Professor talks about her book, constructing cultural memory. She highlights some of the tutes of pioneer mom pioneer mothers in the kansas city area. Welcome everyone, thank you for being here. I manager of the Missouri Valley special collection. Our Research Room was headquartered across the hall. Otherll find journals and Research Materials document and kansas citys early histories the frontier town, and out better for traveler setting out on the santa fe trail. It was november 12, 1927 when the sculpture was dedicated. It not only celebrates kansas citys pioneer history, but is also a tribute to those who suffer great hardship and loss while traveling across the plains in search of a better life. In her new book, constructing historiandentity, the and rediscovering Pioneer Monuments erected across the nation, including those in the kansas city region. We are honored to have her here today to discuss her research. Dr. Prescott is an associate professor of history at the university of north dakota. Genderearch focuses on in the american west, specifically intersections of gender, social class and historical memory. Her work in these areas have been published in journal of the west and other publications. Book wass First Published in 2007. It traces changing gender roles and ideology among early white settlers in oregon between 1845 and 1900. While our academic focus and training are in social history, dr. Prescott has a strong background in several areas of history. Archival and rare book cataloging. Please join me in welcoming to the kansas city public library, cynthia prescott. Good afternoon. Attended,000 people the dedication of kansas city pioneer mother statue. Mothert in Pioneer Monument soon waned after world war ii. Forgotcity resident soon that their bronze tribute the 1980s local residents rediscovered kansas citys connections. Monuments reveal the waxing and waning of front of frontn this hearing in this nation. The earliest Pioneer Monuments, by which i should stop and explain, i define Pioneer Monuments to be a sculpture, piece of public art that physically depicts frontier people. These are found throughout the country, but there is a dense concentration in the kansas city area. The early of these Pioneer Monuments were put up beginning in the 1880s. And increasingly so in the years following world war i. Those earliest monuments that were put up at the wereofthecentury explicitly depicting a racial hierarchy in the west. This is at the same time that the confederal monuments were being put out by the confederacy and other groups in the south. Similar things are going on in the west. Monuments putting up that are explicitly depicting race in the west. City, thereas arent any really explicit depictions of racial hierarchy, not as evident as in some other locations. Oneas citys most obvious is the earliest statue, the scout. It was exhibited at the worlds fair in 1915, and then was being shipped back east by train. Kansas City Residents liked it so much they raised nickels and dimes up to a total of 15,000. And erected it in 1942 as a memorial to local tribes. There are similar sculptures being put up in the 1910s and 1920s generally depicting native people as sort of a past tense thing. People who areg assumed to be a disappearing risk. Social darwinism suggested that for the most civilized races, which they presume to be white glhf speaking americans people would ultimately triumph through progress. Other cities also depicted erected monuments that explicitly directed native people depicted native people and why people towering over them. Wasing that explicit erected in kansas city. The image focused on the history of the first trade, between the interaction of the native people and the white settlers who are quite common. This was taken from a map of early westport, which was founded in 1812, which considers itself to be the birthplace of what is now the kansas city metro region. The First Community that actually wanted to put up a Pioneer Monument explicitly. They wanted to put up a lifesized wagon train to mark the centennial of the santa fe trail. Marking the beginning of the open of the santa fe trail, which opened trade between the ,nited states and mexico shortly after mexico gained its independence from spain. Westport was located on the santa fe trail and had connections to the western migrations, california trail, later on. It didnt actually make it into in kansas city. Please excuse me, my kids brought a cold home to me, some going to try not to sniffle in your ears. In the years after world war i, americans became increasingly interested in commemorating pioneer mothers explicitly. The earliest funds were white ,ioneer men dressed in buckskin conquering western lands and native people. About 1920, depictions of pioneer women explicitly depicted as pioneer mothers became one of the earliest of these located here in kansas city. I have learned along the way that its difficult for me to tie my visits to monument all over the country and get the lighting right. Not very well defined by the light. I mentioned westport had wanted to put up a covered wagon sculpture. Leaders and historically minded men got excited about the westport centennial. Then they lost interest. A group of dr. Prescott in the aftermath of the centennial celebration, in 1912, the they were determined to have a monument put up. They proceeded to do fundraising. They never reached the point of putting up a lifesize covered wagon. Instead, they looked to a more typical bottle for womens groups at the time. Which is to put a sculptural plaque, a bronze relief onto a large boulder. The daughters of the American Revolution are putting up similar kinds of trail markers at this time. The daughters of westport