The United StatesPublic Health service as it exists today is a product of experience extending over a period of nearly 150 years. It was originally created as a Marine Hospital service for the purpose of providing medical care to american seamen. It was established by an act of congress signed by the second president of the United States, john adams, on july 16, 1798. This service was originally supported by a tax on american merchant seamen. This was later abolished. It was collected by the collector of the customs of the treasury department. And the Marine Hospital service came under the jurisdiction of that department where it remains today. The first Marine Hospital located at norfolk, virginia. The second was built in boston, massachusetts. Some of the medical personnel were used by the union and the confederacy for the care of the sick and wounded of the military forces. It frequently happened the medical officers of the early Marine Hospital were the first position to diagnose such diseases as cholera, fever and smallpox, which endangered the Public Health. The work of the service became of such increasing importance to the Public Health of the country that congress extended its duties until it became in function a federal Health Service. Recognizing the value of mobility and military discipline, congress authorized the organization of the Marine Hospital service along Military Lines with Officers Holding commissions in grades similar to those of officers of the medical departments of the army and the navy. In 1912, the name of the service was changed, the United StatesPublic Health service. The Public Health service is administered by the Surgeon General, who is responsible directly to the secretary of the treasury. To congress. And to the president of the United States. We will now hear the Surgeon General briefly outline the work of the Public Health service. Although the first responsibility for Public Health rests upon the states and localities in our country, the federal government through the Public Health service does much to prevent disease and to improve the health of all the people. This is done in many ways. One very Skilled Group of men and women. Officers prevent introduction of disease from abroad. Others have the duty of preventing and halting the spread of infection within our own territory. Under the provisions of the recently enacted Social Security act, the Public Health service is cooperating with every state and territory in the development in those states and territories of a National Health program. This cooperative work between the federal, state and local governments should provide new standards for the people. In addition, the manufacture of all serums and vaccines sold in the country is carefully supervised by the Public Health service. It conducts Marine Hospitals in which are treated american sailors. In addition, the service keeps in constant touch with Health Conditions throughout the world. Weekly reports from every officer. It encourages Health Education in various problems of disease prevention. In what follows you will see in much more detail the ways in which this organization operates for human service. For centuries, it has been known that epidemic diseases follow the lines of commerce and travel. During colonial times and in the early days, the introduction of yellow fever, smallpox, cholera and other diseases by ship was by no means uncommon. Epidemics of yellow fever occurred aa late at 1798 in new york, baltimore in 1832 and in philadelphia 1853. Many outbreaks were the result of cases brought in by vessels. The danger of introduction of diseases from abroad has paralleled in growth the Remarkable Development of transportation on the sea. On the land. And in the air. The transportation of disease has been as much facilitated by improved mechanical methods as has the transportation of persons or property. Maritime quarantine was undertaken by the states and cities but is now administered by the Public Health service at all the ports of the United States and its possessions. To perform the functions, the service has been given quarantine jurisdiction coming into american ports from abroad. In its quarantine work, the United StatesPublic Health service maintains trim and speedy boarding tugs which carry the quarantine officers out to the vessels. When a vessel arrives, the medical quarantine officer, a nurse and an inspector go out in one boarding tug known to seamen and ocean travellers. They draw alongside the vessel and go aboard. The quarantine officer meets the ships doctor and the percer. They turn over records for inspection, especially the bill of health and the Health Record on route which shows all cases of illness on board during the trip. The list here shows a suspicious case of illness in a member of the crew. Lets see now what happens. The quarantine officer is taken to the sick bay in the crews quarters to examine the patient. His experience and training in the detection of the symptoms of rare as well as the common diseases tells him that this patient is suffering from typhus fever. He orders the patient removed from the vessel. And put aboard the quarantine tug to be taken ashore. All persons who have been in contact with the patient and thus have been exposed to the disease are also ordered on board the tug. The patient and the contacts are taken to the detention hospital. In this instance, Hoffman Island in new york harbor. On their arrival, the sick patient is taken directly to the hospital. Here