Crypto analyst alan turing. Prior to his writing career, dermot worked for the governor Legal Service in the International Law form law firm clifford chance. Bletchleyustee of park and the turing trust. Hes serving as the Bletchley Park visiting fellow at oxford. Last but not least dermot is a , member of the honorary board here at the International Spy museum and he is a tremendous supporter of our educational efforts here. Were excited to have dermot here today to discuss how enigma was really broken with the cooperative efforts of britain, poland, and france. After the formal presentation, we would like to invite to walk up to the microphones on each side of the theater and ask your questions. There will be plenty of time to ask your questions and get them answered. Please join me in giving a warm welcome to dermot turing. [applause] dermot many thanks, chris, and to all of you for coming and for the welcome home. Before i start, i would like to say to chris and to the team here at the spy museum, i think it is amazing to see how this place has transformed since the move last year. I think you have an amazing array of things going on here. Very exciting to be associated with. Now youre all wondering with the real story of enigma code breaking is because otherwise you would not have showed up to this talk. I think you probably know it already. You have seen the movie and you cumberbatch played my uncle, the gentleman on the left. Did i get that right . These characters are confused. Maybe Sherlock Holmes is the guy on the left. We all know the truth of enigma code breaking but it is more involved than what you may have come away from the movie with. I not going to give you a movie am synopsis. Dvdkly, you can go by the if you have not already seen it. Here is a memo. From where im standing the print is big enough to read. If you are at the back, you may not be able to see this. This memo is in the British National archives and it dates from 1938. The year before war broke out in europe. Its written by one of the senior cryptanalysts, a guy called tiltmon. This is what happens to old spies. They do not actually retire. When he retired from the u. K. Government, by the time he was retired it was called gchq. He worked here in the United States for a while. This is what he wrote. Writing about the enigma machine. Thats the enigma machine. He says in 1931, we were provided by the french instructions for the german enigma machine. The photograph shows an attachment on the front which does not appear on the model available to the public. The enigma machine was commercially available but not in the form that the german army was using. This is the thing that tiltman is asking about, this plugboard arrangement on the front. The directions do not fully explain the function of this attachment. This is 1938 and the british do not understand how this german army model works. He goes on to describe the parts. Right before the outbreak of war, and this state of ignorance goes on until the outbreak of war. It goes on through july 1939. The brits dont know the answers to these questions. If they dont know how the enigma machine works, this raises a question for me. The question is, contrary to what you may have come away from the imitation game understanding, finding the daily settings of the machine, that design was ready and in the hands of the engineers by no later than november 1939. Between july when they have no understanding of how it works and november when they are able to start the engineers designing a code breaking machine, something miraculous has happened. Knowledge has been transformed in that time. Thats a puzzle. What im going to talk about for the next few minutes is what is the answer to that particular mystery. Im going to introduce you to some of my friends. Ill introduce you to these particular friends. Im a geek. I like finding old documents in archives. Weve got some photographs taken in 1931. I will talk about how those came to be taken. You can see that there is a photograph of an enigma machine. We have a document on the left, berlin, 1930. You can see that the number of documents has been redacted by the photographer. Top righthand corner. The reason for that being that we dont want anybody to know whose copy it is we got hold of. The plot thickens. This is the operating instructions for the enigma machine. Then this in the middle says, base on the law of 1914, if you give this to the enemy, you will go straight to jail and you will not pass go. So, these are the famous documents that tiltman was talking about that were handed over by the french in the 1930s and the ones that do not explain the operation of this fiendish plug device. How did the brits get hold of these documents . This is where i get to introduce you to some real friends of mine, every one of whom is a spy. On the left, this is my friend hansthilo schmidt. His brother was the head of the german armys Cipher Office. When he was demobbed at the end of wwi, he wasnt doing well and he begged his brother to give him a job. His brother gave him a job in the Cipher Office. Hans had access to the safe where the certain documents were kept. Unfortunately, the period was not particularly great. We know what happened to the German Economy during the between the war period. Here, he joined the nationalistic german workers party. The nazis. That was a bit later after hitlers had come to power. We are still stuck in the 1931 period. Hitler is trying to get himself elected. He goes to the person likely to buy them from him, the French Embassy. He walks up the street to the French Embassy and asks to speak to the attachee and he says, i have documents that might be of interest to you. Berlin it is the capital city of spying. Its not surprising to discover that the french had a process for walkin spys. What they would do is refer the walkin to the gentleman in the middle. Hes very charming looking, isnt he . His career was as a professional card shark. He started in the 1970s and he had been banned across most casinos. Hed been to jail a few times but had managed to amass a tidy typically,fleecing, charming some young man, pouring lots of champagne down their throats, and winning lots of money off of them at cards. Hes got many names. Most of the time when he was gambling, he was going by the name baron von kerney which was a false name. He acquired french citizenship, spoke 11 languages, but german and french completely fluently. He became rudolph lemoin. Some of the time. So rex, that was his spy cover name. Its easier than any of the other things. Rex, having retired from gambling, was hired by the german, sorry, by the french intelligence service. This is a natural career progression. His job is to fix the walkin spy with the same steely gaze that he would fix on his victims in the casino. Hed suss out these guys. Hes the ideal person to check him out because he is a native german speaker. He invites schmidt to a meeting and this happens to be set up in the proper le carre fashion. There will be a letter waiting for him telling him where to go. All of the other meetings are set up with unsigned, anonymous postcards with coded information about where he can find information about where documents have been dropped. Le carre didnt make it up. He just looked at the handbook. Eventually, we get to the stage where rex has met schmidt and checked him out. He has documents. Rex is not the expert on whether documents are the real thing or not. And that would be captain bertrand on the right, the head of French Military intelligence. Section d consists of captain bertrand. [laughter] but that is fine because captain bertrands job is to buy and sell foreign codebooks because the french cipher bureau, the decoding guys, the decrypt analysts have all retired. They were really good in world war i, but they reached retirement age. Unfortunately when you retire from being a cryptanalyst, you cannot go into gambling. They were just no longer around. Bertrand was not a cryptanalyst. The only way to read them was to codebooks from people like hans deal of schmidt. Hansthilo schmidt. We have to set up a meeting so that bertrand can look at the stuff that schmidt has lifted out of the safe and see if it is the real deal. They meet in a hotel in a small town in belgium. This is where it gets fun because rex and schmidt go into the bar, listen to the music, and then they drink champagne and then they drink brandy, and smoke cigars. Bertrand realizes he has got the real deal. He has got the enigma machine operating instructions. So he takes his photographer and his camera up to the bathroom on the first floor sorry, on the second floor of the hotel, and they do the photography there. There is always the question of why they were in