John the program is entitled the origins of the militaryindustrial complex and features dr. Daniel ellis, who is this years staff fellow, a prestigious position. He has been using items to investigate the origins of the militaryindustrial complex through wartime and immediate postwar, meaning postworld war ii, evolution between Scientific Research, industry and National Defense. Dan has advised congress on defense issues. I was a colleague of his at crs for several years. Dan did things in connection with things i knew, a whole range of things, defense production act, appropriations, military construction, and he does many more things at crs. He holds a phd in Political Science from George Washington university. And at crs, as many of you know, he is the author of many reports on defense, trade and security. , this project is the latest example of the work undertaken by staff fellows showcasing their knowledge and passion of their areas of expertise. This is funded by a gift left by the late john w clooney that founded the kluge center in 2011. Daniel is one of nearly 100 scholars who pass through the center each year. It is our honor to have dan with us the bulk of last year in his tenure here. Please join me in welcoming dan. [applause] daniel ok. Thank you very much. How is this working . All right. This is an inquiry into the evolution of what president dwight d. Eisenhower in his federal address to the nation on january 17, 1961, dubbed the militaryindustrial complex. Exactly what ike meant by that term has been debated ever since. Lets assume it is a perceived alliance between the defense and Industrial Base. Specifically, we will focus on a world war ii temporary Government Agency created in 1940 and passed out of existence at the end of 1947. The office of Scientific Research and development or osr d. This year, ive been trying to answer some relatively narrow research questions. Why did osrd exist, why do those who studied it considerate to be effective, and what are the legacies and echoes of osrd that we can here today . I owe a great deal of thanks to many individuals who made this possible. The kluge scholars counsel, the then acting librarian of congress for appointing me to the position. The dedicated staff of the kluge centerr itself. I and my fellow fellows have wanted for nothing during our stays here. They include emily, travis, anastasia, mary lou, daniela, and he who must not be named, the new center director, john haskell. The other stars in this drama are the fantastic resources at the library of congress itself. I wallowed in the library for a year and barely touched on its resources that are directly on my own small projects. There are the stacks and stacks of books maintained by the collections and Services Division under helena. The online catalogs that guide you and through which these treasures are brought to you. The ejournal that stretch back decades. Special mention is merited for two unique resources the most complete collection of Technical Reports prepared under contract to the osrd, along with scientific intelligence on the european and pacific theaters of operation curated here by lawrence and his colleagues in the collection support and Technical Reports section. And the personal papers collection entrusted to Jeffrey Flannery and the manuscripts division. They, with some help from their conveyor praise contemporaries at president ial libraries and archivists at Harvard University and m. I. T. Provided the material from which this study has come. By the way, the relevance of the holdings of the library were highlighted by an inquiry today received by Marcus Lawrence for his specific osrd Technical Report wanted by another Government Agency. If there is a central figure to the story, it is dr. Vanever bush. It rhymes with achiever or in his case, perhaps, overachiever. An inventor a professor of , Electrical Engineering at m. I. T. , and cofounder of the company now known as raytheon, he was a dean of the school of Electrical Engineering and the Institute Vice president before he moved to the capital at the beginning of 1938 to take up director ship of the Carnegie Institute of washington, now known as the Carnegie Institute for science. During world war ii, he was appointed as chair of the National Defense Research Committee and later became the director of the umbrella organization. He became the unofficial scientific advisor to president franklin roosevelt. These wartime organizations exerted a profound influence on the impact of technology on war, including the introduction of atomic weapons and the ensuing postwar relationship between the federal government and Scientific Research that has developed since 1945. Today, Government Support for Scientific Research, especially at the most basic level, is taken for granted. This was not always the case. Traditionally, what passed for scientific inquiry was supported by individual fortunes or wealthy sponsors. After the creation of the united states, even inquisitive, scienceminded chief executives found it difficult to expand support for American Science beyond private philanthropy. Primarily due to the strict reading of the constitution by states rights activists. There was no exquisite mandate explicit mandate to support science, so any federal support to efforts such as the lewis and clark expedition, the founding of a naval observatory, or Geological Survey and mapping projects, had to be justified under the constitutions article one, section eight, admonition to congress