he is given appropriate treatment and cared for until he has recovered. Every facility is made available in such cases, both for the benefit of the patient himself and for the protection of others. As this happens to be a case of old world typhus fever, known to be spread by the body louse, the contacts are first taken to the delousing plant. They must remove all of their clothes. They are sprayed with soap and water. Next they are sent to the shower. And finally, each one is sprayed with an insecticide that kills lice that may remain in their hair. The clothing of the contacts is placed in net bags and these bags are sent to the fumigating room. The clothing, together with the baggage of the contact is placed in fumigating chambers where its disinfested. If necessary, the contacts are isolated in the detention hospital for observation. Every precaution is taken by the quarantine officers to prevent the introduction of disease into the United States. When the quarantine work has been completed and the ship declared free from danger, the medical officers of the Public Health service turn to the inspection of immigrants. This scene shows the immigration station at ellis island, new york. During the busy period of a few years ago, more prospective citizens arriving from abroad entered through this world renowned station than through any other port of the country. In past years, thousands of aliens arrived at ellis island daily. Each one had to undergo an examination. In past times, many of them arrived only to be turned back at our very gates because of mental or physical defect. This was a necessary but somewhat cruel procedure and caused many heartaches, untold hardships and much unnecessary expense. A new system was inaugurated by international consent in 1925. Immigrants have been examined b 1925. Immigrants have been examined by Public Health officers. The immigrants makes application through the consul. If the applicant passings these physical and mental tests, theres little chance that he will be refused admittance later. Among other old records, websters book on pestilence gives a description to the many ravages of the bubonic plague. This disease is present in the orient and this fact makes it an ever present threat to the United States and its possessions. The germ that causes bubonic plague is carried by fleas. Notice how this rat balances himself with his tail. Now he attempts to clear the rat guard. Will he succeed . It looks like hell make it. No. He admits defeat and he returns to the war. Yellow fever is one of the best examples of a disease now almost entirely wiped out by science. It is transmitted by a particular kind of mosquito. With the mosquitos exterminated, yellow fever is eliminated. Although yellow fever has been vanished from our shores, it still exists in south america and africa and recent development in air travel make it a menace to the United States. To combat this menace, the mosquito must be eliminated and infected persons must be detected and isolated. Although the mosquitos usually fly a short distance, they have been carried by airplanes for thousands of miles. Its only by the exercise of the utmost care and watchfulness that this threatening disease is kept outside our borders. When they arrive at the port of entry, an airplane which might bring in the yellow fever mosquito, the passengers and crew are inspected for symptoms of the disease. An important part of the inspection is a taking of the temperature for evidence of fever. The plane is gone over with a vacuum cleaner to recover any mosquitos that might be aboard. Then the cabin and all enclosed spaces are sprayed with insecticide that destroys these pests. Particular cholera and smallpox has been brought into the United States. When the country was small, travel was slow. And distances in travel time were much greater than they are today. Then there was less need for action on the part of the federal government in preventing the spread of epidemics. But with the increased amount of travel, the expansion in territory and the concentration of population, this work became important. With increase in interstate traffic, the need for quarantine regulations became apparent and by the consent of the states and under the Commerce Clause of the constitution, congress provided for federal control of quarantine. The sanitary control over waters is one of the activities of the Public Health service in connection with the prevention of the interstate spread of disease. It is obvious that this is a tremendous task. The water included in these supplies comes from almost 3,000 sources. In this work, the coordination of the state and City Health Authorities is given to the Public Health service. In taking supplies of Drinking Water on board vessels, connections are made direct and the possibility of contamination of the water in this process is reduce today a minimum. Here we see a supply of Drinking Water being taken aboard a steamship at one of our ports. The same sanitary precautions are carried out when Drinking Water is taken aboard trains. Frequent inspections are made of this procedure. The passenger can therefore feel a sense of security when he quenches his thirst from the water cooler. Or drinks water with his meals in the dining car. The fight against bubonic plague is a fight against the rat. He must be trapped, poisoned, starved out, built out, everything must be down to rout this animal. Hes a dangerous pest in the case of bubonic plague. Hes crafty a. The rat catcher