the bathroom. I think they were using the bathroom because the photographic apparatus was large and clumsy and probably quite noisy. And therefore, they needed to go somewhere where they would not attract a lot of attention. But anyway we know they took the , photographs in the bathroom. And it was these photographs that i showed you before, which i found in the french archives two or three years ago, the original photographs taken by and his team in 1940 of the instructions and the machine itself. But as bertrand. That is bertrand. Enigma is no longer a problem. He goes around to his colleagues in the cryptoanalytic unit and shows them these things and says enigma, problem solved. They say au contraire, monsieur le capitaine. You have given us operating instructions. What we really need is wiring diagrams. In particular we need to know what that fine thing on the front of the machine that is not available to the public is and what it does. Bertrand is not dismayed. He gives the documents to the brits, people like captain tillman, who say it is right kind of you to give us this stuff, but you have given us operating instructions, and operating instructions are hopeless if we do not know what the wiring is. If you gave us wiring diagrams, things would be a lot better. So bertrand still is not dismayed by this because the year before, bertrand has been instructed by his boss to reach out to polish military intelligence because poland and france have a common problem, which is that germany is aggressive and it is wedged firmly between those countries. And so, polish intelligence objectives and french intelligence objectives are probably aligned. Bertrand has made friends with the head of the polish cipher bureau. So he offers the documents to colonel langer. Colonel linger says these are fantastic, these are what we have been waiting for all along. Lets give it a go. If we get anywhere, we will let you know. He puts his own team onto it. Im now going to introduce you to another one of my friends who is a very unlikely spy. He looks like a mathematician. He is a mathematician. And really, he is the most unlikely spy. This is the thing. Spying transformed itself in the from the middle of the 20th century into something geeks and nerds can do. There is hope for all of us, even people like me. I might make us by one day. This is Marian Rejewski. He is a mathematics graduate from a university in poland. He is sent into a small, dark room, because that is appropriate if you are a spy and a nerd and given a commercial enigma machine. He is given the documents that bertrand photographed in the bathroom, and he is given a bunch of enigma intercepts. Radio messages that have been intercepted in morse code and written down. And this is one of the things i regard as being one of the top three code breaking achievements of the 20th century. And he is the first of the top three to do this. He manages to turn the problem of the wiring of the enigma machine and its coding rotors into a set of mathematical equations in permutation theory. Permutation theory is a horror. All of us remember doing algebra in high school. Some of us loved it and some of us did not. You remember if you multiply both sides by two, then five minutes later, you can divide both sides by two and end up in the same place. Now, i want you to imagine trying to do that with unboiled eggs. Take some eggs out of the fridge and divide them by two and multiply by two. Do you get back where you started . No, you dont. No, you dont. You have to call the cleaners urgently. This is what permutation theory is like. Permutation theory works like eggs. They dont work like algebra. But Marian Rejewski had been taught permutation theory in his mathematics course, and he was able to solve the permutation equations and thereby deduce the wiring in the enigma machine and in its coding rotors. I have got so for those of you who are mathematically inclined and speak polish, we have got his equations here and perhaps one of you will be kind enough to explain them to me later. Ok. This means that by 1933, the year hitler comes to power, by 1933, the poles have managed to reverse engineer the German Army Enigma machine, and theyre building their own fake enigma machines. That machine on the right looks a bit like an enigma machine. If you study it carefully, there is all that sort of jumble of wires at the back. Those of you who are sitting in the front row and remembered to bring your longdistance glasses with you, you can see the keyboard is all wrong. It is in alphabetical order. It is not in qwertz whatever. Good, i spoke american correctly. I said z, not zed. There might be some canadians in the audience that understand. That is an enigma machine. It is a polish fake enigma machine. Or rather it is not a fake. It is a reverse engineered analog, if you like, of an enigma machine. That one was built in france during the war, and it is now in london and has been on show at the Science Museum in london, but it belongs to an institute in london and is one of two or three surviving polish fakes. It is great. They are able to solve the problem that the brits were still agonizing over in 1938 and 1939. They know what the wiring is inside the machine. And that means they can start on the real problem which is the code breaking problem. It is all very well to know what the wiring is in the machine, but you have got to know how the machine is set up every day in order to be able to decipher enigma messages. Theres only 150 million, million, million different ways of setting up the machine every day. Youre not going to do it by with force, are you, not that number. It would take all of the time in the universe to get there. You cannot do it that way. You have got to do something clever. So they brought in the rest of the mathematical crypto analytical team. This is jersey rated ski and henrykejewski and zygalski. These guys come up with a host of code breaking techniques which will enable them to figure out how this enigma machine has been set up by the germans every day. These guys are the pioneers of an electromechanical approach to code breaking. In the old days, by which i mean world war i, code breaking was more about getting what the enemys codes were. If you came across a code group that was like 6, 9, 4, 2, it could mean the battleship queen elizabeth. And code group 8, 4, 4, 2 could mean tomorrow morning. And so you would have to guess. Linguists are great at this because they can interpolate between the known code groups to work out the missing ones they dont know. This is a pencil and paper exercise and requires linguistic skills. These guys are mathematicians. Together with their engineer colleagues, they are coming up with logic tests to figure out how the cipher might be working. And they are doing it, particularly they have invented this machine on the righthand side of the slide which is called a bombe, and this combines a mechanistic brute force approach to go through all the different rotor settings. Three rotor enigma, there are 5376 possible positions. Link through those, testing each of those for a likely rotor setting which is halfway to a solution of how the machine is set up problem. That is amazing. They developed this machine and they are able to read german army, air force, and even navy enigma messages in real time in 1938. Ok, i told you this was going to be about spying. So we have kind of done the math now so we can go on and talk about something else. Im going to take you to switzerland. Hansthilo schmidt did not drop out of the picture after he handed over those documents to be photographed and then had to put them back in the safe by monday morning. Otherwise, he would have been caught. He develops a thirst for cash really. I keep promising to tell you about the cash. I will come to that. He is having regular meetings with rex and the other officers of French Military intelligence. And he is not just handing over codes and ciphers material because one day in the mid1930s after hitler had come to power, he set up a meeting in this rather quaint swiss village. You can just about make out from the photograph, the reason it is very dark blue on the lefthand side of the photograph is that is really is a 1000meter drop. ,it is perched on the top of the cliff. There is a 1000 meter vertical drop. It is incredibly picturesque, but dont get too close to the edge. It is a ski resort in the winter and it is a hiking resort in the summer. It is great. Perfect tourist industry spot. He sets up a meeting there. And rex and the French Military intelligence guy sit in the hotel there. It is the usual sort of business with brandy and cigars and what have you. Apparently, they had a nice band as well. All very civilized, this spying