to regulate commerce with foreign nations, in several states and with the indian , tribes. Thus, science had to be good for business. In the middle of all of this, a wealthy british chemist inadvertently threw a constitutional hand grenade. James smithson, never married and without children, died in 1829, leaving his considerable estate to his nephew. Said nephew, likewise unmarried and without heirs, passed away himself in 1835. Anticipating this, smithson said ofpulated that the next use placedowment would be to in washington the smithsonian institution. Congress belatedly accepted the request in 1838 and started seven years of haggling over what the ensuing institution should be. A library, university, museum or something else. Its first secretary, joseph henry, steered it to becoming a center for scientific learning. At the same time, the benefits of scientific enhancements to the nations dominant agriculture economy were becoming apparent, especially along the agriculture dominated frontier of the midwest. Prodded by professor Jonathan Baldwin turner, a representative from vermont introduced the bill into congress in 1857 to grant tracks of federal land to the states for the purposes of establishing agricultural colleges. Finally passed both houses in was vetoed by president James Buchanan on a strictly delineated constitutional grounds argument. The states rights obstacles soon resolve itself through secession. The congressional delegations of the 11 seceded Southern States absented themselves from washington, he reintroduced the landgrant bill was reintroduced and enacted in 1862, giving us what are now known as landgrant colleges. Upon the outbreak of the civil war, all manner of inventors flocked to the capital to offer devices for the war effort. We have all heard stories about individuals showing up at the war and Navy Departments and even the white house, eager to demonstrate the effectiveness of their projects. It soon got so bad that the secretary of the navy appointed a Navy Department Permanent Commission of three scientists to screen the flood of suggestions. At the same time, a group of three scientists, a geographer, a biologist, and a navy astronomer, persuaded senator henry wilson of massachusetts to introduce a bill that would put a new Scientific Community at the service of the federal government. To investigate, experiment, and report on any subject when requested by a federal department. The bill was one among dozens enacted on the last day of a lameduck session of the 37th congress, and it established the National Academy of sciences. After 1865, american inventiveness turned away from war and toward commerce and industry. Development of lands the west promoted some agencies to investigate natural resources. The department of agriculture, commerce and labor, and National Parks service appeared during this period. While Government Research tended toward the applied , military technology continued to advance among the european nations, particularly in germany, britain, and france. Military aircraft, summaries, submarines, poison gas, and the machine gun revolutionized airfare. When the u. S. Entered the conflict in 1917, the country found it had to mobilize the entire economy and society for or and that advancing science needed to be applied to weapon and industrial development. In the event, the conflict provided a number of lessons on how not to do it. Neutrality before 1917 inhibited any prehostility preparation. To the extent they could, existing federal laboratories, including the newly created National Advisory committee on aeronautics, nasas predecessor, possessed considerable scientific expertise but were oriented toward peacetime development. Once the u. S. Entered the war, they had no contact with the war or Navy Department. Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniel tried to replicate the civil war experience by asking Thomas Edison to head a naval consulting board of scientists and engineers to solicit suggestions for solving some of the navys pressing problems such as submarine detection. Other bodies set up through legislation and Emergency Powers include a council of National Defense which, like other temporary wartime agencies, suffered from ill defined mission and authority. The National Academy of sciences organically,ssist suggested to president wilson that a National Research council be established under its authority to organize more Research Outside of its membership. After the u. S. Entry into the war, council on National Defense brought the National Research council under its wing as its research arm, and the naval consulting board as its a board of inventions. However, military departments favored direct control over the research that might affect this operation. In addition, there was no specific legal means for the army or navy to funnel appropriated funds to civilians for specific scientific work. Therefore, the principal means by which Technology Found its way into the war effort was through the temporary commissioning of scientists and engineers into the services themselves. Thus, between the relatively disorganized efforts of the council on National Defense, the federal civilian laboratories, the military services, technology and even industry could not hit its stride before the armistice of november 1918. Demobilization began as soon as guns fell silent. Scientists surrendered commissions and the consulting board effectively ceased to exist. Federal laboratories returned to peacetime