must know the habits of this animal. This is a specialized field. The rats a tagged to show the locality in which they are caught and are sent to the laboratory for examination. Some of the rats that are taken alive are put into bags to preserve for identification and examination any fleas that they may harbor. Here we see a sample days catch of rats in one of our large cities. At the laboratory, the rats are combed for fleas and their fleas are collected for study and testing to determine whether or not theyre infected with bubonic plague. In western states, plague has spread from rats to ground squirrels and the fight against these animals is being teared on there. The following are typical scenes of the regions in the east central sections of this country in which trachoma is found. The people did not know that trachoma was spread by hands or other items which may carry the discharges from the eye. Its an Infectious Disease of the eyelid. A number of small bodies will be noticed under the eyelid. It produces a roughened condition of the inside of the lid which irritates the front of the eyeball causing an inflammation which leads to blindness. For many years, the Public Health service has conducted a campaign against this ancient disease. As early as 1912, dr. John mcmullin was sent to kentucky to make a survey of the situation there. Dr. Mcmullin, what was found in kentucky and what was done there . Well, more than 18,000 persons were examined in 1912. Between 7 and 8 were found to have trachoma. Many had already been blinded by the disease. Many remained in dark rooms. Some had not seen lights for months. Many cases existed for years. Checking up some years later, the changes were remarkable. Instead of many sore eyed people and wearing colored glasses observed during the first survey, scarcely glass was scene. Through the standpoint of economic considerations, theres no way to estimate what this trachoma work has been. Much of the work was done in mountain regions. Usually medical officers travel by horse back and oven thften td to walk. The work has now been turned over to the states. We now have the precious gift of sight, the future must be dared to one destined to live in darkness. We have the ability to assume an economic role in family affairs. Numerous outbreaks of typhoid fever has followed the use of shellfish grown in contaminated waters. This could be combatted by examination of the waters were oysters were grown. The sanitary conditions of which were not approved by the Public Health service. Because oysters from beds in contaminated waters will not be certified and plants are required to be conducted under proper sanitation conditions, they can enjoy this seafood with a greater sense of security than formerly. An act of Congress Authorizes an annual conference between the Surgeon General and the state Health Officers to discuss health matters. Here the Surgeon General opens a recent conference. This annual conference of state and territorial Health Officers will come to order. Im delighted to greet you here today. One of the most significant events in Public Health which has occurred in our lifetime transpired last month when president roosevelt signed the bill appropriating funds to launch the Health Security program. This bill and the funds authorized under it, offer a great promise to the people of this country for better health. It is your task and my task to see that this promise becomes a realization. It is to discuss a detailed means by which we may obtain the objectives held forth in the Social Security act at this conference will be concerned. I welcome your advice. These conferences provide opportunities for planning effective methods of state cooperation. For many years, the Public Health service has cooperated with the state Health Officers in an effort to develop and improve state work. When necessary, experienced Service Officers are assigned for periods of time to aid state and local Health Departments in their special health problems. Funds made available by congress have been matched by state and local agencies and used to develop local Health Services. Under the Social Security act, provisions for aid to these Health Services has been greatly extended. The City Health Officer of a western city receives a telephone call. He picks up the receiver and finds that its from a local physician. This physician has a case the symptoms of which resemble brain inflammation. Hes has several cases reported in the recent days. The City Health Officer decides to notify the state Health Officer. He calls him by telephone and outlines the local situation. The state Health Officer reports to the Surgeon General and asks him for aid. The City Health Officer calls an assistant and instructs him to consult with a local physician. He is definitely alarmed. A little later, a telegram is received from the Surgeon General. After the Public HealthService Officers have conducted a preliminary examination they call a conference to discuss the situation. Gentlemen, this epidemic is growing. 