put up this one, sculpted by kansas culture merrill gage, in 1920. On the left you can see what was intended to be the front of the monument which says, to the painter mothers. And picked to the pioneer mothers. Mother with a young boy tugging at her skirt and a rifle in her hand. On the reverse theres an image that gave sculpted based on that merrill gage sculpted based on an old map. That image gets reproduced as well. Meanwhile, we see great interest in erecting a larger money meant to pioneer women in the kansas city erecting a larger monument to pine or women in the kansas area. And a prominent western sculpture had prepared a model and one person said that kansas that he had to have it. He chose to erect a monument. The price at the time it was 40,000. It was extravagant at the time he did not want people to know how much she spent on this culture. It is a largerthanlife sculpture of a mother on horseback holding her infant. This was her pioneer husband guiding the pack horse. On the other can see a mounted man guide as well. Massive bronze monument. Very extensive. Very elaborate. It was placed in a location that the flat service and artist pick out. Today theres a highway that splits the park into and their hills. It is a sloped park. Highway isde of the where the scout stands looking out, the indian scout i showed you earlier, looks out over the city of kansas city. The pioneer mother was placed on the other side, the hillside up above the world war i memorial, the national memorial. She does not actually gaze out literally over the city because she faces south. This was a point of contention often with these Pioneer Monuments. People believe it either needs to be gazing over the city or needs to be pointing westward because they are depicting women migrating west on the trail. Artists however tend to insist on having a face south because that is where the light is best and you can see their features better. In the case of kansas city, they what with the artistic location. This is culture that product proctor produced. Largest of the sculptures he produced for this purpose. Womensd to emphasize suffering and hardship as well as their civilizing influence on what were perceived to be wild or savage land. He borrowed imagery that may be familiar to you. This is the painting daniel munoz guarding settlers through the Cumberland Gap which bingham painted in 1851. This was an image reproduced throughout the country as print possible in the second half of the 19th century. It was imagery that was quite familiar to people in kansas city in the 1920s. Explicitly, then, aligning this pioneer mother with the virgin mary and mary the mother of jesus. And so religious imagery explicitly depicted in her sort of, plotting west. Like daniel boone here, showing similarly evoking the virgin mary as a pine or woman in the Cumberland Gap he is a pioneer woman in the Cumberland Gap. Reinforced this religious connection and emphasis on the womens sacrifice and following of her husbands lead, by placing around the base of this culture a text from the book of ruth, whether thou goest i will go, that people shall be my people and thy god my god. The assumption here is that she and her husband are both christians. It is not that she is just following the christian god as a result of this. Was ofta passage that quoted from the bible emphasizing ruths selfsacrifice and commitment to values from the judeochristian tradition. So this is the most famous sculpture, and largest here in kansas city. But it is far from being the only pioneer mother sculpture put up in the 1920s and 30s. There are so many of them that i refer to it as these pioneer Mother Movement of these two decades. Famous, perhaps, are the 12 identical sculptures by August Leinbach that the daughters of the American Revolution erected across the country in 1928 and 1929. Had been erecting boulders with bronze relief pack plaques on them, text or imagery of the overland trails or both. They had also had a project where they were marking westward trails by painting telephone poles red white and blue the idea was that local chapters would maintain them. They began to realize that marking the western trails and there is a national old trails road that the dar at a national trails Road Association had mapped out that stretch to california. They wanted to mark the whole distance of it break but these lands to put up lots of markers soon proved impractical. Plaques everynze mile would be too expensive. Painting telephone poles is more affordable in the short run but hard to maintain. When youre relying on local chapters throughout the country. Instead they shifted gears and decided they would put up once culture per state. The trails would be marked by these largerthanlife sculptures of a pioneer mother. Unlike the old westport relief i showed you from years earlier, features a woman with a rifle. When women are featured with rifles, it is never in the active shooting. They are not intended to be out hunting or fighting people. It is the sign that they have it as for protection, an indication that the west was an unsafe place for women. And emphasizes their, the hardships they were facing. So this shows them plotting westward plodding westward. A few years later, topeka wanted to erect a pioneer mother on the state house lawn. They initially chose a sculptures similar to a much more famous when in pocket city, oklahoma which showed a young, attractive woman walking west, caring a bible and letting her young son by the hand. City, oklahoma. Topeka intended to erect the same one by the same sculpture. But the image featured up in Woman Holding a scythe. The people in topeka did not like this because to hold a scythe implied women were doing field