep people alive. Thats number one. Number two, keep them out of prison and jail. Pelley Chris Mallette runs the program that has, so far, saved ernest smith. Youre at a crossroads right now. Pelley mallette is executive director of the chicago Violence Reduction strategy. Mallette the violence is unacceptable, its not going to be tolerated. We will stop you if you make us; we will help you if you desire the help. Pelley mallette has assembled a coalition of cops, social workers, ministers, and moms. Mallette were looking to get people to put guns down, were looking to get people to stop pulling triggers. And by we, i mean the collective partnership of local, Community Folks who are partnering with local Law Enforcement to try to get this done collectively. Pelley it starts with that Computer Program, a 3 million experiment run by the Chicago Police and the Illinois Institute of technology. Commander Kenneth Johnson we try to identify the subjects who are most at risk. Pelley commander Kenneth Johnson explained that everyone arrested in chicago is assigned a risk score of zero to 500. Commander johnson showed us the file of shaquon thomas, someone not unlike ernest smith, whose history of arrests added up to a risk score of 500. What are the things that go into that . Johnson well, some of the things that go into the risk model is who theyre associated with, their arrest history, and also whether or not theyve been a victim or theyve been an offender of a violent crime. How many gun offenses theyve been involved in. Those are all factors that go into it. Here he is fighting a Police Officer, now Unlawful Possession of a handgun. Pelley and then here at the end, first degree murder, and hes the murder victim. End of timeline. Johnson at 22 years old. Pelley this is what commander johnson does with the data. The heart of the chicago Violence Reduction strategy is to personally visit those that the Police Believe are at high risk of being a shooter or a victim. The visit is based on the computer score and other factors, including recent shootings among friends and enemies, or taunting in social media, which is a big driver of violence these days. Johnson youve been shot before, right . How long ago was that . Aaron green like, a week and a half, two weeks. Pelley first, 21yearold aaron green got a blunt letter from the superintendent of police, which reads, in part, if you engage in gun violence, rest assured, you will be subject to arrest and prosecution to the fullest extent of the law. But then, neighbors and social workers step in to offer a way out of gang violence. Mallette and the message is, listen, we love you, we value you, and we need you. Pelley we love you . Mallette we love you, absolutely. We love you, we value you and we need you. But heres the catch we need you in your rightful place. We want to restore you to your rightful place in our community. Pelley when they came to your home, what did you think . What was the first thing you thought when you saw that Police Officer out there . Smith oh, man. I thought i was dealing with something else. I thought they came back from something i did way back in the day. I was like, aw, man, they done finally got me. Pelley what did they say to you that day . Smith they had a man with them and they wanted to talk to me about this program, you know, to help me get my life together. Pelley the man who came to talk to ernest smith was Charles Perry. Charles perry so what i tell them is, i used to be you. Pelley what did you do . Perry i sold drugs. I shot people. I mean, you name it, i did it. Pelley after 19 years and 29 days in prison, Charles Perry became one of the social workers essential to the chicago strategy. Perry young people believe that they not worth anything. Whatever they got in they immediate surroundings is all they are, all theyll ever be. And its so far from the truth. Pelley but how do you convince a young man whos known nothing else in his life that he is somebody . Perry its not my job to convince you. Its my job to plant the seed. Because nobody else has planted a seed in you other than destruction and death. Pelley the social worker takes his client by the hand; walks him through the d. M. V. To get a drivers license, helps him with clothes, takes him to job training, and helps him find work. Mallette we call it the big small stuff. Theres some stuff to us thats just small stuff. Go get your license. Go get an i. D. Go finish your degree. Which is small stuff to the majority of us, i would say, but it becomes very big stuff to guys who are caught in this lifestyle, whove never engaged in that way. Pelley ernest smith didnt have an i. D. Why did the i. D. Matter so much . Smith because you learn you cant do nothing in life without identification. When i got that i. D. , its like, man, like, a huge weight got lifted off my shoulders, you know . I felt like a member of society again. Pelley an i. D. And Charles Perry got smith his first job at the age of 31. For a while he worked parttime in a kennel. Now, hes looking for fulltime