pursuits, the National Research council turned from organizing wartime Scientific Research to the promotion of civilian Scientific Societies and soon ceased to use any government funding. After the war, the naca continued a vigorous program of aeronautical research. The council of National Defense had outlived its usefulness and was suspended in 1921. Nevertheless, the naval consulting board recommended in 1916 that the navy create its own research facility. Because various factions could not agree on a site for the facility, the Naval Research laboratory was not commissioned until 1926. All government science until now had been concentrated on natural sciences. The burgeoning industrial economy overtaking traditional agriculture and the advent of government planning in Franklin Roosevelts new deal, with those the importance of the social sciences came to the fore. For example, the National Bureau of labor statistics and secretary of agriculture henry wallace. F. D. R. Appointed a physicist and president of the Massachusetts Institute of technology in 1933 to head a science Advisory Board. Funded by the rockefeller foundation, for there was no appropriation. The board tacked academics and industrial scientists to study the organization of various government bureaus. In the course of its limited life, the board suggested that the study of basic science underpinned all other research and should become an end in itself. It also proposed a new deal for science using Government Funds to support research at universities. Comptons plan proved too ambitious and was resisted by another f. D. R. A portion f. D. R. Appointed body the , National Resources board, f. D. R. s uncle, Frederick Delano. Ultimately it failed to gain sponsorship. Military research during the war period was minimal. An anecdote might explain why. In 1934, a board headed by former secretary of war recommended strengthening Army Research and development above the equivalent of 74 million that it was in the early 1930s. The army general staff and chief of staff responded by concluding that the army needs large quantities of excellent equipment that has already been developed. The outbreak of world war ii and the hightechnology weaponry immediately deployed gave the light of such an attitude, and some within the Nations Technology community responded. In large part, that took the response of a new National Research defense community. The three individuals most responsible for its creation and effectiveness were vanever bush , president of the Carnegie Institute of washington, a physicist and president of Harvard University, and carl compton. They and others used the experience of world war i and comptons 1930s studies to develop a Different Organization for supporting the coming war effort. The lead individual was bush, who used his relationship with Frederick Delano to gain an audience in early 1940 with f. D. R. s close advisor harry hopkins. At that meeting, he outlined an organization that can leverage the prestige of its central actors to become the interface between the existing University Research organization and the war and Navy Departments, revising and using the existing authority of the council of National Defense. Bush proposed a National Defense committee created by the president within his office for Emergency Management under his special Emergency Powers that existed in 1940. The committee would be empowered to support research on the mechanisms of warfare, except where those activities would overlap with the naca or war and Navy Department. Importantly, this ndrc would undertake its own research on this mentality, methods, and materials of warfare. Lacking direct statutory authority, it would be funded by the president s emergency funds made available to him by congress. Hopkins persuaded f. D. R. To meet with bush on june 16, 1940, and the president gave immediate approval. Officially stood up on 27th june, 1940. The organizers knew that the efforts of the previous war foundered in part because of the separation between military services and research organization. Therefore, the committee included senior representation of both of the war and Navy Departments and bush reporting directly to the president was able to cultivate Close Relationships with the secretary of war and the secretary of the navy. Scientific societies were represented by frank jewett, president of the National Academy of sciences, who also happened to be the director of bell laboratories, thus involving industry. Conway co. , the commissioner of patents, was also on the committee along with carl compton. The navy was represented by rear admiral bowen the director of , the Navy Research lab. The army assigned to brigadier general. As originally organized, the ndrc set up five divisions to break down war research into manageable disciplines. For studies vehicle was to give contracts to existing laboratories for the development of products for the war. Where individual labs might not prove helpful ndrc contracted , with universities to establish purpose built Research Centers. One such laboratory was m. I. T. s Radiation Laboratory that specialized in the development of airborne radar and navigation systems. It soon became overloaded so a second laboratory, the Radio Research lab, was created by at nearby Harvard University to specialize in electronic countermeasures such as radar chaff. Things soon got more complicated. In 1942, ndrc reorganized into 23 separate subordinate organizations. It did not stop there, though. The