business. Schmidt turns up and he has these illgotten proceeds of his activities. He has got this very nice sort of attache case made out of finally finely soft, polished leather. Very fashionable and chic and quite visibly very expensive. And he says, i have got good news and i have got bad news. Go on. He says, i am no longer quite so closely associated with the cipher bureau. At which the french guys looked point very dejected. He says, but i have been appointed as the Liaison Officer for the they said, the what . Ok, you have to imagine you are in nazi germany. This is going to be tough. So hermann goering, who was hitlers sort of favorite guy for a long time, the head of the German Air Force and so forth, goerings role in the nazi party was very significant. Because it was the nazi state, there were many spying organizations, many of which were spying on everybody else in germany. Calledgoerings it is the Research Office, that is a cover name that means nothing, goerings Research Office was specifically set up to keep an eye on everybody else that need an eye keeping on them in case they were going to conspire against hitler and the nazi party and so forth. This is kind of, you can imagine these totalitarian states. Schmidts role is to keep tabs or find out what is going on, and he is offering this to the french, who have not even heard of this organization yet. This had its own code breaking operation as well as sort of internal spying, and it is so closely intertwined in all the thinking and military decisions that actually schmidt has got almost perfect knowledge of germans strategic intentions, and hes able over the years to share this with french intelligence. So let me give you some examples. Tank warfare development. Ok, so this is a new science in the 1930s. He is closely associated with all the documents, all the strategic meetings and decisions that have been taken about how to do tank battles, how to use tanks in a modern warfare scenario. He is giving it to the french. Note, he is selling this information to the french. He is getting an annual salary every time he delivers this priceless information. As war gets closer, he is able to explain precisely when the attack on poland is going to come. He is able to explain exactly when the attack on france is going to come, and he also explains how the maneuvers of the german army, which was something called the sickle cut designed to cut off the British Expeditionary force in the dunkirk area, destroy them in detail before moving on to take over the rest of france. Does that sound like something that might or might not have happened . He divulges all of these details. We have got details of weaponry. We have got details of tactics and we have got details of strategy. And we have a reasonably constant flow of codes and ciphers material, amounting over a six year period 600 documents counted by bertrand in his memoir. Schmidt is the spy to end all spies. , you will ofey heard of him, master of crypto analytic history, said he was world war iis greatest spy and i think that was probably right. But what was schmidt doing with this money and how was he concealing it . Ok. If you are a badly paid civil servant, how can you explain having this swiss nice suit and the posh briefcase and all of that kind of thing . Not to mention the expensive holidays. Here he is with his wife on one of the expensive holidays wearing an expensive dressing down. It wasnt just the wife unfortunately. Schmidt had lots of other expensive habits. Champagne, brandy and cigars. There were girlfriends and then more brandy, and then the girlfriends needed brandy and maybe not cigars. There were nannies, and the nannies were hired by him on the basis that they might become girlfriends, and then fired by mrs. Schmidt on the fact they might become girlfriends. The kids noticed that the nannies got progressively uglier. Very embarrassing. So we hit on the scheme. The french said we are worried about you, hans too low and this cash because , you are visibly living a lifestyle that is not commensurate with what your earnings are supposed to be. So they hit on something called a Money Laundering scheme. Had run a schmidt failed soap factory business in the early 1930s, and so they invited schmidt to revive the soap factory idea, and he could present the earnings from spying as being the profits of his soap factory. The soap factory became solvent because he laundered literally laundered the fruits of his labors through the soap factory business. He truly is a star of a spy. I mean he is fantastic. A lot. Rex i mean, rex is great. But i have these criminals competing for my affections as to which is the most splendid spy. Oh dear, we are going to have to go back to britain and deal with more normal kind of guys. Im going to introduce you to some british spies. This is the chap with the , cigarette, rather distinguished looking chap with the cigarette is alastair denniston, head of the government code and Cipher School up until 1942 when he was fired. And his man, the man in the middle is his number one cryptanalyst. Aley nox. X de he is essentially a professor of ancient greek. What he did as a professor of ancient greek is quite astonishing. He was trying to reconstruct a set of dodgy poems this is like fourth century bc porn. Dodgy poems by a guy called herd odus. The problem was herodus had written his poems on something that was basically crumbling papyrus. Bits of greek were in fragments. Knoxs professorial job was to reassemble these fragments into meaningful porn. Which was sort of great, but you can see that this is like a code breaking exercise really because youre piecing together it is partly a jigsaw puzzle and partly a linguistic puzzle. And of course it is all going on in ancient greek, and a slightly odd ancient greek because herodus had a slightly unconventional approach to writing verse. Why am i introducing these guys to you . Because by 1938, britain had woken up to the idea that adolf hitler was not really going to be a good thing. They had realized the immediate threat to peace in europe was not the bolsheviks, who they had thought it was, but actually the nazis. They started communicating with the french about the possibility of something that might look like an alliance. A bit late, but they got there in the end, 1938. Which is why tillman is starting saying, couldrs we ask the french about the enigma machine to see what they know. The french invite the british to a conference in it is going to take place in paris in january of 1939, to discuss code breaking problems, and in particular the problem of the enigma. Bertrand, who is the mover and shaker behind this, thinks it is a bit suspicious that he handed all this stuff over to langer in poland in 1931, and he has not heard a whisper since then about whether the poles have actually made any progress, so he invites them to the conference as well. So the three countries turn up to the conference in paris, and earnestly discuss the enigma machine. Everybody agrees it is a difficult problem and it is important to solve it as soon as possible. Which is kind of a little bit deceptive on the part of the poles really. If you think about it, who are you going to tell . Which allies do you think are real allies . Which ones do you think are fickle . To what extent are you really willing to trust people with the secrets of your own intelligence gathering . This is a problem not specific to 1939. This is a problem specific to all areas. So i dont think it is surprising that the poles said nothing at this meeting in 1939. You might think therefore the conference was a complete failure, but i dont think it was. Because two things come out of it. One in particular is this this is the memorandum of agreement. It is in french, but it is by bertrand. It is the intelligence Cooperation Agreement of 1939. It says for greater convenience and discretion, from now on we are going to call ourselves by the following initials. And z iss, y is london warsaw. And to please number the documents so we can keep track on them. And that is important too because what they are doing is sharing everything, except this piece of information that the poles know but nobody knows that they know. To give you some examples, picking up radio traffic, poland has got masts so they can pick up signals that are not by the not able to be picked up by the british or the french. They are providing information that is valuable. They are also agreeing to cooperate on codes and ciphers programs. Enigma is not the only fruit. There is a load of other codes and ciphers. On this stuff it is a lot easier to cooperate. We find there is a whole bunch of correspondence going on between the three countries, in german because that is the common