50 new cases are being reported daily. We must encourage close and harmonious cooperation between ourselves as representatives of the Public Health service, and the city, county, and state Health Authorities. The local medical schools have made available their l laboratories and other facilities. What will be our policy as far as general information. The City Health Department are notifying the department of the situation. Business must proceed as usual. There must be no panic. There is an unusual plague of mosquitos just now. I wonder if theres any connection with this outbreak. Well test that theory as thoroughly as possible. The mosquito tests were conducted on Prison Inmates who submitted themselves as laboratory animals. After these experiments were made, another conference was called to discuss the results. Dr. Williams, what are your results so far . The mosquito apparently does not transmit this particular disease. However, our investigations must be continued in other directions. The epidemic despite all that has been done, we will transfer our society to the National Institute of health in washington. As a result of intensive studies at the laboratory, it was concluded that the disease was due to a virus and several new facts regarding it were deduced from these investigations. In preventing disease spread through unclean milk, a safe milk supply is important. The Public Health service feels that clean milk is the only safe milk to drink and it has conducted services to determine the efficiency of pastization. They ensure a safe and clean milk supply to the consumer, that is if sanitary precautions are observed by the consumers themselves. Another form of assistance to and cooperation with the states especially in times of emergency. The floods which occur in the United States illustrate an emergency that may arise suddenly. The states request the help of the sanitary engineers for help in the effected areas. These requests for aid are met with prompt response. In many instances. Water purification machines are dispatched to the effected areas or put into operation by the sanitary engineers. As the water is pumped into the reservoirs, it is treated with chlorine to make it safe for human consumption. In the fight against disease from a Public Health standpoint, it is fundamentally important to know when, where, in what numbers and under what conditions various diseases are occurring. The Public HealthService Records the diseases on charts which show their seasonal prevalence. Note on these charts how closely the cases follow the same general pattern. Each line across the chart represents a year for the particular disease. The service maintains an Intelligence Office regarding the occurrence of diseases in the United States and foreign countries. Their wide distribution is shown on the map. Whenever theres an outbreak of a quarantinable disease in the world, the american consulate shares the information with washington. They report regularly by telegraph and like the cards shown here. Reports are also received from officers of the Public Health service stationed abroad and interNational Health organizations such as Public Health, the Health Section of the league of nations and the pan american bureau. The information collected is compiled and published and is used by quarantine officers of the Public Health service, by our local state Health Authorities and by other governments throughout the world. This doctor addresses a recent conference. Gentlemen of the conference, at this, your closing session, i want to express to you individually and collectively the deep appreciation of the Pan American Union and the privilege of having you with us during the period of your deliberations. It is no exaggeration to say that the third pan american conference of directors of health marks a distinct step forward in that struggle of the nations of this continent to improve the conditions of life, to eliminate the causes of disease, and to augment the efficiency of the masses of the people. I wish to congratulate you and at the same time to assure you that in the future as in the past, you may count upon the earnest cooperation of everyone associated with the Pan American Union. The direct general of the bureau now speaks. Gentlemen, as director of the pan America Bureau and president of your conference, i want to join the doctor in expressing our appreciation to you for leaving your Important Administration functions and your governments for sending you to this most successful sanitary conference we have had. The progress reported by you and your counties, plans formulated is the most successful conference we have ever had. I wish you god speed. Thank your respective homes. Scientific studying dealing with the diseases of man were made by the Public Health service as early as 1886. These studies have expanded until today the restart of the Public Health service on the cause, method of spread and means of prevention of disease is among the most important work that it performs. A Research Laboratory for the Public Health service was established in 1901. In 1930, congress changed its name to the National Institute of health. At this famous institute in washington, d. C. , most of the investigate work of the Public Health service is conducted. The disease is studied by the service include a long list. Heart disease is public enemy number one. It is first on the list of the causes of death. More than 300,000 persons die each year in the United States from this cause. The electro cardiograph has aided in the study of heart disease. Next is cancer. This disease results in the death of about 135,000 people in the United States annually. Malaria is still an important Public Health problem in at least 16 states of union. This mosquitoborne disease has more than 2 million cases annually. The prevention of mosquito breeding by seeing that no containers are left around to catch water and providing a breeding place for mosquitos. In