council of National Defense brought other organizations under its umbrella and it soon became apparent that the ndrc would be more effective if it expanded its mandate. On june 28, 1941, f. D. R. Signed an executive order establishing the office of Scientific Research and development, or osrd, and appointed bush as director. Osrd tied itself to the relevant government committees through its Advisory Council which included the assistant to the secretary of war, the chair of the ndrc, the coordinator of research and development at the department of the navy, the chair of the naca, and the chair of the newly established committee on medical research. Because coordination with the british had been closed, they established a Liaison Office in the oss, theth cias predecessor, getting involved in unconventional warfare. Bush created a liaison with general donovans organization. Subordinate was the expanded ndrc, the committee on research which organize development of medicines such as penicillin and psychological studies, on what was called battle fatigue. The office of Field Services which deployed scientists to combat theaters to assist with the introduction of newly developed devices and techniques to combat command, in which the Intelligence Missions mentioned earlier. The obligatory office of the executive secretary that kept everything running. And several special suborganizations. Three of these organizations are worthy of special note. Section t developed a proximity fuse, also called the variable time fuse. This fuse constant antiaircraft or artillery shell to explode when it reached a specific distance from an object such as an airplane or the ground. Its existence was considered so secret and so effective that it was forbidden to be used over land where it might fall into enemy hands. Therefore, it saw its first use in the pacific aboard navy ships kamakazi deal with the threat, and in britain, where it shot down buzz bombs headed for london. Only after direct intervention from bush and the joint chiefs of staff was it permitted to be used in europe in the ground war, just in time to have a devastating effect on german troops during the battle of the bulge in 1944 and 1945. The s1 executive committee was the Manhattan Project. Most folks know that atomic weapons were created by the Manhattan Project under the command of Major General leslie groves, but that is only part of the story. Development of an atomic weapon was authorized by president roosevelt in 1940 under the in ndrc. Young was brought in first during 1942 to manage the massive construction the effort needed. Not until mid 1943 did the manhattan engineering district begin to assume control of the scientific contracts that constituted the research effort, and the ndrc through the s1 committee continued to support the scientific personnel. If you measure the program from initiation to the day of the first atomic device being dropped on hiroshima, the army ran the program less than half of the time. The third organization of special mention is the Agency Committee on Selective Service. During world war ii, more than 16 million americans served in uniform in a country that the n numbered about 200 million. Today, our active military numbers are less than 1 million in a country of about 380 million. In world war ii, money for projects was plentiful. But trained technical people were not. The services needed to bring in soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines at a quickening pace and eventually even the most highly skilled scientists were likely to be called up. The impact of the loss of just a few trained technical people could cripple research programs. So, this Agency Committee on Selective Service and bush himself or heavily involved in securing draft deferments for personnel. Lets turn to the practices that osrd and subordinates put in place to prosecute their mission. Project initiation. A project could be initiated by a request from one of these Services Army and navy , departments, or by allies, the exile, etc. ,ch in or by their own initiative. Constant and close liaisons for the field offices and the rotation of personnel through the Research Labs as they came back from the field kept everyone abreast of the Current Operations and the needs of those in combat. Development and patent registration. The labs word develop a project to a certain point. And when patents became necessary to protect intellectual property, the practice was that the office of osrd itself would register the patents to the u. S. Government. However, once done, those will be freely available for licensing at no charge to virtually anybody who wanted them. Prototyping and initial production. Bush turned physicists into engineers, and they were all deeply involved in creating the devices the theoretical approaches had created. If manufacturers were too involved in war work or the demand for a particular device was not going to exceed a couple hundred articles, they created the Research Construction Company Adjacent to m. I. T. To handle prototype and smallscale manufacture. They became their own manufacturer. At the appropriate time, osrd projects to the services or to industry to continue largescale manufacturing. Finally, the office of Field Services provided what we would call today Technical Support to the military units that received the equipment. Osrd and its constituent units explicitly avoided the fate of its predecessors such as the naval consulting board. In fact, within a month of the