work. Smith man, it was like heaven, you know . Even though i was a drug dealer, you know, like, i always, kind of, had money, but it feels different when you work for it. I want to keep working. I dont ever want to go back to the streets. Pelley when you come into someones home and say, were here to help you, how often do those guys believe you . Mallette well, if you look at whos reaching out for help, one out of three will reach out for help. Pelley one out of three . One of the obstacles to success is fear and loathing of the cops. Chicago police have an infamous history of brutality, so the Violence Reduction strategy enlists the neighborhood. Donna hall they just want somebody to show that they love them, you know, to tell them that they love them, let them know that they life is important, too. Somebody care about them. My name is donna, and were actually from the community. Pelley donna hall has a way of melting ice. Shes delivered mail in her neighborhood for nearly 20 years. But her heaviest burden, she carries, special delivery. Hall im not the person that i used to be. I was angry. I was mad at god. But in all reality, i was mad at marshall. I was mad at him for leaving me. Pelley her son marshall left in 2013. Thats him, at right, in the parka. A surveillance camera recorded the end of his life. gunfire hall boom, boom, boom. And he falls. Pelley shot for no known reason, by someone unknown. Donna hall helps lead the sisterhood, a movement of moms of the murdered. Hall we, the community, we have to get on the front line. I dont like to march. Im not marching. Because you cant hear me in a crowd. Pelley all about meeting people one on one. Hall because if im sitting here, we can hear each other. You receiving it better. Because im telling you what i went through. Its real. This pain is real. Pelley dont some of them just look at you and think, i cant wait for this lady to get out of my house . Hall probably so, a lot of them. A lot of them do. But when, when its over, i stop them right there. And i tell them. Give me a hug, im a hugger. Hall and i tell them, just, if you got to close your eyes, just picture your mama standing right here for a minute. Youre breaking my heart. It would break my heart if something happened to you. Pelley but not even a mothers plea is enough, most of the time. Jamal cain is one of the roughly 66 who refuse help. Pelley the cops put you on their list of people likely to shoot or get shot. Were they right about you . Jamal cain yeah, i guess. Ive been shot six times. Pelley when the Violence Reduction Strategy Team came to his home, he saw the cops and he hid. His grandfather took the social workers card. Cain i just looked at it and threw it down. Because i had no intention of calling them. I never did call, because i dont think the police want to help me. Pelley you regret that now . Cain not really. Pelley you still dont believe it . Cain nope. Pelley when we saw cain, he was in jail on a gun possession charge. Cain i grew up on the bad neighborhood, but that that dont make me bad. Just make me stuck. Pelley stuck . What do you mean . Cain im not necessarily a bad person. Its just the things i do may be bad, if you grow up and you see everybody selling drugs, getting money the fast way, you want to do it. It dont necessarily mean you want to be violent. Violence has come along with the way life that we live. Mallette we dont necessarily consider these guys to be bad people. They could just be very dangerous at times. And theres a bit of a difference. Pelley oh, whats the difference . Mallette well, i think the difference is, if people are driven to what they think is their barrier and their breaking point, what are they willing to do. When you see them out of that element of just engaging on the street, you see them as fathers, you see them as sons, you see them as community members. Pelley you know, a lot of people watching this interview right now are thinking, hes coddling criminals. You need to lock these guys up forever and the problem will be solved. Mallette i think some of them need to be locked up, but heres the reality, scott theyre going to keep coming back. You solve the problem by engaging and interacting with individuals. Pelley but its tough for individuals to break from a gang. Just wanting out doesnt change the neighborhood. Ernest smith was sorely tested when his former girlfriend, the mother of his child, was murdered. Smith man, i was hurt. I was mad. You know, i was ready to get out there and go back to my old ways. Pelley before that home visit with the police and with charles, you wouldve gone out to find somebody to shoot. Smith oh, yeah. I wouldve went crazy. I wouldve snapped out. Pelley but he didnt. And he hasnt been arrested since joining the program a year ago. But how hard is it to stay out of crime . Smith really, to keep it honest with you, it aint. We basically, we make up excuses to go back. We make up excuses to go do the things we want to do. You know, i got demons. They fight with me. You know, like, you broke. Go