language. I find that quite amusing. They are actually cooperating. From january 1939, marks the beginning of this special info sharing relationship. The other thing that comes out of the conference is it is agreed that if any of the three countries makes a breakthrough on the enigma problem, they have to tell the others by sending out a telegram that says il y a du nouveau, or something has come up. In july, the poles are confronted with two problems. One is that they cannot break enigma codes anymore. The reason for that is the germans have added lots of reasons, but the germans have added additional rotors to the rotors to available put in the enigma machine. It still has three slots but instead of having three rows there are now five to choose from. That means there are now 60 different ways of putting three rotors into an enigma machine, whereas previously there had only been six. Of their have got six famous bombe machines, but not 60. Without 60 of them, they were not able to rapidly enough break the enigma messages, and they needed some help with their technology. The other thing that happened by july 1939 is blindingly obvious, that hitler was rattling the saber very, very loud, and they were feeling that they really needed to transform their intelligence sharing relationship into something that felt a bit more like a tough military alliance. So polish intelligence was given authority from on high to show share the enigma secrets. They sent out a telegram. Il y a du nouveau. Denison go to warsaw. Bertrand goes to warsaw with his number two. They are told the secret of enigma. Told the secret in this building. I like this building because this is still a center of spying. This is a 1938 building that was built for a polish bureau and is still exists just outside warsaw. It is now the headquarters of nato air Traffic Control for eastern europe. So you are not allowed in and you were not ever allowed in. You can see it has got soldiers guarding it. That thing is a memorial plaque to the polish code breakers. These grills on the windows it is much bigger underground, i mean it is like doctor whos , tardis. It is much bigger underground. The grills on the windows have got pockmarks from german machine guns when poland was invaded in 1939. Quite an interesting building but you cannot go in. What they came away with from this meeting, twoday meeting is this list. Again you can see it is in german because that was the common language of each one of , these is an entire chapter of the enigma story. We have got things like how to reconstruct the cipher wheels in the enigma machine. How you find the cross pluggings on the plug board. What else have we got. Machines and various other things, other possibilities is number 17. There is a lot of information being changed hands. Just pausing there, i think ive i am now on to the question i started with, which is how come the british went from zero knowledge not quite zero knowledge, but it is close to zero knowledge about the enigma machine in july 1939, to the point where alan turing can design his bombe machine and be discussing how it might work with engineers as soon november 1939 . It is because of this. This transfer of knowhow. Transformed the ability of the british team to be able to get on with the problem. What happened next . I probably dont need to introduce these gentlemen, he is not one of my friends and some of you would probably say he is not a gentleman. He is taking the salute in the sachsen square in warsaw after the conquest of poland. This photograph would have been taken about october 1939. The reason it is my favorite world war ii photograph is because hitler has no idea that in this building behind him, is where Marian Rejewski uncovered the secrets of the enigma machine. So what is going on . The polish code breakers did not get trapped in poland. They were ordered to escape with their precious knowledge, and they eventually wound up in france working for gustave bertrand, who has now been promoted to major. This is just outside paris. This is interesting. The x, y, and z triangle is reconstituted with the poles and the french working in this building, and a telegraph link to Bletchley Park. The three teams are working harmoniously together and breaking enigma. Meanwhile, alan turing is working on his design for a bombe. This commemorative stamp always amuses me. Because the british like doing these sort of commemorative stamp collector stamps. This was done in the early 1990s. They did a series on famous scientists. Most of them had their faces on the stamps. Apparently that is what alan turings face looks like. [laughter] they didnt have it and it wont be a problem. The only problem is germany has got its eye on invading france. And sooner or later, this arrangement is not going to survive. Teamrench and the polish have to escape once again and eventually they set up in the south of france the unoccupied , part of france. But we have a problem. In fact we have several problems. When germany occupied warsaw in 1939, they took back to berlin as many documents, as many secret documents as they could find. This is normal practice. The reason i am here researching on code breaking things in america is because the americans took all of the german intelligence documents they could find and photographed them and stuck them in the National Archives here, which is helpful. U. S. Onsearch in the german world war ii history. Dont ask me. It is confusing. What the germans did was they analyzed documents they found in warsaw, and they came across some really quite alarming suggested the poles had been reading enigma messages before the outbreak of the war. So they concocted wanted lists, which are there is an example of one of them on the left here. These wanted lists had the names of the polish code breakers, and they had mugshots of the polish code breakers, and they were looking for these guys in france. Their intelligence was really not bad. They had tracked these guys to france. They did not know where they were, but they thought they were in france somewhere. Hence the wanted list. They had obviously come across this guy, who is looking slightly older and a bit more seedy, but the cigar gives it away, doesnt it . That is my friend rex. That is rex probably in the 1940s, i should think. Maybe late 1930s but probably 1940s. They had got the baron von keurnig on the list as well. They did not have a mugshots. People were only look out for exspies would have been too alarmed. This is a problem because everybody in german intelligence wants to track down rex because they know that rex holds all the secrets. You may be asking yourselves who the gentleman on the right is. You want me to introduce him. Probably think he is one of my friends. He is not. He is a panzer general, he is Rudolph Schmidt. He is hansthilos brother, he is the guy in the Cipher Office in the 1920s and gave hansthilo his big break. By 1943, 1944, he is a highly regarded german tank officer and he has got a problem. And hes got a problem because rex is found. The wanted list has done its work. Rex was arrested in early 1943. And because he is rex, you dont cellaken to some dank somewhere and have somebody stomp on his toes to tell the truth. He gets fed cigars and branding, brandy and that makes him talk. He is installed in a very nice hotel in paris, and his interrogation takes about two months. It is heavily loaded with very highquality food and drink and lots of cigars. And he tells everything. And in particular, he tells the story of hansthilo schmidt and the safe. General Rudolph Schmidt is relieved of his command. It is kind of unfair, isnt it . I mean what did he do wrong . , he gave his brother a job. But anyway. Ok this is a map of the south of , france with some red dots on it. This is the fate of these guys. Once the wanted lists are out in the french have sorry, the germans have decided they are invading the unoccupied part of france, and the americans have landed in north africa, the world has suddenly turned upside down. The polish code breakers are on the run for the third time. And dots are significant places in their story. This one is where rex was holed up in the mountains, just near the spanish border. I think it is probably just a coincidence that these other places are all so close. These places are within 10, 15 minutes drive, and this is maybe an hours drive through the mountains to get to this is the base of operations for trying to get the polish out of what is now fully occupied france. There are pickups in the mediterranean organized with british submarines. These operations dont work, and the poles are realizing that the only way they are going to get out is to cross the mountains into spain and hope they dont get picked up by