what happened this summer. from a perspective of this past summer when isis really emerged on the world scene, it was after they managed to overrun the second largest city in iraq, which is the city of mosul. and that's when we started hearing his name. that's when he became this very prominent figure. now, keep in mind before this summer, isis was really concentrating on fighting inside syria, but then they kind of shock and awed their way into iraq by overrunning mosul. symbolically has a tremendous impact on the morale of the group, on the morale of the leadership. and there's also a kind of difficult point here. and that is many of these leaders seek what they call martyrdom. to die fighting an enemy like the united states. so in some sense, what tends to happen is after the elimination of this type of leadership, we see this being used as a rallying cry to recruit more followers, to recruit more leadership in the organization and to raise these people to