creation of ndrc in 1940, harry nationalreated a cil in hiscoun department that acted as the world war ii screen for independent inventors, unaffiliated scientists and citizens at large, relieving what might have been a crushing weight on osrd. Lets move on to show a few examples of their work. The bazooka, for example. W, many of you have taken a tour from Union Station are familiar with the duck. Creation thatrd was passed off to General Motors for development production. Is what you have all seen in wartime movies, the mine detector. The mine detector, the handheld soldier carried detector was also an development of one of the Research Centers at osrd. Radar course, airborne and atomic weapons. During the war, osrd created a number of centralized Research Centers. This is where they were. The university of illinois had chemistry along with the university of chicago. Rinse university studied ballistics. University of michigan specialized in explosive spirit Massachusetts Institute of technology was radar. Hole oceanographic underwater. S the number of contracts, the value of contracts converted into 2017 stand as follows. There have been scholars that have that perhaps the northeast elite institutions were favored by osrd. If you take a look at nonIndustrial Contractors, the top 25 are scattered from coast to coast. I do not think there is much value to that allegation. The Industrial Contractors would be contracted not only to but to provide manufacturing. The Research Construction company was number two for the number of devices they created. Ok. Postwar Scientific Research. What happened after the war was over . Two camps were created to conceptualize what became the National Science foundation. You had bush on one side and senator Harvey Kilgore of West Virginia on the other. Bush was a classic technocrat. He wanted everything done by the merits of the individual project. Organization that would be administering it. Kilgore was a new dealer. He wanted to make sure the entire country benefited and the research they would fund would be socially relevant. In the end, president truman got into the act. We had a trifecta. The original 19 46 proposal for the National Science foundation, both bush and kilgore agreed Research Agency was necessary and National Sciences should be the subject of research. Medicines should be researched, defense should be researched, social Science Research not so much. Naturals side he was a scientist at heart, although only an engineer. Kilgore thought there was a great idea. Geographic dispersion of support. Bush didnt care, kilgore did. Research, bush did not want to have anything to do with applied research because that would detract from the mandate that was supposed to be at the heart of it. Kilgore wanted to see social benefit. His proposal included that. Pressedwnership, bush for private ownership of research. Kilgore thought it should be the research of the government. Political control of the foundation, the appointment of senior officers, etc. And oversight by congress, bush not so much. He wanted the technocrats to run the show. Kilgore thought it was a good idea. Should it be independent of executive agencies . Both thought that was great. Much as osrd had been. Happened . Lly in 1946, there was no nsf legislation. The atomic legislation was created. The office of Naval Research was created. The War Department, belatedly realizing the value of Scientific Research, stood up research and development. The war and Navy Departments between them establish the joint research board, an Advisory Board with bush at the head to advise the war and Navy Departments on research that should be conducted. The senate managed to pass National Science foundation bill, but it did not go anywhere. The house sat on it. Year, now we have the department of defense. Therefore, the joint research and Development Board was replaced. The secretarysed of defense on research and engineering. There were seven nsf bills introduced that year. One passed. Because of the lack about a quick political control, the president vetoed the bill. Of existence that year. 1948, the air force created its office of air research. It also created the Scientific Research game and amended an amended nsf bill passed the senate but the house sat on it. 1949, another amended will passed the senate. The house took no action. Office a mandate of the of Naval Research was defined find basic research sites. The office oft, Naval Research became a primary funder of basic ninth basic Scientific Research. In 1950, the air force created a larger innovation. Air research and develop in command. The house passed the senate bill that had been pasty or before, and the president signed the bill. And that fiveyear gap, we saw the creation of a number of Defense Department of organizations for science and Scientific Research and the final nsf bill contained no mandate for military research for National Science foundation. What are its legacy renovations . A number of organizations can trace their origins to osrd. The army Research Development and engineering a valuation command, air force office of Scientific Research, defense Threat Reduction agency, darpa and the National Nuclear security administration, the custodian of the atomic stockpile. A number of Research Centers exist that can trace their regions back conceptually. Have researchtill and defense dedicated Research Centers. Heres a list of what the current inventory is. There is also an organization, federally funded research and