the not very neutral spanish. Base of operations, say some of the poles and in Marian Rejewski and the equationsi, man and code breaker in particular, they make it to this place, and they have to bribe their guide because this is people trafficking. You know how it works. You pay the fee to be traffic. Half of these are supposed to be paid for Safe Delivery of people over the border. It doesnt quite work that way. The guide robs them, takes all of their valuables, lifted all of their money off of them and the fee is doubled, a complete disaster. They are abandoned at the top of the mountains and it is the , second week of january, 1943. There is a foot and a half of snow on the ground. It is minus heaven knows what. They are told spain is that way, off you go. They make it. They make it across the border, and they get arrested. And make it to this village they get arrested and spend the next six months in a spanish jail. From which the red cross managed to get them out and back to the u. K. , which was great, so they could carry on doing codebreaking in britain. That is the significance. There is another town that some of the other polish code breakers, but in particular gwido langer, the head of the team again there was some sort of bonkers story about them being able to walk from there into spain. Its about 15 kilometers, and through the snow in the middle of the amount of the night in the mountains, and just was not going to happen. They took a taxi. That is how it was, what you do. They got most of the way and there was a roadblock, and it turned out once again, their guide it was people trafficking, so their guide was in cahoots with the gestapo. Obviouslytapo recognized the poles, and they ended up in a german prison camp. So what happened to the rest of them in the end . Telling you about jersey rosinski he died in a shipwreck , in 1942. It is amazing we have a photograph of the ship going down. Some people survived, but rozycki was not one of them. This is the schloss eisenberg, now in the czech republic, this is the place where langer and his number two were sent after they were arrested. And of course after the whole rex saga, they were interrogated about what it is that they had been able to achieve with the enigma in the prewar period. And it is only by dint of langer his colleagues subtle preparation for that interrogation the fact the , allies had broken the enigma was kept secret. They did it in the most astonishing way. They said, well of course we , broke the enigma, but you bastards you changed the system , and changed your procedure and locked us out. All of which was completely true. And it played straight into the hands of the germans because the y had known that their system it is why they changed the routers and procedures. The guys who were interrogating them were the experts who had recommended the changes in the first place. They felt vindicated so the interrogation ended where it ought to have begun. So well done langer for keeping the secret secret. Marian rejewski and Henryk Zygalski eventually got released from the spanish jail. Marian rejewski did the most extraordinary thing which was when the war was over, he decided to go back to poland. Servicemen in intelligence didnt return to poland after the war because it was too damned dangerous. Because poland was now a satellite of the soviet union, and anybody, these guys, particular after they got back to britain, were put onto decoding russian material. Of course russia was supposed to be an ally, so this was very dangerous. But the idea that they could go back to poland knowing what they knew and having blank Service Records and being able to escape investigation by the secret police, it beggars belief. So Marian Rejewski who was the most unlikely character to be a spy, he is the one who actually did that brave thing and got investigated by the polish secret police. And it was only once stalin was of socalledsort reforms of communism took place in the mid1950s that he was effectively free and able to pursue a normal life. Zygalski looks a little like a 1960s film star in this. It is a shame that is Barclays Bank behind him. Nevermind. He is a bit like a cool guy. He stayed in the u. K. For the rest of his life, and he had a very nice family life and became a mathematics professor. That is kind of mind you, you would not have minded being taught math by this guy, he is great. A proficient musician and stuff. I mean actually, he for him, it , was happily ever after. The real star of the show look , at this french general at the top right. He has got his kepi and all of those medals. That is gustave bertrand. He gets taken on by general de gaulle at the end of the war for the French Military intelligence, particularly signals intelligence. He finishes his career in the 1950s with i mean he is only a brigadier general, but that is pretty good for the guy who started off as a captain who was photographing stuff in the bathroom. Pretty cool of a culmination of a career. Theres something in it. When he stopped spying, he became the mayor of his village and there is a nice commemorative plaque to him in his village in the southwest of france. Bertrand probably gets all of the honors here. Right, so there we are. I am done. We promised you the opportunity for questions, so i would be happy to invite them. Perhaps we can have the house lights up and we can start that process off. Now. [applause] we have microphones at either side of the room, and if you are trapped, i can also try to get to you with a microphone if you have a question. They are stunned by you, dermot. Somet we do have questions. If you have a question, if you come up, there is a microphone there and there. If you want to make a line behind the microphone, i will go left, right. Yeah, please. Go ahead. Can you explain what the commercial use for the machine before it was converted to military you said it was available to the public. What were they doing with that . Dermot industrial secrets i imagine mainly. Codes and ciphers have been used for all kinds of industrial purposes for centuries. In the old days when you had to pay by the number of words and telegrams, people used to use codes to cut down on the number of words they could use. You could find that most companies would have a code book, and they would send stuff in code. This doesnt do that because it is a cipher machine. It doesnt cut down the number of characters you will send, but there was stuff you probably did not want people to know. Lets imagine you are a bank, and you are trying to arrange a letter of credit for international trade. Your customers dont want everybody to be able to read how much they are paying for whatever it is, a shipment of something or another. It would be wise to encode that kind of stuff and cipher it. And so that before military uses i mean the military started getting excited about it as it came onto the market. They were looking for ways to adapt it and make it suit for military purposes, but it was originally conceived as an office thing. I have two questions. Dermot that is all right, you have the floor. So when did they who got the first working german enigma machine and did it play a role in the development of the bomb . Or was it a purely theoretical from the instruction booklet . Dermot in the early months of the war, it was purely theoretical from the instruction booklet. The brits were very excited to have one of the polish fakes given to them in 1939, which is something that happened after the warsaw meeting. It was the first time they had gotten their hands on a it wasnt a real enigma machine, but a functional equivalent of an enigma machine. Sooner or later it was bound to happen that one got captured in a combat situation. Of course the germans were winning the war for the first few years. And so the likelihood of a capture was actually quite low during that period. French and case the british were winning battles. There were some ships sunk and some that were boarded, which enabled the british to get a hold of some naval enigma machines. Some, but didnt manage i think it wasnt until 1941 that they got a complete set of routers to go with the machines that they got. Really the breakthroughs were mostly dependent on the theoretical analysis, and later on in the war when the germans adapted the enigma machines, we were relying on information that was given about the adaptations rather than actual captures of the pieces of kit. I will ask my other question do you want to go ok. Do you think that alan turing rejewski paper, the translation of it . Dermot no because that wasnt written until 1967. Marian rejewski, what i showed ewskis memoirs, where he said these are the equations that i constructed. He explains them. But certainly, what was