Met to seek an end to a decade of cold war. Heading the soviet delegation khrushchev. Khrushchev called the gun and though he appeared very much the boss. President eisenhower accompanied by the secretary of state dulles offered to exchange military information with the dramatic personal appeal, but the plan was rejected. Britains and the french premier supported the american proposal. The president startled and delighted genevans by going windowshopping near the partys end. He proved a Popular American ambassador of goodwill. On the return to washington, a heavy rain drenched ms. Eisenhower, the president , and the welcoming party, including Vice President nixon, ms. Nixon, the president s motherinlaw , and his daughterinlaw. Also at the airport were cabinet members, congressmen, and diplomats. Reporting on the historic summit, the president said the result of this conference, no one knows, but the coming months will tell. In the meantime, we do know that new contacts have been established and there is evidence of a new friendliness in the world. War in saigon, the vietnamese capital, reminded the world that entering peace was far away. Troops fought in the streets against a rebel outlaw army. Civilians caught in the crossfire ran anywhere to escape with their lives and loved ones. The americanbacked government was victorious, but saigon lay scarred under the devastation of civil war. Sovereignty for west germany signified her return in the place of trust in the committee of free nations. The occupation ended, west germany was again mistress of her destiny. Nour, flagwaving ceremonies open a new era of german history announced, we are free and independent, standing free among the free. Sovereignty for austria concluded within the palace, marked the end of 17 years of german and big four occupation. Russias molotov was first to sign the freedom pack, followed by secretary of state dulles. The ceremony is completed, the iron curtain lifted for austria, as church bells proclaim the rebirth of freedom. Operation alert. A realistic rehearsal for an atomic attack was the biggest nationwide air raid drill ever attempted. In washington, 15,000 government workers left their desks, scattering to 31 secret rural sites away from the capital. [siren] military personnel emptied out of the pentagon, while state Department Employees joined americans from coasttocoast in taking cover against a mythical assault. The pulse of the nation stood still. Old glory flew over the city where Government Agencies carried on their duties after the attack. From an emergency white house, president eisenhower led the nation in operation alert. Town, atom test, a Model Village in a nevada desert, against the awesome power of nuclear energy. Buildings of various materials went up, 1 million worth of equipment installed, including mannequins and tons of food to measure the contamination caused by radiation. Dolls were the towns sole inhabitants. Thanks to the first atomic maneuvers, some less than a mile away, the closest in any test. 6000 persons participated, including troops sheltered by trenches. Many cameras filmed the single blast. [explosion] [explosion] [explosion] the wreckage in the desert held Vital Information on how to survive an enemy attack. With geiger counters to check the radiation, experts assessed the damage. An aluminum building was left a gaping wreck. Cinderblock houses weather the blast best. This one was less than a mile away. Survival towns electric wires had become a tangled mass. Demonstrating the importance of Civil Defense preparedness, the elaborate exercises proved survival is possible, offering new hope to all who lived in the shadow of the atomic age. Gleaming skyscrapers are traditional landmarks of new york, but there are other landmarks, like the ribbon of steel, now being dismantled, decorating manhattans east side. Officially it was a third avenue elevated railroad. But new yorkers called it the l. For 76 years, l trains carried people to work and home again, but the steel skeleton outlived its usefulness. Passengers dwindled. And so, the l is being torn down. Above chinatown, manhattans last l dappled the street in shadows. It proudly clung to cold stoves for heating its oldfashioned waiting rooms. Ornamented ancient windows and passengers paid a station agent who pushed a plunger to unlock a gate to let them in. The wooden train started with tired dignity. Passengers sat and swayed and the track rolled on behind. The route was passed miles of tenements, giving passengers a glimpse into every window. All they got in return was a feeling of being close to the passing parade and lots of noise. The cars themselves were 50 years old and almost everybody agreed 3rd avenue would be better without the l that nearly touched the buildings, obstructed traffic, and blotted out the sun. A ride once cost a nickel. Before electricity came, steam engines hauled the cars. Showering red hot coals onto pedestrians, belching smoke on the housewifes wash. Things change, and the l is at the end of the line. This is the last of the 3rd avenue l. Bound for the scrapheap, it belongs to the past. In the mountains of brick and steel, it will soon be forgotten amid americas changing theme. On her final voyage, old ironsides, trim and proud, moved majestically into new york 21, launched in 1931. 