labor. If you know any thing about pioneer history, women were doing fieldwork. In earlier spirit but the goal of the frontier peoples had been to maintain separate gender spheres. Men working the fields and women worked in the home spirit they crossed the lines a lot in the early years on the frontier, but they do not like anyone to really talk about that. We want to erase that from our memory. So they replaced the bryant baker design with this one, by meryl gage, the same sculpture as the old westport relief from 15 years earlier, which again, shows woman with a rifle instead not scythe. Oddly, you do want women shooting guns anymore than you want them wielding a scythe. But it did not even cross her mind that you can perceive this as a woman going out to fight humans or even wild animals. At his and entirely defensive tool for her. Right . And lest you think shes a strong woman, which the dar sculptures might have actually implied, gage sculpture for the kansas state house has her seated with her son reading a book, probably the bible though it is hard to tell the sculpture. And holding her baby. So by placing her in a chair, we have her in and messick space. We have her in a domestic space. We have are resting from her labor. And we have her contained in a domestic sphere. And the rifle across her lap just in case her husband is away doing what manley men do in the forest. So this is the kind of imagery that gradually wins out across the country. But it sits well, i think, with the kansas city Penn Valley Park sculpture which shows her and wrote to the west, that shows are on horseback. In reality, women walked along the trail. But increasingly in the 1920s and 1930s people get interested her, and iconic pioneer mother, writing in a covered wagon or in the case of kansas city, riding on a horse. Because even walking 2000 miles is a major undertaking. We do not even want to think about women doing that prewe want to think about women being enclosed in the domestic space as much as possible. Theres an intention here that there trying to protect her as being a proper woman. Protector as a civilized woman, by placing her in spaces that are at least pseudodomestic or contained in some way. Interest in Pioneer Monuments declined significant layout afterward or two. After world war ii. Significantly after world war ii. There were two dozen Pioneer Monuments put up in the 1920s and 1930s. Just a handful were put up in the decades following world war ii. When they did get put out there were no longer being placed in really prominent locations. Penn valley park or on the statehouse long. Statehouse lawn. Instead they tended to appear in smaller towns or suburbs trying to make a name for themselves. For example, Prairie Village , a brandnewer postwar Shopping Center, right . This is where it is out in terms of civic life in the 1940s and 1950s and early 60s early 19 six ds. Public life moved from the downtown city center, the Civic Center Areas to suburban areas. New postwaruilding suburbs. Theyre getting in their car and driving to Shopping Centers, rather than being on foot in the city. So it made perfect sense to put a pioneer statue at the time it was placed at the entrance to the parking lot for the Shopping Center. A brandnew Shopping Center, but we are valuable with our local kansas roots, right . Family we have a pioneer , mom, dad, and baby and a wagon wheel sitting at the entrance to our Shopping Center. It was much later when the Shopping Center changed hands and this piece would later move to this south end of the Traffic Circle that you see here. Monuments in the postwar. Tended to depict a nuclear family. Occasionally mom and dad and baby like this one. This had appeared somewhat in the 1920s less frequently than the solo pioneer woman and her children. The family unit becomes more of an emphasis in the 1950s, as American Culture begins focusing on nuclear family. Again, the part of moving to suburban life, rather than being a part of an extended kin , people are to emphasizing a new clear family. Increasingly, instead of a baby they start depicting a young son. Eight years older 10 years old or a teenager, who represts hope for the future. For the nation. Things began to change again in the 1970s. Dr. Prescott as the United States prepared to celebrate the bicentennial of american independence from Great Britain in 1976, the nation initially plannedthe government initially planned a federal nationwide celebration to be held in washington, d. C. Or philadelphia. No one could agree on what that should look like. Of growing a time identity politics, coming out of the 1960s and the early 1970s you have interest in africanamerican identity, interest in latino identity and so forth. Nation is more fragmented in the way that it chooses to remember itself. In the wake of those identity politics movements. Debate over vietnam and so forth. Bicentennial National Celebration sort of falls by the wayside. Instead they decide to put the resources behind encouraging local history celebrations. So, state and local level commemorations. This leads to renewed interest in all sorts of American History. Your people getting interested in colonial history, quilting, remember in the 19th century as well even though it is not part of the story of u. S. Independence in 1776. Many communities particularly in the midwest, get interested in celebrating their frontier heritage. And pioneer stories become an important thing people want to tell. As part of that project, the city of wichita erected this pioneer woman known as heritage woman. She was placed in a newly formed heritage park, a pocket park behind the county Historical Society museum. And the former carnegie library. This represented an ode to women who walked