development corporations. The department of energys the direct are descendent, some are survivors of the Manhattan Project. So, getting back to the research questions, why was there an os already . Why was there an osrd . There were only 20 years between the end of world war i and world war ii. Lessons learned during world war i were still fresh and the people who learned those lessons were in Senior Management by the time he came necessary. The state of federal government and industry was proficient. Were coming off the end of the new deal. Federal government had expanded a lot during the 1930s. It now mightve had the capability of actually taking on the management of research and Development Efforts of this magnitude. Also, the u. S. Enjoyed a robust Industrial Base at that point. They could also respond. Fdr itividuals involved, goes without saying. Bush and ate of who are interested in the topic and were eminently qualified to carry it through. Warthe need, technological was evident. The u. S. Found itself in 1939 far behind the state of military science in germany, britain and france. Why was it so effective . The crux of the matter comes down to the fact there was a war on. That was a mindset required cooperation, collaboration and dedication. Factor wasnificant the organizational model that was chosen by bush and his compiled race to manage the effort that was needed to support the war. What was its legacy . First and foremost was a u. S. Monopoly on atomic weaponry that existed between 1945 and 1949. That was a gift that fdr was cognizant of an harry truman also. Second would be the enduring relationship that came out of the war between scientific and technical communities, the federal government and the Defense Department and the Industrial Base that had supported them. But, this came at a cost. Technicaly, the personnel during world war ii was frozen. All efforts meant when into what was immediately going to be available during the war effort. Training very little at the doctorate level of scientific personnel and bush felt that strongly. He put into the legislation the ability to provide scholarships and graduate fellowships for scientific training of personnel after the war. What is the legacy that we dont hear . Perhaps we should. As we saw from the legacy organizations that were listed at the end of the presentation, all of the organizations listed there are part of the federal government. In one way or another. There is no independent voice. We found during world war ii that the independent research and osrd by ndrc provided real value to the services they sometimes they did not want to accept been found to be effective. The application of picked statistical analysis, strategy and tactics, something the army and navy were not interested in but proved effective in a war against the uboats in atlantic and in other theaters of war. The Army Quartermaster court could not have cared less about an amphibious truck that could ferry goods from a ship to the beach, but it proved effective after it was introduced in sicily. Afterwards, general marshall, army chief of staff told the Army Quartermaster corps chief to congratulate his troops on the development, although they had nothing to do with it and they had to accept it. Be andependent voice could very effective and useful tool that no longer exists. With that, i think you. [applause] with that, i thank you. [applause] [indiscernible] i might call on you. Is it on . Of i amn terms making this up as we go. For 10 years ive had the pleasure doing business with you, i am wondering if there is a coincidence between the state of military art and the state of the physical sciences so that the physical where are the physical sciences about to go . It just happened to mesh. What i am thinking of is military power was largely contained in very large discrete objects that were very lethal. Submarines and so forth. If you happened to come up with a way to detect small numbers, hey that is not bad. We are now in a point where we are dealing with individuals and the state of fiscal and social sciences physical and social sciences, there is not much leverage. Human terrain teams and so forth. It does not seem to have gained the kind of leverage that this process you have described so welded. I wonder if there is something, and i am making this up, but i wonder if it happened to be just the right point both in the stateoftheart of warren to the state of physical sciences. By god, it matched like hands in a glove. Thank you for that insightful question. Guess, and in hindsight everything looks like it should have worked out that way. What a coincidence. If you take a look at it, the folks who are going through it in 1949 did not think it was just a coincidence. They had to work very hard and think outside a whole number of boxes to be able to come up with ,hings like the airborne radar submarine detection come a magnetic anomaly detection was originated during this period. I must do further question but pose another one. , doest extent, i wonder the outside influence, the outside status of Something Like an drc which promotes independent thinking, how much did that play into a specific number of devices . I suspect it is a significant number, but you would have to do a lot of research. The way the cooperation worked, perhaps a soldier in the field would suggest a rocket propelled grenade. Ok, ndrc would say it is a good idea, and handed off to industry. Who gets credit for that . I will give you an example of the atomic bomb. That, insomething bushs view, was going to happen anyway. It did not require a letter from Albert Einstein or anything else because as soon as nuclear andion was discovered proven in 1938, the entire Scientific Community mode whether funded by governments or not, took off. They were looking to see if it wears feasible for there to be atomic fission. If so, what can we do with it . Going to happen anyway. What bush did was convince fdr that this was something we need to get in front of. Who knew how far along the germans were . They discovered the darn thing. That became the Manhattan Project. It is something that would eventually have happened anyway. Timing, as i noted, is critical. 