take this. Go do that. But i learned to wait and be patient, you know, and ever since, good things been happening and coming through the door for me. Pelley and chicago will have to be patient. Its taken four years for the Violence Reduction strategy to visit nearly 1,500 people. Of them, 78 have no new arrest for a violent crime. Shots fired out here. Shots fired, shots fired. Pelley and in 2017, shootings were down 21 . Can the violence end . Perry will it end . Yes. Pelley how do you get there . Perry were doing it to ourselves. All we got to do is stop ourselves from doing it. Theres no one riding in on a white horse to save us. The savior is right there in the community. They right there. This cbs sports update is brought to you by the lincoln motor company. Im adam zuker in new york with a look at the a. F. C. Playoff picture. Yesterday tennessee overcame an 18point secondhalf deficit to beat kansas city. In the other wild card match up earlier today on cbs, jacksonville got its first playoff wing since 2007, defeating buffalo. In the divisional round next week on cbs, jacksonville visits pittsburgh sunday and the defending super bowl champs will host tennessee saturday night. For more sports news go to cbssports. Com. With 33 individual vertebrae and 640 muscles in the human body, no two of us are alike. 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Youll like them both but love our price. Awardwinning organic cheddar puffs from aldi. Simply smarter shopping. Alfonsi until a few years ago, n. F. L. Players who struggled with severe depression, bouts of rage and memory loss in their retirement were often told they were just having a hard time adjusting to life away from the game. Doctors have since learned these changes can be symptoms of the degenerative brain disease c. T. E. , chronic traumatic encephalopathy, caused by blows to the head. What were learning now is that c. T. E. Isnt just affecting athletes, but also showing up in our nations heroes. Since 9 11, over 300,000 soldiers have returned home with brain injuries. Researchers fear the impact of c. T. E. Could cripple a generation of warriors. Present arms gunfire alfonsi when joy kieffer buried her 34yearold son this past summer, it was the end of a long goodbye. Kieffers son, Sergeant Kevin ash, enlisted in the Army Reserves at the age of 18. Over three deployments, he was exposed to 12 combat blasts, many of them roadside bombs. He returned home in 2012 a different man. Joy kieffer his whole personality had changed. I thought it was exposure to all of the things that he had seen, and he had just become harder, you know, but sighs he was he was not happy. Alfonsi so at this point, youre thinking this decline, this change in my child is just that hes been in war and hes seen too much. Kieffer right. Alfonsi did he tell you about blasts that he experienced during that time . Kieffer uhhuh. Alfonsi what did he tell you . Kieffer that they shook him. And he was having blackouts. And it frightened him. Alfonsi ash withdrew from family and friends. He was angry, depressed. Doctors prescribed therapy and medication, but his health began to decline quickly. By his 34th birthday, Sergeant Kevin ash was unable to speak, walk, or eat on his own. Looking back on it now, was there anything you feel like he couldve done . Kieffer uhuh. Alfonsi because . Kieffer because it was, it it was his brain. The thing i didnt know was that his brain was continuing to die. I mean, before he went into the service, he said, you know, i could come back with no legs, or no arms, or even blind, or i could be shot, i could die, but nobody ever said that he could lose his mind one day at a time. Alfonsi his final wish was to serve his country one last time by donating his brain to science, a gesture he thought would bring better understanding to the invisible wounds of war. Joy reached out to the v. A. Boston universityconcussion Legacy Foundation brain bank where neuropathologist dr. Ann mckee is leading the charge in researching head trauma and the degenerative brain disease c. T. E. Mckee has spent 14 years looking at the postmortem brains of hundreds of athletes who suffered concussions while playing their sport. This past summer, her findings shook the football world, when she discovered c. T. E. In the brains of 110 out of 111 deceased n. F. L. Players raising serious concerns for those in the game today. And when dr. Mckee autopsied patriots tightend Aaron Hernandez, who killed himself after being convicted of murder, she found the most severe case of c. T. E. Ever in someone under 30. Now, shes seeing a similar pattern in deceased veterans who experienced a different kind of head trauma combat blasts. explosions of the 102 veterans brains dr. Mckees examined, 66 had c. T. E. I can understand a Football Player who keeps, you know, hitting his head, and having impact and concussions. But how is it that a combat veteran, who maybe just experienced a blast, has the same type of injury . Dr. Ann mckee this blast injury causes a tremendous sort of