certain regions, Mosquito Control has been accomplished by dusting water areas with a poisonous mixture. This dusting is done from trucks, by handdusting machines, and by airplanes, according to the conditions met with. Another effective method employed is the killing of larvae. You can also keep mosquitos out of the home by screening. The protection of the health of the industrial watcher has become a matter to which much attention has been given. New Manufacturing Processes are taking place. The control of the disease comes within the province of the physician and engineer. Dust has been found to be a serious hazard to the health of the employee. And the study of various discip types of dust has been made. Dusts are collected at the plants and data is recorded. These dust samples are taken to the laboratory where theyre carefully examined to determine the concentration, the size distribution, and the chemical and other characteristics of the particles. This young lady is making a dust count from a sample that was taken at one of the plants. The Public Health service has conducted services on the enamel of teeth, a disfiguring conditions because of an excessive amount of fluoride in the United States. Its more pr they conduct studies on stream pollution with our concentrating population, new problems have arisen not only from the increase of human waste in the streams, but also from the increase and changing types of industrial wastes. From a Public Health standpoint, tvenerial diseases are important. One day, surveys of all sources of treatment have been conducted by the Public Health service in representative areas of the United States. Covering approximately onefourth of the entire population of the country. Estimates derived from these surveys indicate that more than a million and a half new cases seek treatment annually in this country. Studies conducted by the Public Health service with five of the leading disease clinics in the country indicate that syphilis is largely curable. Treatment must be started during the first year of the disease. The Public Health service cooperates with state and local Health Departments in the development of campaigns directed against the diseases. From time in memorial, the law of the sea has had medical services for the seaman. North to encourage the marines, congress established the Marine Hospital service in 1798. The first Marine Hospital in boston furnished hospital care for sailors from some of the famous areas of the war of 1812. Today there are 25 modern hospitals in this service located within the United States. These hospitals have a bed capacity of approximate 6,000 beds and give treatment to about 300,000 persons annually. Many more apply for other service, including physical examination. New Marine Hospitals have recently been built in baltimore, cleveland, detroit and memphis, San Francisco and seattle. The Marine Hospital in new york, which is the one shown here, has been enlarged to make it a 1,000bed institution. These hospitals are professionally staffed by medical officers secured by examination and selection. Only qualified graduate nurses, professional dietitians and skilled aides are employed. These hospitals have all the Specialized Services eye, ear, kno those and throat, xray department, dental department with the most modern equipment, hyd hydro therapy and some have a psychiatric service. Dental treatment is furnished at all Marine Hospitals by dental hospitals. Most of the patients entering are suffering from mouth conditions with the elimination of infection, many remarkable recoveries have been reported. The facilities are available without cost to american seamen applied any vessel of the United States. To officers and enlisted men of the coast guard. To officers and crews of vessels of the lighthouse service, to keepers of the lighthouses. To Immigrants Detained at the immigration stations. To seamen from vessels belonging to the United States army. To beneficiary of the United States employees compensation commission. To members of the civilian conservation corps. To patients of the United States veterans administration. And to persons afflicted with leprosy. Officers of v officers must pass an examination conducted by officers of the Health Service. The service must also pass upon the physical availability of sailors. Regulations require all ships offices to be versed in first aid. The Public Health service has organized courses of instruction for such candidates in a number of the larger ports. Not only does the service furnish medical aid to the coast guard, it sends its medical officers with the cruising cutters to furnish medical care to the officers. The service also sends medical officers with the seal patrol. The coast guard makes an annual cruise along the coast of alaska. Medical and dental officers of the service are sent on this cruise. They give medical examinations and treatment to the natives. These include dental treatment and extraction. This is the only medical service that is available to many of these native alaskans. The national Marine Hospital in louisiana has under treatment more than 300 patients. It has an Administration Building and a main hospital. Treatment by the various methods and agents used has yielded encouraging results and there have been many recoveries or arrested cases. During the last ten years, over 150 patients have been discharged to their homes no longer a menace to the Public Health. Sports are provided by baseball diamonds and Tennis Courts