explained in that meeting in warsaw, which turing was not present in that meeting, but the explanations given to knox and denniston, were related back to turing in the u. K. Knox in particular was quite skeptical about whether the polish breakthrough could have been done by pure mathematical analysis. He felt that the poles had cheated in some way, that they had stolen some information or done something through spying or whatever. Turing said no, i can see exactly how rejewski did it, permutation theory of course. Of course, once you know what the answer is, youve looked at the back of the book, and you can see what the answer is, it is kind of a lot easier. So yeah. Meet, turing and rejewski did meet in paris in january 1940. How good the conversation would have been i dont know, because wouldhose days rejewski have not spoken any english. He wouldve been beginning to speak some french. He spoke almost limit german. Alan turings german was good enough like mine good enough to , order things in a restaurant, but not good enough to talk about code breaking. Ere they sort of, of course, all mathematics graduates in the 1930s, the lingua franca for mathematics was german. All the really good mathematicians were germans. So everybody, all of the papers were written in german. Some of them were in french but most in german. If you wanted to keep up with what was going on, the cutting edge of mathematical thinking, you had to be good enough in german to read technical papers. I think probably the german language is what would have been spoken around the table. It is intriguing, though. [laughter] ok, please. You have been very patient. What to think first, what do you think the german militarys reaction was when they found out that the allies had control of a real enigma machine and knew exactly what they were doing . Dermot this is almost like a sort of history in its own right. You have a great question there, how many hours do we have . You dont want dinner. [laughter] the initial reaction, as i explained earlier, when they found out about the polish they, theirs the own developments had been vindicated. In fact, quite a few historians have been quite snippy about the way the germans reacted to security scares. There were a number of them at , least a dozen scares during the course of world war ii, which in the opinion of historians, ought to have told the germans that the enigma machine was not secure. Or at least not secure in the way they were using it. And they ought therefore to have changed things. Ho ho, we angloamericans were so much more clever and did not make those silly mistakes. I think that story is slightly biased and slightly unfair. The germans were constantly investigating the security of enigma. What they did not foresee was that the quality of the code breaking devices that were available to the allies would be so superior to what they had. So they were, as were the allies, using punchcard Type Technology to do code breaking on their side. So were we on our side. But we got things like bombes and the colossus machine, which were just immeasurably more sophisticated and modern than what they had. Ok. Then did they did they actually know at any stage that the enigma had been broken aside the polesuccess that had done . I think they didnt. They probably should have done but they didnt. Many of the senior polish code breakers were in denial about it until many decades after the war. So when the enigma code breaking story broke in the public in the mid1970s, some of those german code breakers were still alive. They said, this is nonsense, this is fiction, this is spy stuff. They wrote the first books written about it were full of rubbish anyway, not very accurate. It was easy for them to say look the enigma was perfectly secure , and this is rubbish, dont believe these popular books you can find in station bookstores. That is not how it is. Of course now we have got more detail and we know where the truth is. I think its quite interesting that they were still in denial about it in the 1970s. Ok. Let me take you one of the slides you showed was a replica enigma machine that the poles built with the abc keyboard. One of the outcomes of the july 1939 conference was the polish gave the english and the french each a copy of the machine. Another chronicle of the enigma story claims that when the french and polish, in france before it was totally occupied, were cooperating with the british at Bletchley Park, that the only secure means of communication they had was using those replica enigmas. And they further embellished that claim with the fact that the french operator always started his messages with heil hitler. That would mean that no message whatever start with the letter h. I find that improbable. I am wondering if your research in the french records can substantiate a claim like that. Mr. Turing i believe this to be true. This comes from bertrands number two. I will come back to that in just a second, but to explain about the machines Gustav Bertrand had , this one polish fake machine given to him in warsaw in 1939. Obviously, it was crucially important to build more of these fake enigma machines. When the polish team reached him later in 1939, bertrand requisitioned, or put in an order at his Favorite Manufacturing Company in paris for additional enigma machines. He had just got the quote it was very expensive for what he was ordering, in april 1940. That was like three weeks before the germans arrived. Somehow, miraculously, bertrand managed to convince the Manufacturing Company to continue with its work and he managed to find some way of paying them. And even though they were doing this work in the Occupied Zone of france. By the early part of 1942, he d bee begun to take delivery of parts of fake enigma machines that were being made by this factory. He was smuggling them into the unOccupied Zone, bits at a time, they were being reassembled by poles in his chateau in the south of france. This meant that by the summer of 1942, the poles had managed to create a fully operating and in my machine, and they were able to communicate with Bletchley Park. Bletchley park was very scared about the security of it, not just on account of the heil hitler thing. There was a series of telegrams going back and forth about, does your machine have a plugboard . But they figured this stuff out. 1942, ther of polish and french in the south of france were communicating using an enigma machine. Now, your question about the heil hitler thing, is they he thought it was so hilarious that they were using the germans own machine to communicate in a way that was shielded from the germans. The irony of this, he said, just to rub it in, we signed off our messages heil hitler. He doesnt say say that we signed off every single one as heil hitler. I think that means he did it occasionally. I dont think there is any evidence the germans were aware that the brits and francopoles were trading messages using an enigma. And the reason for that i think it is quite likely they never knew, because it was such a shortlived thing. They managed to get the Communications Protocols agreed by the end of september 1942. The operations in the south of france came to an end in the beginning of november 1942, when the germans invaded the south of france. So it was only a month where they were actually doing this. It probably was not long enough for anything significant to happen. I will come back to you in a minute. Sir. Was the design of tu rings based on the polish bomb . Mr. Turing good question, this one will take about four hours and i will need a blackboard. Amanda . [laughter] all right. While they are getting the blackboard, let me give you the quick answer. At the heart of both machines is the idea that you get the machine to do the brute force, cranked through the 17,000 settings of the three rotors, and then stop when it comes up with a plausible setting of the three rotors. Combination of the three rotors. Es were doing a logic test based on the indicator, the metadata part of the preamble. The germans had changed that. Which is why the polish one was of no practical use after turings design did not depend 1940. On the preamble process that the germans had been using before that date. What it was doing was testing for a probable word in the body of the message. If you think the message contains the word weather forecast, and they all did, a nice, long german word, you can test that against your intercepted morse code. Azqkqwab, you know, then find a place where it turns into that gobbledygook. And if it does, if there is a rotor setting which consistently transformed those letters in the absurd fashion, then it would stop. So his machine was a little more sophisticated in that it was doing what is