west on the frontier trail. But rather than depicting her and a sun bonnet with a rifle, Richard Bergen decided to depict her preparing to bathe in a kansas stream, to wash off the dust he thought. He is buying from long traditions of female nudes that were seen as being central to many aspects of fine art, especially sculpture. But it is more stylized than what would have been done as moderates cultural in 1915. Thatrgen was merging Classical Tradition of new sculpture with more avantgarde movements that were going into more stylized directions in the 19 cities and 1970s. And 1970s. This interest in local history and inclusivity of lots of stories, encourage people to put up the monument. People thought it was quite lovely. In 1976. Fastforward to the early 2000s. And people started to have a problem with the sculpture, it appears. Because three times in the last 15 years, this culture has been severely vandalized. Hands chopped off, this culture toppled. The image they had to remove it for major restoration work several times. We do not know who attacked this culture. They did not leave a manifesto asked lenny why they did so. I think the suggested think this suggests that people are not so happy with up in woman he is nude, at least in which a talk right now. Not so happy with a pioneer woman who is nude, at least not in wichita right now. [laughter] to my knowledge no one has attacked another pioneer woman or nudes a halfmile away. This one is called hardship and dreams a more traditional depiction of a pioneer woman in a sun bonnet, carrying a satchel and leading her son by the hand. This is by 1984. 1994ta had embraced by wichita embraced sculptures about the 1920s. Wichita and other smaller or midsize cities start direct monuments like this one in the 1990s that harken back to that 1920s pioneer Mother Movement. So many that one could almost argue theres a second pioneer Mother Movement that started in the 1990s. Places,e, in other people start having a problem with pioneer imagery. Francisco,egon, san places known for being particularly politically aggressive, at least part of their populations in progressive, people start complaining about or protesting new or older monuments as not being sufficiently inclusive of local negative populations local native populations or are expressing concern about celebrating forced removal of native peoples. Seem tooid not concerned about that part. The more conservative communities are more are saying no, no we have to stick to the traditional imagery. Still want grandma in a sun bonnet while other places are saying, hey you cannot put those things up. We do not need grandma anymore appeared we need to recognize the larger implications of what grandma did. Communities a number of committed his pet monuments. Many of them a number of communities do put up monuments. I argue that a number of them were being motivated to promote heritage tourism. They put upk, texas insulation and insulation to attract people to a Historic Site, it stream crossing on the chisholm trail, work cattle were driven in the late 19th century. An x urban just Bedroom Community to the city boston. But by embracing the pioneer history, they are able to pitch themselves. Similar things are happening in kansas city. Westport once again gets interested in that pioneer mother monument in Penn Valley Park. By the 1980s, this section of Penn Valley Park had become rather seedy. The monument itself had become overgrown. You cannot really see it there was a parking lot at a to it but it got overgrown. And there was a sense that this beautiful monument was falling into neglect and had been forgotten. Leaders inommunity westpark petitioned to move this culture so some Community Leaders petitioned to move the sculpture toe more heavily visited location in downtown westport. Which as i mentioned early on considers itself to be the birthplace of kansas city. It was on the santa fe trail. Trail,on the overland and the oregon california trails as well. There were really interested in putting the monument where they thought it would be seen rate conveniently, i also help draw tourists to their Historic Sites as well. Withdid not go over well the city of kansas city. Content to forget the thing was there until some one else decided to claim it. Somebody says we forget it is there until some one else says, hey wait, we wants that. And now, no, no, that is argue for monuments. We kansas that he says no we are not going to do that. Says the owner, and the artist specifically chose the site for this must be full sculpture. It would demean this culture to parkit to a small little in a crowded area. Itll westpark. In old westport. It needs to stay where it is. Westport lost the battle a second time. They had wanted it in the 1920s and again in the 1980s. I responded by finally erecting a more elaborate monument of their own. They put up their own monument to westport related people. Abandoned the pioneer mother and put up a sculpture of three men. Who are all much more associated with commerce than family settlement. Are a firstct here trader and the founder westport founder, john c mccoy. The founder of the pony express, alexander measures, and a western merchant and mountain man who retired to westport in the 1850s. These are big names in this area. These are prominent men. If we cannot have a generic iconic pioneer mother, thats fine. We will respond by saying, no, we have a real claim. Because these three important men came from hero left ear at some time. Here at some time. This of the identity choices theyre making in the creation of this monument. If you want a longer version of that story you can buy my book. Meanwhile, other communities outside the city boundaries of kansas city also got