ricochet, or a whiplash injury to the brain inside the skull, and thats what gives rise to the same changes that we see in Football Players, as in military veterans. Alfonsi blast trauma was first recognized back in world war one. Known as shell shock, poorly protected soldiers often died immediately or went on to suffer physical and psychological symptoms. Today, sophisticated armor allows more soldiers to walk away from an explosion, but exposure can still damage the brain an injury that can worsen over time. Mckee its not a new injury. But whats been really stumping us, i think, as as physicians is, its not easily detectable, right . Its youve got a lot of psychiatric symptoms and you cant see it very well on images of the brain. And so, it didnt occur to us. And i think thats been the gap, really, that this has been what everyone calls an invisible injury. This is the Worlds Largest c. T. E. Brain bank. Alfonsi the only foolproof way to diagnose c. T. E. Is by testing a postmortem brain. So these are full of hundreds of brains. Mckee hundreds of brains; thousands, really. Alfonsi researchers carefully dissect sections of the brain where they look for changes in the folds of the frontal lobes, an area responsible for memory, judgement, emotions, impulse control, and personality. Mckee do you see theres a tiny little hole there . That is an abnormality. And its a clear abnormality. Alfonsi and what would that affect . Mckee well, its part of the memory circuit. You can see that clear hole there that shouldnt be there. Its connecting the important memory regions of the brain with other regions. So, that is a sign of c. T. E. Alfonsi thin slivers of the affected areas are then stained and viewed microscopically. Its in these final stages where a diagnosis becomes clear, as in the case of Sergeant Kevin ash. So this is sergeant ashs brain . Mckee right. This is four sections of his brain. And what you can see is, these lesions. And those lesions are c. T. E. And theyre in very characteristic parts of the brain. Theyre at the bottom of the crevice. Thats a unique feature of c. T. E. Alfonsi and in a healthy brain, you wouldnt see any of those kind of brown spots . Mckee no, no, it would be completely clear. And then when you look microscopically, you can see that the tau, which is staining brown and is inside nerve cells, is surrounding these little vessels. Alfonsi and explain, what is the tau . Mckee so, tau is a protein thats normally in the nerve cell. It helps with structure. And after trauma, it starts clumping up, as a toxin inside the nerve cell. And over time, and and even years, gradually, that nerve cell dies. Alfonsi dr. Lee goldstein has been building on dr. Mckees work with testing on mice. Dr. Lee goldstein were in the neurotunnel laboratory. Alfonsi inside his Boston University lab, dr. Goldstein built this 27foot blast tube where a mouse, and in this demonstration, a model, is exposed to an explosion equivalent to the i. E. D. S used in iraq and afghanistan. Goldstein when it reaches about 25, this thing is going to go. explosion alfonsi dr. Goldsteins model shows whats going on inside the brain during a blast. The brightlycolored waves illustrate stress on the soft tissues of the brain as it ricochets back and forth within the skull. Goldstein what we see after these blast exposures, the animals actually look fine. Which is shocking to us. So, they come out of what is a nearlethal blast exposure, just like our military service men and women do. And they appear to be fine. But what we know is that that brain is not the same after that exposure, as it was microseconds before. And if there is a subsequent exposure, that change will be accelerated. And ultimately, this triggers a neurodegenerative disease. And, in fact, we can see that really after even one of these exposures. Alfonsi the department of defense estimates hundreds of thousands of soldiers have experienced a blast like this. What does that tell you . Goldstein this is a disease and a problem that were going to be dealing with for decades. And it is a Huge Public Health problem. Its a huge problem for the veterans administration. Its a huge moral responsibility for all of us. Alfonsi a responsibility owed to soldiers, like 33yearold sergeant tom bates. Sergeant tom bates we were struck with a large i. E. D. It was a total devastation strike. Alfonsi bates miraculously walked away from this mangled humvee, one of four i. E. D. Blasts he survived during deployments in iraq and afghanistan. Do you remember feeling the impact in your body . Tom bates yes. Yeah. Alfonsi what does that feel like . Tom bates just basically like getting hit by a train. Alfonsi and you were put back on the frontlines. Tom bates yes. Alfonsi and that was it . Tom bates uhhuh. Alfonsi when bates returned home in 2009, his wife libby immediately saw a dramatic change. Libby bates i thought, something is not absolutely right here. Somethings going on. For him to just lay there and to sob and be so sad. You know, what do you do for that . How do i how do i