called a probable word test. But its also testing for the plugboard settings as well, which the polish machine was not able to do. That was the really imaginative bit. That would seriously take me explain how to do it, so i am not going to do it. When you look at the bomb , you will get the full long story there. Please. My question was, how does alan turings contribution to this compare with the spies in the polish . Mr. Turing i would not trust alan turing with the dead letter drop. He hated that he didnt wear hats. Wearing a hat, you cant be a prosperous five, can you . A proper spy, can you . It is very hard to compare contributions. Without this, it is difficult to enjoy how does the next stage. Without the oldfashioned spying being done by rex and schmidt, and the bathroom photography of polesnd, would the have made their breakthrough in the 1930s . One spy says, but he was significantly helped her having the operating instructions given to him. He said later in his life he thought he probably could have figured it out without the operating instructions. So maybe that was not as crucial, but we know it was in the chain of causation. Would the brits have gotten there without the polish contribution . I think they would have done. Again, they were capable of doing the mathematical analysis once they hired the mathematicians, which was in 1938. The poles hired the mathematicians in 1928, 10 years ahead of the game. Would havethe brits gotten there later. What would the consequences of that have been, particularly when you think about the operational use being made of enigma intelligence early in the war . Whose contribution was more significant . Would the brits have been able to invent a machine of the quality of the british bomb without alan turing . I think the answer to that again is probably yes. Because if you look at the other machinery that alan turing was not involved in, he did not involved in the design of the colossus. sd if you look at what joe bomb machine and indeed the u. S. Machine were doing, completely different designs. They were relying on some of the ideas that have been shown to them by alan turing, but these are very sophisticated pieces of engineering. So i am fairly sure that somebody would have come up with a similar thing, but that might have been later in the war. If this hadnt happened, it wouldve been different. That is clear. But whose contribution was more significant . I dont know. I will tell you whose contribution was more fun, come on, we are going to the casino right now and smoke some cigars, and we are going to go to the soap factory to pay homage. That stuff is just so good. Le carre could not have written it. Who is next . You mentioned early on that the polish code breakers had enough information to know when the invasion of poland was going to take place. Were they able to use this information in any way . Mr. Turing it is actually not the poles that got the information, the french got that information from schmidt. The interesting thing about all of that priceless information that schmidt gave, the highest quality human intelligence you could get, it was all obstinately ignored. You have to ask yourself why that was. Why, when the french were given the stuff and it was proved time and again to be 100 accurate, why were they not paying more attention . There is this problem with human intelligence. You say that your spy is really is 100 accurate all the time, and i say that my spy is really good and 100 accurate all the time, and somebody else says there spy is 100 accurate, and you have all this conflicting noise coming at you. Intelligencegood department is to sift through that and work out the consensus. All of these spies are doing it for dodgy reasons which dont stack up morally. Frankly, human intelligence is very, very difficult to rely on. I think the french can be forgiven for ignoring hans schmidt. He was just one of a number of people, and it is only hindsight that has proven he was right. I think a more difficult and possibly more interesting is, or thehich french did not make more serious operational use of the enigma intelligence which bertrand was giving them during the battle of france. Bertrand is almost crying through his memoirs, and langer , who was working with bertrand at the same time, he was expressing exactly the same emotions. The luftwaffe attack on paris during the battle of france was foreseen in immense detail through enigma decrypts given to French Military planners. So they knew how many german aircraft, exactly what direction they would be coming from, they knew what time the attack was coming, so it was perfectly possible for the French Air Force to intervene, and they did not. They just left the luftwaffe come. It wasnt because they did not have any aircraft to retaliate with. Why didnt they do it . I dont know the answer to that question. Bertrand said it was like feeding sweeties to the swine. That is how he described it. You know, we give them this priceless, absolutely perfect information. I think very early on, the generals did not know how to use signals intelligence. We had the same problem in britain with the British Royal navy. The admiralty did not know how to use signals intelligence. They were being told things, but it was just another piece of intelligence. You know, we will treat it the same we do all the other stuff. You couldt realize treat signals intelligence as being on a higher plane than human intelligence. I think that is what went wrong. But those generals are not here to answer for their conduct. Most of them disappeared into obscurity after the fall of france and i dont think they were regarded as National Heroes , and nobody really wanted to speak to them. So we dont know. Could you possibly explain in more detail how and when the polish contributions became known to the general public, and what was the role of the polish military historians such as [indiscernible] and his personal interactions . Turing it is easy to answer your question in a negative sense. There was a polish historian called wladislaw go[indiscernible] who was writing about polish military intelligence between the wars period. He was researching, this was in the 1960s. Poland was still under common is in. He was researching in the polish military archives in warsaw and came across a paper that was written by a mathematician. This was quite interesting, because the mathematician claimed that the germans had been using a machine called enigma for enciphering their secret stuff, and this guy said that we could read their enigma messages. And i was one of the team that broke them. So he tracked him down, he was still alive, and calls on him to write up his story in a more detail. Which is why we have this account, the memoirs written in the late 1960s and early 1970s. But i told you, poland was still a communist country then, and we folks in the west that there was we knew that there was this thing called the iron curtain, and what is more, there were no people to speak of who could actually make sense of polish. So the fact that this guy had written this book published in poland in a language called polish meant that it was still a wellkept secret as far as we were concerned. [laughter] but gradually, the story it leaked out. Bertrand wrote his memoirs in the 1970s because he was very keen that some misinformation that had gotten out there, probably by somebody who had gotten hold of the other book. Bertrand was trying to set the record straight. He was trying to set the record straight. But he wrote in an obscure language called french which nobody can read. One or two alarmed brits got a hold of it. Eventually there was an official, semisanctioned book written by a guy who probably knew some of what was going on, frederick winterbottom, who had a significant role in exploiting intelligence during world war ii. Thee wrote this book called the ultra secret, and it sold more books than the enigma code breaking ever. That was full of nonsense, too. Alreadyry, i think i have not answered your question, but i have told you all i know to all you asked. Czuk wereoks of koza actually translated to other languages like english and german. Mr. Turing the more recent books. He wrote a book that was much more detailed. It is called enigmatic in in english. [in german] and i dont know what it is called in polish. The german and english versions are very different. Polish is probably different again. [laughter] you will have to help us with that. But these kind of conflicting the british took all the credit. Mr. Turing but that is part of the mismanagement of the story. For those of you who are not of polish origin, let me explain. The poles had been angry for many years because the first stories that came out of the