interested in promoting heritage tourism in the 1980s and 1990s. Independence was interested in promoting its history. Independence has to be claims to fame. The jumping off point for oregon and caliph when you trails. And it is the home of president harry truman. Harry truman happens to be heavily involved in the project to mark the national old trails road that led to those daughters of the American Revolutions statues being put up in the 1920s. Figure thatentury she is a 20th century clinical figure but he had a profound he is a 20th century political figure fight he had a profound interest in the trails as well. They erected a National Frontier trails museum. And they put up a pioneer mother sculpture in the courtyard. To evoke the struggle and hardships of pioneer women. This is something that happened pretty often in this time. That if you want to put up a museum at a Historic Site but you do not have, like it would rutseat if you had trail to show. And they did survive in some places where trails were crowded into a narrow area and wagon wheels carved narrow marks come outside boise, idaho for sample. There are places where these processed. But in urban areas like independence and kansas city, not so much. They do not have a Historic Building nor did they have rats to point issue. It was more of a merchant story where this is where you bought your stuff and then set off for the trail. So to have a monument next year museum helps evokes the history that has been lost. It was not physically preserved. But we can evoke it with a bronze statue instead. So this was sculpted by mexicans culture one lumbar to rivera. Lombardo rivera. Some women in independence raise the money to erect this and attribute to the all the women in independence and those who passed through independence on the trails west. The sculptor made the design, witht cast, and in keeping the art tradition of culture at the time, he chose to add color to it, what we call a patina to the outside of the bronze. He chose the color blue, it is associated with the virgin mary, associated with loyalty and so forth. Evokedis a color often with paintings of pioneer women throughout much of the 20th century. The story evoking again, the virgin mary. But the women of independence were kind of horrified when this culture arrived. They felt the color that the mexican sculpture had chosen was to gerrish for our pioneer mother. For our pioneer mother. Classical sculpture did have color, it is just faded over time. We think of as white marble was originally painted. This sea is arguing this is a Classical Tradition and i am part of the revival of the classic tradition. The ladies of westport are saying we do not need anybody tacky, we do not need anything too bold or brash. My words not theirs. Was outofthebox and out of the bubble wrap, they took a closer look and said maybe does is not so bad. Over time, the patina faded as happens. By the time i visited this culture in 2008, it is not really obvious. There is sort of attend to a but was not very bright. 1990 independence get the National Frontier. Other communities in the area start to Pay Attention and jumping on the bandwagon. Pie in ourcted crossing in what we believe was a used car lot. Tag. Did not like the pipe it was 1. 5 million. We dont need anything. Notice that it is a little bit hard to see this one on here. This was sculpted into stone and concrete. Of a wagonelief train. This is a bronze sculpture freestanding of a pioneer woman. Patina,e they blue similar to the one that was put up and caused a ruckus in independence 25 years earlier. Sculpture is mixed media. It emerges out of the stone into bronze to show the wagon teams. There is a wagon master nearby as well. Nearby, i think it is olathe . Mi getting that right . Ok. Olathe wanted to mark their history. They thought to mark their connection to the commercial traffic on the santa fe trail. They are focused on commerce. They have placed this next to a Stagecoach Stop and museum. They chose a local kansas city area. They were born and trained in china before immigrating to the United States. Stagecoach isof a more culturally inclusive than any piner monument. I have found about 200 of them so far. Has fairly standard imagery. It is a stagecoach rather than a covered wagon. Conveyance, then you have people inside the stagecoach. You have people of various ages and people of different ethnicities. On top of the people who are crowded into the , literally piled on top of the stagecoach are some people of color. You have an africanamerican couple and a latino person on top of the stagecoach riding on the outside. A native American Woman waving farewell to the travelers. Interestingly, the native person is pictured being present rather than having been removed. She is waving to people as they go further west. Perhaps good riddance. An angloamerican, a white American Woman and her son look like they are trying to board if they can squeeze themselves in there somehow. The boy holds in his hand and origami crane that then it the birds that are flying overhead. To find anyeen able historical precedents for this that origami wouldve been practiced in the 19th century here. I dont know how common it was among boys in japan in the 1850s. This suggests to me that he was not comfortable depicting asianamericans despite the fact that there was a substantial chinese population recruited to the west to help build the railroad. That is not a history he felt comfortable. With local sit perceptions of the west. Is his the origami crane wave to asian people who are not physically depicted in monuments. Lots of communities around here are setting up these monuments. But not everybody likes them as equally. Aboutked a moment ago this very blue