1797, her faded log yellow with age, was a record of long and heroic service. Bore the scars of many battles, she never knew defeat and no ship ever fired the imagination of americans like the constitution, whose sides protected a young and struggling nation in the dark and uncertain days following the revolution. Retired in 1881 after 84 years of active service, old ironsides had just been rebuilt and restored as she sailed by the statue of liberty a quarter of a century ago on a 22,000 mile farewell journey. American schoolchildren had contributed their pennies by the millions to save the gallant old ship, which brought glory to her name and honor to her country. Today, birthed in the waters of the boston navy yard, the eagle of the sea is as seaworthy as when she was built. Unconquered by hostile shot and shell, old ironsides has waged her hardest battle against time. Repairs have been made regularly through the years, preserving the original constitution, now nearing her 160th birthday. Workmen are busy replacing decks ton ship, the 2200 whose hull is a little more than 200 feet long. Built for 300,000, her first spikes were supplied by paul revere. Old ironsides 54 cannons are silent, but 40 crew men walk her deck. A salute they salute. Keeping the frigate ship shape, todays crew remembers her first victory, clearing the coast of french privateers in 1798. A halfcentury later, she was to carry old glory around the world on her longest cruise. Below deck are the tight quarters shared by old ironsides original crew. It is a low bridge for the taller sailors of today. Here can be found the heavy guns, ammunition, and to prevent sparks, the leather powder buckets. Early 19thcentury cannon shot included this chain and star spreader. A fourprompt weapon, which, when fired, opened like an umbrella to rip the sails and rigging of enemy ships. This shot sprayed like shrapnel and these 24 pound cannonballs helped old ironsides to a succession of famous victories against the british navy in the war of 1812. The constitution carried provisions for six months at sea. Though her rigging is fair, she still sales securely into the hearts of visitors who come by the thousands to see and marvel at this living link with a colorful age of winddriven warships. One of americas first fighting craft, she played a leading role in establishing our freedom on the seas. All the fittings are authentic, recapturing the spirit of that thisable day, when constitution first weighed anchor. Emphasizing the cabin quarters, here is the warrant officers mess, its table set with original pewter ware. America dictated peace to the barbary pirates at this very table. The constitution has secured her berth, though 1830 condemned as not seaworthy, she would have been broken up except for a poem that aroused the nation, Oliver Wendell holmes old ironsides. Aye tear her tattered ensign down, long has it waved on high, and many an eye has danced to see that banner in the sky. Beneath it rung the battle shout, and burst the cannons roar, the meteor of the ocean air, shall sweep the clouds no more. Her deck, once red with heroes blood, where knelt the vanquished foe, when winds were hurrying oer the flood, and waves were white below, no more shall feel the victors tread, or know the conquered knee. The harpies of the shore shall pluck the eagle of the sea. Oh, better that her shattered hulk should sink beneath the wave. Her thunders shook the mighty deep, and there should be her grave. Nail to the mast her holy flag, set every threadbare sail, and give her to the god of storms, the lightning and the gale. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2020] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] the coeditor of environmental histories of world war i talks about the diverse impacts First World War had across the globe. Here is a preview. From an environmental standpoint, it is not surprising germany lost. What is shocking is that it sustained over 1. 7 million soldiers on multiple fronts for over four years as long as it did. Germanys eventual defeat revealed the ecological constraints of waging war. Germans imported around 25 of their food. Dairy,cluded eggs, vegetable oils, fish, meat. Much of the fodder consumed by farm animals came from russia, argentina, and the united states. High agricultural yields relied on chilean nightshades. With that blockade, domestic , German Agriculture plummeted. There is this massive attempt to mobilize food. We see this is a german placard. Out s is, hold what it says is that, though we are framed by our enemies, though we are surrounded, we germans will hold out, we will mobilized mobilize the last potato. The spirit to increase production, germans plowed up in church yards. They plowed up school grounds. They plowed up forest glades. They even plowed up the soccer fields. Just telling. German soccer clubs were not crazy about that. Think of the children. Didnt work. Services Food Shortages exacerbated class tensions. There were Worker Councils that complained that the parks and socalled Luxury Gardens in affluent neighborhoods were not being used for cultivation. Response they got is that those were too shady. The German Government attempted to arbitrate inequalities with ration cards and price controls. Didnt work. Just created a vibrant black market. Regulations that control every phase of agricultural production. Often it was bureaucratic clumsiness or shortsighted policies that resulted in Food Shortages. Here is an example for you. State officials, having determined that gluttonous pigs were competing with humans for grain, the government decreed the great pig massacre, which claimed over 9 million victims. This produced a momentary glut of pork, sausages every night, but did nothing to alleviate the grain shortage. , what the death of those pigs did between humans and the natural world. Pigs were not only consumers of fodder but great producers of fertilizer. Their departure from the fields had dire, longterm consequences. Learn more about the impact of world war i on the environment tonight at 9 00 9 05 p. M. Eastern and 6 05 p. M. Pacific. The American History tv series american artifacts visits historic places. The collections of the Smithsonian National museum of the American Indian include more than 500,000 photographs, 25,000 of these images are online. Up next, we look at the selection of these covering the history of photography