enigma codebreaking in the west gave no credit to the polish for their achievement, which i hope i have explained was absolutely central to the allied achievement. There is a reason why the poles were given no credit. It was not a conspiracy against poland. It is simply that the people who were involved personally in the early stages of the enigma story were not around when the the time the official history intelligence was written in the late 1970s and 1980s. Lets go through the list of people who we know about. Williston was sacked in 1942 and died in the early 1950s. Knox died in 1943. Alan turing was moved out of Bletchley Park in 1943 and moved on to other projects, and we all know what happened to him after the war. Those were the three guys who had personal contact with the polish codebreakers. I dont believe there was another guy called john jeffries. He died in 1941. Those guys were the ones who personally what the poles had done. Everybody else who was involved and who was around to write a official accounts and be interviewed by the official historians had only hearsay knowledge about what the poles had done. Interestingly, the british gave british names to the polish techniques. Ajidskysle, the r clock method was rechristened because the paper sheets they were using were printed in a town called banbury. They just gave british names to things. The sheets were renamed jeffrey sheets. They were essentially the same thing but they were in imperial units, not metric sheets. They were different sizes so you had to call them different things. You know, all this meant that what the poles had done was lost to memory, and because of the iron curtain problem and again, this is a struggle for poles to understand, because they kind of assume that we are all open and lovely in the west, but we are not. But we keep our secrets. Like scarily keep our secrets. , i have been in the National Archives here today and i wanted to look at files on enigma that were put into the National Archives in they are still 2010. Classified. I was not permitted to look at the files on enigma code breaking. 2020. Re still classified that is how obsessive we are about the enigma secret even 70 75 years after the war ended. This stuff was a secret. People were not allowed to know. While kozaczuke was free to write books in communist poland, he was not allowed to write books in the west on the subject. So these halftruths and mistaken accounts were all that was available and it took until midway through the 1980s when rajedski put a counter blast to the official history about what had happened at Bletchley Park, because he was still alive and able to do so, that the record got corrected. So the perception is the brits were trying to whitewash the poles out of history. It is not true, but we understand why you think that way. [laughter] can we let somebody else have a go . We can carry on this conversation later. Quick question, what happened schmidt, who delivered all the goods, and his brother . Mr. Turing i told you about his brother because that was sort of slightly less traumatic than what happened to schmidt himself. There was a reason why Rudolph Schmidt was relieved of his command, it was in his brother got arrested. We dont know exactly what schmidt,to hans but we know that he never made it out of jail and we know that his a dead body was found in his cell in september of 1943. There is enough circumstantial evidence to indicate that he probably took his own life. That is a rather sad ending for somebody who ok, he betrayed his country for the most deplorable of motives, most people would say that is just desserts, but i am disappointed because he never got i to write his memoirs, which were such fun stuff to read. I think rudolph, i feel very sorry, why did he get relieved of his command just because his brother had betrayed his country . I dont have a brother, but if my brother betrayed his country, should i not be allowed to stand up and talk to you guys . All right. Thank you. People would like to go and have a drink or dinner or buy a book. They might want you to sign your book which you will be doing out in the hallway. Mr. Turing it would be a pleasure. Wonderful. Thank you. [applause] youre watching American History tv, covering history cspan style, with event account, eyewitness archival films, lectures in college classrooms, and visits to museums and historic places. All weekend, every weekend on cspan3. [chatter] cspan, your unfiltered view of government, created by cable in 1979 and brought to you today by a television provider. Each week, American History tvs reel america brings you archival films that provide context for todays Public Affairs issues. We are just going to tell you about our veins and otterys how they are like the roads and highways of the body, because it is through them that the little workers get around to the different organs or factories and do their jobs. Remember, you said your body is really like a city . A model city in which everything runs mostly and will continue to do so, as long as it is left undisturbed. Undisturbed by the invader, disease. You see the wall around this city has a gate through which supplies of Raw Materials must be taken. Suppose for example that you are loading up a new stock of groceries brad, water, lots of jam, ice cream and cake, this busy peaceful city never heard of the invader. But look, the enemy. It is a deadly disease. Only one. Is what harm can he do a millions of little workers . Just watch him. Suddenly there are two, then four, then there are eight, and more to come. Now we understand why diseases are so deadly. It is because they have the power to transform themselves quickly into gigantic, menacing hordes. He doesnt look so harmless now, does he . Before you know it, they multiply themselves to millions. Invasion the alarm is sounded. The workers pour into the supply building to arm themselves, but there arent enough weapons. Stop thenothing to invader because the body is not prepared. Aretically, the factories converted into a manufacturer of weapons. But they are too slow. As the invader multiplies, we see that it is already too late. This city is blacked out forever. Et it could have been saved [somber music] you see, toys, this city, or rather, this man, die because his body did not have arms or ammunition. Words, powers of resistance against disease. He was not prepared simply because he failed to take advantage of the greatest weapon against disease that medical science has to offer, vaccination. Great men in all the countries of the world have struggled year after year, even given their lives, in order that we might live. Pasteur, and many others, have worked to create this little fellow who will protect us. He does not look like much, does he . But wait and see what he can do for us. First, we have to get him into the body. That is where vaccination plays its part. The deadly against smallpox, for example, an ordinary point presses sideways against the skin, letting in a few of the little helpers. But the lookouts inside the body do not know if these little fellas are good. They see there was being attacked and strangers getting into the city. To them it is an invasion and the armu marches into battle. Nevertheless, the factories of the body moodily go on an all basis. Production resumes but this time the armies of the body are factories of all the time they need to produce arms and ammunition. They work day and night, seven days a week am a 24 hours a day to produce weapons to fight the disease. The soldiers are fighting that artificial invaders and soon, n. E battle is wo look. At the supplies of the body has made for itself because of vaccination. Are ready for the invader. Let him come suppose you should catch some deadly disease right out of the air itself, because eating isnt the only way invaders can enter. Dustfly around on tiny particles or little drops of moisture. They are all around us, anywhere at anytime. But if you have been vaccinated, you dont have to worry. Body is prepared against the invader no matter what which way he chooses to enter. Here they come, Airborne Troops launching their deadly attack. They are sure of themselves. Confident of their power. But rather, they have a real surprise in store for them this time. [siren wailing] [trumpet blows] we see a modern, Mechanized Army moving into battle, equipped with weapons they have built up through battle. [rapid music] the horde continues its menacing events. This is no false alarm. This is a fullscale invasion. But the army of the body has been prepared. Are fightinghters through the invaders. Smashing them to ribbons. Toch them use the firepower overcome the deadly disease, germs. On every hand we see ben and examples of military strategy