woman in independence. She was stolen in 1913 excuse and cut up and that thieves attempted to sell her for scraps. Someone recognize the human hands in the bucket of bronze. They refuse to accept it. That scrap dealer had security cameras on site. Although they turn the person away at the time, they did not attempt a citizens arrest like we would may be think people did in the 19th century, whether they did or not is a different question. But they did report this to the authorities and the three people were apprehended and two of them ended up going to jail. We will replace her. Capturedrs later they landedman i think she on her pedestal and 2017. They moved her from a courtyard. The myth the interior of the museum was argued it was a more secure location. Yes and no. You can pull it to the parking lot and try to grab her. I wish is there this morning, there was no one around while i was there on sunday morning. She is in a location where there are lights and security cameras. I guess the idea is to put her in a location where it would be more obvious if somebody tried to still her. Conveniently, it makes her more prominent. Rather than being tucked away in a courtyard where you might not notice her, and they have to have a sign that says she is in a courtyard, now she is in a prominent location. What,s embracing increasingly historical museums in the west are doing, which is putting bronze statues in front as a traffic statute. Just to draw people in. Thinking, that looks cool, now i have to see what is nearby. Ok. Been over these 100 years we have seen a rise and fall in the Pioneer Monuments. We can see what they need, what they should look like, what their future should be. Seems to be that campus city is embracing these monuments. Of tourism, are not much different than what people were doing when they were trying to put kansas city on the map for fine art. Not that different than what was trying to be deniers ago. I did not have time to tell all the stories. I did not even touch on all the ones in this area. To knowou would like more, you can check out my book, i will be signing books afterwards if youre interested. I have also created a website. This you can do for free. It has information about you cant monuments search or browse by location. You can also look at the highlights stabbed that has individual locations haslights tab that individual locations. Not all of them are pictured yet. , iry time i been someplace have been a kansas city twice, every time i leave, one month later i stumble on something online and did not know was there. Visiting the one independence because the last time i came, they cast her but she was not in place yet, so i did not get to see her. The photos i am taking this weekend i will upload them so you can see more. My website has an interactive map and timeline. Up at the top it has a timeline you can drag across with your mouse and watch with a pop up over time in space, to get a sense of how these patterns are shifting geographically over time. I am also involved in an app called cleo. It is the yelp of historical sites. I think at last count they had 35,000 sites on there. They have individual sites. Its an app on your phone or you can do it on your computer and from home. You can visit these places. It will guide you. It has a mapping feature that will guide you to these locations. The process of putting my 200 monuments up there, i currently have less than half of them up, but i am in the process of writing those pages. I am using the Mapping Software to build walking and heritage tours. If you want to check out all the monuments, you can go to cleo, or the link in my website and you can visit them. Either if you want to spend a few hours driving around the kansas city area getting to know the road, or you can do it virtually. Enjoy your heritage tour from the comfort of your own home. With that, i will stop talking and i would love to hear your questions. [applause] please use the microphone if you would like to ask a question. Thank you for coming to kansas city. I have always enjoyed high in your mother pioneer mother. I am curious about fashion and stuff. Thatalked about the site was not used, rifles, one was a bucket. Everyone seems to have a bonnet. Was there any themes to these fashions used in the monuments . Prof. Prescott the most consistent elements is the sunbonnet. The sunbonnet sort of evokes the clothing of that time period. And prairie style dress goes with it. The sun bonnet is the most excited about. An oilman in oklahoma sponsored a nationwide competition to erect a monument in ponca city, oklahoma. He directed that it had to be a woman in a sunbonnet. People talk about sunbonnet a lot, that was in the 1920s. So, the sunbonnet, and also the covered wagons cover, sort of over her head. Lo i think there is a halo element to the covered wagon. Also, it emphasizes her whiteness. Women were these to protect them from the sun. You wanted to keep your skin pale and white. There was a racial component to it. Those,y exception to there were a few sculptors that preferred to put her in a headscarf, over her head or just around her shoulders. Sculptor. A mormon be evoking virgin mary. What belongs in her hands and whether she has children is or contested in more debated. There has been hot debate about the one in ponca city, which i thought to bring a side to hertz for you today brought to bring a slide for you today. Artists intend that. Some explicitly put a cross to vote that it is a bible. Indicating her civilizing elements. Her role in bringing white civilization to an untamed land, to use their language at the time. To either have a satchel, she need some kind of a burden. She has to look like shes working at it. She needs to be weighted