99 of success is showing up. You have got to be in the right place at the right time. Anybody else . First, i had a couple questions. You said the department of sciences was created in what year . 1947. Its original title with the department of National Defense. Ok. Whatcond question was, were the other countries you said the u. S. Was technologically behind . France and . Many, britton. Great britain likes to take credit for the atomic bomb in radar, but as we noted, there were a lot of people working on a lot of things. Who gets credit . Whoever had the loudest press release. [laughter] i was curious how far we were behind these countries did you spoke a little about it earlier about germany. , how far wereious we behind . I dont know how you can develop a metric for that, especially a statistically significant metric. Many of the ideas that were later developed into war devices originated elsewhere. And were brought in. We benefited greatly by the number of immigrants from germany that came over prior to world war ii. They brought their scientific and technological knowledge with them. The brits, when they were getting there but handed to them in 1940, came over to the united and started pushing some of their Laboratory Concepts that have maybe might have been helpful. Not only microwave dinners, but the airborne radar, they brought over Laboratory Samples and we had to take it and turn it into something they can actually use in an airplane. Started outginally as an idea that some of the had. We had to turn it into something that would survive 20,000 gees when fired out of a cannon and still explode at the other end. Not we say we did had not devoted the thought to developing the groundwork for irrelevant. Once we got the ideas, we were very successful in turning them into something that made a difference on the battlefield. Thank you. My question is, a lot of the devices you are talking about that were developed in the war period and even decades after eventually filtered out into other civilian uses, like you mentioned the microwave. To what extent is that still happening . Between whatpeline is developed in these military intorch settings out civilian life . I do not think there is a way to measure the flow of ideas. If you take a look at the funding that goes into research and development on the part of the federal government particularly the department of defense, and private industry. , we started the postwar period with the department of defense up here and commercial entities down here. 1950sne crossed in the its like this now. That is why you see soldiers on the field using smart phones they are smarter than anything dod can give them. Dod has been conscious of that. In recent years, they have been trying very hard to build pathways to bring commercial technology back into defense and create pathways such that that can happen quickly, expeditiously and cheaply. In fact, the you can address that specifically after we got finished. Two more. Overhear here, and then this guy. Ok. Over here, and then in the middle. Thank you. Really quickly, you mentioned bureaucratic characteristics of os already that contributed to its success in dependence commits ability to Fund Projects commits ability to work with services. What lessons would you say the service should take from that in the contemporary environment with the development of acquisition pathways, prototyping funds that they should Carry Forward to have those efforts you little less fragmented . Trying to make it less fragmented implies you need a Central Organization that is governing it. You just saw a sampling of the number of organizations just within the department of defense devoted to research and engineering. Therefore, i think until you get a strong centralized authority within the department, you are always going to have fragmentation like that. One advantage was, as we mentioned, os already was outside the government. Sit contracted with existing scientific organizations and universities so that they didnt move the scientists into the War Department or Navy Department. They left them at their universities and created spaces for them to work at their universities. Therefore, they did not disrupt the programs that were ongoing. Centralizedneed a authority to get a handle on that. I do not know if that is possible. And, a minimal disruption to the existing status of the Research Environment that is ongoing. Over here. Mark wilson has written about the rather extensive lobbying that went on before the war end at the start of the war to make sure that defense production was concentrated in the private sector rather than the public sector. We consequence of this was had a lot of conversion of existing industrial plants for defense production rather than construction of new governmentowned plants for defense