help him . He would look at me and say, if it wasnt for you, i would end it all right now. You know, i mean, like, what do you do, and what do you say to somebody who says that . You know i love this man so much, and alfonsi youre going to the v. A. , youre getting help, but did you feel like you werent getting answers . Tom bates yes. Alfonsi and so you took it into your own hands and started researching . Tom bates i knew the way everything had gone and how quick a lot of my neurological issues had progressed, that something was wrong. And i just i wanted answers for it. Alfonsi that led him to new yorks mount sinai hospital where neurologist dr. Sam gandy is trying to move beyond diagnosing c. T. E. Only in the dead, by using scans that test for the disease in the living. Dr. Sam gandy by having this during life, this now gives us for the first time the possibility of estimating the true prevalence of the disease. Its important to estimate prevalence so that people can have some sense of what the risk is. Alfonsi in the past year, 36 veterans and athletes have been tested for the disease here. Tom bates asked to be a part of it. Dr. Ash the injection im going to give you has a radioactive tracer element. Alfonsi that radioactive tracer, known as t807, clings to those dead clusters of protein known as tau, which are typical markers of the disease. Through the course of a 20 minute pet scan, High Resolution images are taken of the brain and then combined with m. R. I. Results to get a 360degree picture of whether there are potential signs of c. T. E. Scan results confirmed what tom and libby had long suspected. On the right, we see a normal brain scan with no signs of c. T. E. , next to toms brain, where tau deposits, possible markers of c. T. E. , are bright orange. Gandy here, these could be responsible for some of the anxiety and depression hes suffered, and were concerned it will progress. Tom bates my hope is that this study becomes more prominent, and gets to more veterans, and stuff like that, so we can actually get, like, a reflection of what population might actually have this. Gandy i want to just watch you walk. Alfonsi there is no cure for c. T. E. Dr. Gandy hopes his trial will lead to drug therapies, so he can offer some relief to patients like tom. Dr. Ann mckee believes some people may be at higher risk of getting the disease than others. While examining n. F. L. Star Aaron Hernandezs brain, she identified a genetic biomarker she believes may have predisposed him to c. T. E. , a discovery that could have far reaching implications on the football field and battlefield. Do you think you will ever be your old self again . Tom bates i dont ever see me being my old self again. I think its just too far gone. Alfonsi so whats your hope, then . Tom bates just to not become worse than i am now. Brain researchers are seeking veterans willing to offer one final service for their country. More at 60minutesovertime. Com. Sponsored by eucrisa. For mildtomoderate eczema . It can be used almost everywhere on almost everybody. The face of a fisherman . The hand of a ranch hand . The knee of a needle pointer . Prescription eucrisa is a nose to toes eczema ointment. It blocks overactive pde4 enzymes within your skin. And its steroidfree. Do not use if you are allergic to eucrisa or its ingredients. Allergic reactions may occur at or near the application site. The most common side effect is application site pain. Ask your doctor about eucrisa. Smile dad. I take medication for high Blood Pressure and cholesterol. But they might not be enough to protect my heart. Adding bayer aspirin can further reduce the risk of another heart attack. Because my Second Chance matters. Be sure to talk to your doctor before you begin an aspirin regimen. Pelley 50 seasons of 60 minutes. This week, from the first sunday in january, 2014. Thats when we ventured to iceland and the edge of an erupting volcano for a look at one of the greatest forces of nature. Our guide was volcanologist haraldur sigurdsson. Haraldur sigurdsson youre looking right into the crater. Pelley scientists rate volcanic eruptions on a scale of zero to eight. This is a four, which they call cataclysmic. Tell me what youre seeing. Sigurdsson its an explosive eruption, and the explosions are producing big clouds of ash that are moving up up, straight up into the atmosphere, at the velocity of a few hundred feet per second, and throwing out huge rocks. Pelley how big are these pieces that we see flying . Sigurdsson some of these are the size of cars. Pelley im scott pelley. Well be back next week with another edition of 60 minutes. Woman im a fighter. Always have been. 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If he didnt kill mia and he dies because of this. All we can hope is that we get a chance to make this right. gasps whatwhat happened . Did ochoa. Isis he. No, no. For once, its good news. Come on. Doctor hed lost a lot of blood by the time he got here. The prison hospital didnt do him any favors. They missed the secondary internal injury