down by her responsibility, but she needs something that contains civilization. So a bag, a little satchel, or a baby or a son that embodies hope for the future can serve a similar purpose as well. You have mentioned the controversy surrounding the monuments over time, and the vandalizing that is taking place and actually stealing and scrapping the monuments. I wonder if you have any observations about inclusiveness, expanding the context of particular monuments before they are either destroyed, removed or vandalized. Reappropriateds these things over and over again over a long period of time. It seems to me part of the importance of a monument is to remember the way that these particular things were remembered at a particular time. ,he whole issues about racism or gender, or ethnicity, or all those issues, forgetting that we remembered them in a particular way without expanding them. Those kinds of issues. Could you comment about them, please . Prof. Prescott i cannot really think of any examples in which vandals or other protesters were really complaining about depictions of warming could womenhood. Maybe some people are not interested in giving money, that i am not hearing anybody push a feminist push back. [standby] in places where communities are particularly progressive. City of San Francisco has a Pioneer Monument that was put up in 1894. It is 50 feet tall and is a tower of white supremacy, essentially. It has the goddess of war depicting the spirit of california. Then it has an honor roll of drake and sir francis up throughrers mexican and angloamerican political leaders in california. It has pictures of gold miners. Then it has a piece that was a cultural grouping of a spanish missionary, a native man lying at his feet, and a mexican cowboy swinging a lasso over his head in the background. This became controversial in San Francisco in the 1990s. Thetime when people were u. S. Was marking the 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus landing in the new world. There was political conversation about whether that is something we should be celebrating or not. Are we celebrating conquest here . In the midst of that, native activists took issue with the early sculpture that showed the indian cowering. Church, thetholic Spanish National government disagreed. They thought it was a disagreement of them bringing christianity to people. Which is how the sculptor intended it 100 years earlier. There were people people splashed red paint on that portion of the sculpture. They thought to have it removed, unsuccessfully. The city compromised by putting up an interpretive plaque. Explaining that the native population of california was devastated by white settlement. The population was decimated. Up a plaquef put of to cover over the controversy. As aforward 25 years southern population started to challenge confederate monuments. 2015, they renewed attention to the Pioneer Monument in san an activist persuaded the Public Arts Commission to remove that portion of the larger monument. There was a lawsuit filed to prevent that from happening thought back and forth. The sculpture was vandalized and people were hanging up signs around the spanish missionaries neck, questioning white colonialism. Eventually the city did remove that and placed it in art storage in an undisclosed location last fall. That is a case where there really has been confrontation conversation over time. Examples in of any kansas city of that happening. I know one other depiction of a settler and native person in kalamazoo, michigan has been removed. There has been a lot of talk in california about imagery of the mission, period. This is also happening at a time the founder of the California Mission was the canon nights. There has been real onstions about attacks monuments throughout california. Senator cruz just removed a mission bell from their campus. Z justw santa cru removed a mission bell from their campus. I have not heard anything from kansas city. My sense here is that the attack and vandalism in independence was more pragmatically a desperate attempt to make some money. They would have made a few hundred dollars on the scrap metal. The ballpark is 35,000 to replace the sculpture. That seems to be not so much targeting, oh, we cannot have a depiction of a white mother so there is ay, sculpture nobody is paying attention to, maybe i can make a quick buck. There is a range in responses. Other questions . I am curious what inspired pioneeresearch the mothers . Prof. Prescott i was always fascinated by the oregon trail and watch their migration stories. There was a lot of work done in the 1970s and 1980s about women and families on the oregon trail. Nobody had really followed them to oregon. I went looking at how much did their gender roles and their gender ideals change from those who came over on the trails through their children and into their grandchildren. I got interested in Pioneer Monument is a way to get at the question of, how are they remembering this later . How did they what did they think they knew about pioneer mothers lives were like . From there i got interested in well, i wonder if the ones in oregon are similar ones. Lets see how similar or different they are. I was really focused on these ones from the 1920s, early 1930s of what i call the pioneer Mother Movement. I go somewhere and say, i am looking for the sculpture. I cannot find it. I asked, do you know how to get to the sculpture. They would point me to where i need to see the sculpture. It would be a frontier themed thing from the 1970s or 1890s. It was not what i had a my head as a pioneer mother monument. I realized i needed to expand my definition, my timeline to not just think about these pioneer mothers in the 1920s, but what is the context . Or did they come from and what happened to them afterwards . The story is a big part of that. It brought me to that broader history. Do historians consider sacagawea of lewis and clark a pioneer mother . Prof. Prescott good question. Historians probably would not term her a pioneer mother. They would want to include her just because they like to include the slave york and be more culturally inclusive. You can be more inclusive by saying there is not always men, there is a native woman. There was an africanamerican slave. This was the way to be inclusive. But, the pioneer mother label would not work. Historians with big about her as a native person, as an actor. They would want to think about how much the history term would be. How much controlled do she have in her life . Is she making her own decisions . 