production, or is his argument. Is the Research Story you are telling relate to this effort to make sure that what thisroduced resulting from research was predominantly produced in the private sector . First, i want to take issue that theidea government did not build a massive Industrial Base for the war effort. They did. Fact, it was something called the Defense Plant Corporation that was created in the early 1940s to do exactly that. They would build the facility, stock it with necessary equipment and then hire private industry to staff it. That is where you got defense plants, defense workers who are not federal employees, private corporation employees. But, the liability of the Physical Plant lie with the government because they owned the place. Something called plant 42 in palmdale, california which was operated by lockheed martin, skunk works, that was a federally funded federally built 1940s that was operated by a contractor. That welcome, the reason for that lobbying effort was that after world war and Navy Departments canceled outstanding contracts. The armistice took everybody by surprise. There were massive numbers of contracts out there, civilian had been converted to the war effort and then the lights were out. There were lawsuits for the liability of those canceled contracts that extended well into world war ii. In order to avoid that, we have with the Defense Corporation product, that scheme of approaching industrial production. You can kind of see some of the same thing in the organization the osrd organization and that they contracted out to they needed and if a temporary research center, it would be built and they would staff it from the university staff. Osrd that was kind of the same model. After the war, most of those Research Centers went away and they were replaced, as you saw, with other Research Centers dedicated to other purposes. Thank you very much. [applause] thisncer 60 years ago fall, massachusetts senator john f. Kennedy and incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon met for their second televised debate and took questions from a panel of journalists on u. S. Policy towards cuba, relations with the soviet union, combating the spread of communism and civil rights in america. American history tv will be sunday. His heres a preview. [video clip] mr. Nixon has not answered what is going to be done. Giving aid to schools that are trying to carry out their decision is not the great question. What is he going to do to provide fair employment . He has been head of the committee on government contracts and has carry out two cases per he has not indicated his support to provide fair Employment Practices around the country so that everyone can get a job regardless of race or color. Has he indicated he would support title iii which would give the attorney general additional powers to suspend constitutional rights. School of education in by 2 of our population 60 to 70 of our colored children do not finish high school. In these areas of the north and south, what will be the leadership of the president in these areas to provide equality of opportunity for employment . Equality of opportunity and housing, which could be done by a stroke of the pen. What will be done to provide quality of education in all sections of the u. S. Those are the questions to which the president must establish moral leadership. I can assure you that if elected president , i will do so. Announcer watch the full debate sunday at 7 00 p. M. Eastern on American History tv. Announcer President Trump and former Vice President joe biden are set to debate tuesday septa between ninth. Pres. Trump biden supports Cutting Police funding and has pledged to end sleepy joe accepted the endorsement of the program and, antipolice portland district attorney, who has a policy of releasing rioters, criminals and violent extremists without charge. He lied to the american people. He knowingly and willingly lied about the threat posed to the country for months. He had the information. He knew how dangerous it was. While this deadly disease ripped through our nation, he failed to do his job on purpose. A lifeanddeath betrayal of the american people. Announcer watch live coverage of the first debate tuesday, september 29 at 9 00 p. M. Eastern. Watch all of cspans debate coverage live or ondemand at cspan. Org debates. Quickly find all past debates from cspans video library. Campaigna link to our 2020 website with campaign videos, candidate information and results. Cspan. Org debates, or listen live on the free cspan radio app. Cspan your under your unfiltered view of politics. Elmira opened in july of 1864 after many Union Prisons were at capacity. Almost 3000 confederate pows died at the camp from disease, exposure to the elements, and from malnutrition during its one year in operation. Next, derek maxfield, author of hellmira the unions most infamous pow camp of the civil war talks about the conditions at the prison and some of the officers in charge. His talk was part of a symposium on the war in the east hosted by the emerging civil war blog. Hello and welcome to the emerging civil war virtual symposium. Our first speaker today is derek maxfield. He is an associate professor in batavia, new york, hometown of emory upton. He earned fame at the battle of spotsylvania courthouse. Derek has earned fame for his brandnew book as part of the emergence of war series, called hellmira the unions most infamous pow camp of the civil war
comparemela.com © 2020. All Rights Reserved.