and the younger patients enjoy these activities. The cottages for the patients are comfortable and are provided with grounds for gardens in which many of the patients take much delight. Life is made as comfortable as possible. In the attractive inner court, two children may be seen playing around the pool. Medical aid to vessels without a physician has been made possible by the development of radio. Men are injured or suddenly develop an acute illness. If theres no physician aboard, the Health Service is notified by radio. Many lives are saved each year thanks to this radio service. Radio for medical advice. All right, captain. The message from the vessel is received by a commercial Radio Station which immediately relays it by telephone to the nearest Marine Hospital. Sore throat for two days. Now has a temperature 104. Light cough. Request medical advice. This man has acute tonsillitis. Gargle every two hours. Give ten grains of aspirin. Report progress in 12 hours. Sign this, u. S. Marine hospital. Very well, sir. A seaman may very attacked by illness on a seaport. An ambulance is sent from the hospital to the dock to meet the boat. The patient is taken off the vessel on a stretcher. He is placed in the ambulance and rushed to the Marine Hospital. On arriving at the hospital, he is taken to the ward for examination and diagnosis. The medical officers examine him carefully and with the aid of the history of the case, they make their diagnosis. In this instance, its an acute attack of appendicitis. The patient must be operated at once. Hes taken to the operating room where the appendix is removed. An act of congress requires that the medical care in federal correctional institutions be furnished by the service. The prisoners are given thorough examinations, eye, ear, nose and throat. Chest and dental and other examinations. Theyre given mental tests it will afford data with differentiate deli differentiate troublemakers from nontroublemakers. When the hospital was established in kentucky, the problem of narcotic drug addiction was put under the banner of medicine. This problem has been regards as a correctional one. The hospital consisting of a group of buildings covers an area of approximately 12 acres. The buildings are serving as an entrance applauplaza. One gains access to these units for new admissions. For the treatment of those suffering with diseases and for the intensive study of patients and of those requiring special forms of treatment. This part of the institution constitutes the professional center of the hospital. To meet the needs for a better treatment for drug addiction, special study of patients is necessary. Its adequately staffed for this purpose. Opportunities for outdoor work are afforded the patients through the operation of 1,000 acre farm. These farm activities include the operation of a modern dairy, the raising of hogs, and poultry. And intensive truck farming. Indoor work for patients includes the operation of a laundry, a modern garment shop for the manufacture of clothing warn by the patients, not for sale, and other activities that are necessary for the maintenance and operation of the hospital. Supervised recreation is desirable and necessary for the health of the patients. It promotes good fellowship and normal human relationships. The career officers of the Public Health service constitute a corps whose members are available for service whenever needed. In the United States or foreign countries, for epidemic duty, quarantine duty, or for investigation work. The honor roll contains the names of many men and women who have contracted diseases in line of duty and of many who have made the supreme sacrifice. These workers conducted their investigations fearlessly, with full knowledge of the dangers that con fronted them. They dedicated themselves to humanity. Other workers were not less fearless, but more fortunate and more favored on the field of battle. The Public Health service conducted a fight against disease silently and steadily. No music to inspire, no shouter to sustain. The battlefield is silent. But the grim fight, the personal dangers, the satisfaction of accomplishment is there. Even though the fight is against an unseen and unknown enemy. Youre watching a special edition of American History tv airing during the week while the members of congress are in their districts. Tonight, the book, cigarettes, political history. She looks at nonsmokers rights including civil rights and environmental issues. American history tv now and over the weekend on cspan3. Every saturday night, American History tv takes you to College Classrooms around the country for lectures in history. Why do you all know who liz is . The deepest cause was in this transformation that took place in the minds of the american people. Were going to talk about both of these sides of the story here, right, the tools, the techniques of slave owner power and the tools and techniques of power that was practiced by enslaved people. Watch history professors lead discussions with their students on topics ranging from the American Revolution to september 11th. Lectures in history every saturday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on American History tv and lectures in history is available as a podcast. Find it where you listen to podcasts. Each week, American History tvs reel america brings you films that provide con ttext fo todays issues. Were going to tell you about our veins and arteries and how theyre like the roads and highways of the body. Its