120 years ago that story was different. Monument was put up in 1905 by a group of early feminist. There were suffrage promoters for the most part. In conduction in conjunction with the lewis and Clark Expedition exposition, which was celebrating the 100th anniversary of the lewis and Clark Expedition. Else on the heels of world fair in 190 four street louis. Anyways, a group of suffrage supporters in portland raise money to put up a sculpture of sacagawea. , the dedication plaque says, to sacagawea and the pioneer mother of oregon. They thought she could do double duty. We are celebrating lewis and clark because that is the point of the fair. That is the story Everyone Wants to tell. But there is interest in sacagawea is a feminist story. She is a strong woman and we could celebrate her for doing that. White pine or mothers would not be out leading, that would bring their femininity into question. A native woman, we already know she is not a true woman. Up a native woman who had this Important Role to play, then we get a strong woman role, but its ok for her to be not ladylike. They are playing these kinds of games. I would like to remind ott will that dr. Presc be signing books outside the auditorium. Lets give her a round of applause. [applause] prof. Prescott thank you, very much. Thank you, everyone. This is American History tv on cspan3, where each weekend we feature 48 hours of programs exploring our nations past. American history tv is on cspan3 every weekend, featuring museum tours, archival films, and programs on the presidency. The civil war and more. Here is a clip from a recent program. I dont believe history belongs in the courtroom. You say these things in a courtroom, in a legal context in a way of judah k things historically is quite different. He sued me. Matthews point, it is a corrupt point. Many people just assume. Me some, he sued people say that the straw was about proving the holocaust happened. It really was not about that. Lawyers,t down with my we were both on the same page in this regard, but we said that we trials to prove that world war i happen, we dont have trials to prove that the civil war happened in the United States, or whatever. Why do you need a trial to prove that the holocaust happened . That is not what we are about. My book was not about proving the holocaust happened, it was about looking at deniers. David irving said he was not a denier. He is not a fossil fire of history and does not deny the documents. What we did, we followed the footnotes back to the sources. In other words, we were not proving what happened. We went proving how many people were murdered in auschwitz, or any other camp. But we were arguing that when david irving says, at 1. I think he says, only 64,000 people , the evidence he was using does not prove his point. Towere following his claims show that he engaged in distortion of information, distortion of the distortion of material false claims, etc. You can watch this and other American History programs on our website where all of our video is archived. That is cspan. Org history. Monday night on the communicators. California representative jerry mcnerney, cochair of the Artificial Intelligence caucus, on the future of Artificial Intelligence, election security, and whether Big Tech Companies need more regulation. Google is a big tech regulation. If we look at how it is doing its this is practices, it is important to do it in a very thoughtful way. I know that the department of justice, and the federal trade commission are also talking into doing investigations competitive practices with these companies. And it is good to look at this and investigate it, and make sure the companies are behaving. Im not sure breaking companies up are a good idea. These are companies with a lot of tentacles, a lot of employees. If you break a company like that up and can manage to do it, there will be unintended consequences. Monday at 8 30 a. M. Eastern on cspan2. Next on the presidency. Talks about fdrs relationship with robert jackson, who served during his administration as solicitor general, attorney general and as a Supreme Court justice. Of,casto is the author advising the president attorney general Robert H Jackson and franklin d. Roosevelt. Franklin d roosevelt president ial library and museum hosted this program. Good afternoon, welcome to the franklin d. Roosevelt president ial museum. I appreciate you coming out on this rainy summer day. We have a Great Program in store for you. I think the new exhibit that we have on dday, if you get an opportunity, i hope you will go over and visit it while you are here. It looks at the relationship between Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill as they prepared for dday. The special exhibit will be up through the end of the year. How many people here are members of the library . Raise your hand. That is fantastic. It is your support that allows us to do programs like this