through them that the little workers get around to the different organs or factories and do their jobs. Remember, we said your body is really like a city, a model city, in which everything runs smoothly and well continue to do so as long as its left undisturbed. You see the wall around the city has a gate through which supplies of Raw Materials must be taken. Supposed, for example, that youre loading up a new stock of groceries, bread and butter, lots of jam on it, ice cream and cake. This city never heard of the invader. But, look, the enemy. Its a deadly disease germ all right. Theres only one. What harm could he do against the millions of little workers. Just watch him. Suddenly there are two. And four. Then there are eight and more to come. Now we understand why diseases are so deadly. It is because they have the power to transform themselves quickly into gigantic horns. He doesnt look so harmless now, does he . Before you know it, they multiply themselves into millions. Invasion. The alarm has sounded, the workers pour into the buildings to arm themselves, but there arent enough weapons to go around. Its only with gun that is the invaders can be conquered. Theres nothing to stop them here because the body is not prepared. Frantically, the factories are converted to the manufacture of weapons. Theyre too slow. As the ranks of the invader multiply, we see that it is already too late. This is city is blacked out forever. Yet it could have been saved. You see, boys, this city, or rather this man, died because his body did not have arms and ammunition or in other words, powers of resistance against disease. He was not prepared and he was not prepared simply because he failed to take advantage of the greatest weapon against disease that medical science has to offer. Vaccination. Great men in all the countries of the world have struggled year after year, even given their lives in order that we might live. Many scientists have worked to create this harmless fellow who will protect us. He doesnt look like much, does he . Wait until you see what he can do for us. First, we have to get him into the body. And thats where vaccination plays its part. In vaccinating against the deadly smallpox, for example, an ordinary point like a Needle Presses sideways against the skin letting in a few of the little helpers. But the lookouts inside the body do not know of these little fellows are harmless. To them, its a real invasion and the army marches fourth to battle. But in this case, theres nothing to fear from the invaders. Nevertheless, the factories of the body go on an allout wartime basis. Production zooms upward, but this time the armies of the body are winning and the war plants have all the time they need to produce arms and ammunition. Awork to fight disease. Meanwhile, the soldiers are easily routing the harmless invaders and soon the battle is completely won. But, look at the tremendous supply of arms and ammunition that the body has made for itself because of vaccination. We are ready for the invader, let him come. Suppose you should catch some deadly disease right out of the air itself because eating isnt the only way the invaders can enter. They supply around on tiny dust particles or drops of moisture. Theyre apt to be all around us. But if youve been vaccinated, you dont have to worry because your body is prepared no matter which way he chooses to enter. Here they come. Airborne troops launching their attack. Theyre confident of their power. But, brother, theyve got a real surprise in store for them this time. Here we see a modern army moving into battle, equipped with the weapons they have built up through vaccination. They continue its menacing advance. This is no false alarm. This is a real, fullscale invasion. The army of the body has been prepared. Look, our fighters are knifing through the invaders. Slashing them to ribbons. Watch the firepower of equipment to overcome the deadly disease germs. On every hand, we see examples of military strategy. Youre watching a special edition of American History tv airing during the week while members of congress are in their districts due to the coronavirus pandemic. Sarah discusses her book and looks at nonsmokers rights and strategies in the context of other social movements. American history tv now and over the weekend on cspan3. Every saturday night, American History tv takes you to College Classrooms around the country for lectures in history. Why do you all know who lizzy boarden is and raise your hand if youve heard of this murder before the class. The deepest cause where well find the true meaning of the revolution was in this transformation that took place in the minds of the american people. Were going to talk about both sides of the story, the tools and techniques of power that were practiced by enslaved people. Watch history professors lead discussions with their students on topics ranging from the American Revolution to september 11th. Lectures in history, every saturday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on American History tv. And lectures in history is available as a podcast. Find it where you listen to podcasts. Next on reel america, this is a War Department film providing an overview of systematic efforts during world war ii to both heal soldiers and prevent, detect, and control epidemics. With footage from inside working labs, the documentary highlights training and Treatment Facilities across the United States and shows the capabilities of field hospitals and overseas stations