We will show you a clip of the watergate hearings. As carla hayden just mentioned, we launched a. A period exhibit on the coverage of the watergate hearings and that will mark the first time the complete Online Access to the hearings has been made to made available to the public on might. The next panel come up and you can run the clip . [video clip] here is impact ceo correspondent. From washington. We are going to bring you the entire proceedings in the first day of the second watergate hearings. Hearings to bear the truth about the wide range of illegal, unethical, or improper activity. Surrounding the reelection of president nixon last year. We are writing at all each day because we think these hearings are important and because we think it is important if you get a chance to see the whole thing and make your own judgments. Some nights, we may be an const competition with the late news. We are doing this as an toeriment experiment, give you the whole story. However many hours it may take. It reminds one of the final scenes of one of those shakespearean histories. The forces hostile to the king are rising on all sides. Messenger after messenger rushes and with bad news. Is stillive battle some scenes away and we dont know if this is a tragedy we are witnessing. I began by telling the president that there was a cancer growing on the presidency. And if the cancer was not removed, the president himself would be killed by it. Know, andhe president when did he know it . What they are pursuing is the president s knowledge, culpability, etc. Is the Community Walking itself on a plank . How will they resolve the question when you continue to have witnesses like mitchell and moore and many of these things where there is no way to resolve them . Are you aware of the installation of any listening devices in the oval office of the president . [laughter] i was aware of listening devices. Yes, sir. That thisy regret situation, because i think they watergate tragedy is the greatest tragedy this country has ever suffered. The civil wark was our greatest tragedy, but i do remember that there were some pieces in the civil war in that there was some spirit of sacrifice and heroism displayed on both sides. I see no redeeming features and watergate. In watergate. I am certainly not you went to law school, we studied a visible of law that came from england and also is well known in this country. Much courage a man has, the king can enter without his consent. I am afraid that has been eroded over the years. In my country, we still think it is legitimate. It is now after 3 00 in the morning, unless you live in the central time zone where it is still early. [laughter] for the sake of my mother and other hardys souls who are still with us, i shall be briefed i have one point to make tonight. John wesley d in the third may have met his match. As a consequence, those openminded people who long to think in simple terms about watergate may have had it for a wild. In short, we may be back where we were a few weeks ago. In the coverup that his top aides is a smirky and unclear as it ever was. It is all because of. Like everyone else who has appeared, opinions will vary of the true veracity of his testimony. Any reasonable person would have beennclude that he has extremely effective witness for his side and his directness is cool and friendly and it has come through. One again without commenting his truthfulness either, the only prior witness to come close on the effectiveness and significant skills was john dean. Unless those tapes are made some other revelation, the senators and the rest of us were interested may have to make an ultimate choice between believing john a dean or bob. Thats the way it looks to me at 3 00 or so in the morning. Feel free to disagree. For Robert Mcneil, im jim lehrer. We will see you again tomorrow night. From washington, you can watch gaveltogavel proceedings [applause] good afternoon. And when i arrived, harry was in his heyday as the executive producer actuals with my mentors. One thing that he did not have time to tell you is that he still has other urge to create. Just published a book of his and whatnd have a copy he did not tell you this is stop on his book tour today. It is my great pleasure to introduce this next panel and andmoderator Julie Woodruff one of our very special colleagues in public media. Judy began her distinguished career as at the cbs affiliate in a letter and went on to become White House Correspondent for nbc and was the host of frontline ins early days and host of inside politics for a gr thank you very much. One of the pillars of public media for so many years in boston and the whole country has so much to thank you for. Thank you, henry. Im the lucky one. I get to preside over this panel of five megastars in public media. Each one of them has played an absolutely essential role in keeping public media, Public Television and radio, at the center of american life. None of them need introductions. I will be very brief. Starting with my mentor, the former anchor of the news hour, mr. Lehrer, and before that the coanchor and the executive editor of the Mcneil Lehrer news hour. The face of and the singular driving force behind daily journalism at pbs. Jim lehrer. [applause] he doesnt need a haircut. Boss today, i do not feel any pressure, the ceo of wt. E, washington wtae before that, she served as a member and chair of the board of corporation of public broadcasting and a member of the following her position on the West Virginia authority. Mrs. Rockefeller. [applause] visit the director and cofounder the direct and cofounder of the National Latino network in 1976 he was the moving force of a group of latino farmworkers, artists and activists found radio bilinge. Hugo morales. [applause] someone was been applauded, the longtime host of the decaf cavete show. E dick his remarkable career spanning networks from abc to hbo, has appeared in several broadway shows and musicals. Dick cavett. [applause] and finally, the effort mentioned living legend, the woman moderated the last panel with a background with me in public commentary at abc news and npr contributor, adviser to the American Archives of public broadcasting, kofi roberts. Cokie roberts. [applause] what we are to do is see how Public Affairs has evolved. Jim, i will start with you. You were there was at the beginning when you came to washington and it was all about watergate. What happened . Reallywatergate hearings did that was the watershed event for news and Public Affairs on Public Television. Up to that point, the station and public was generally divided if it was needed any more news of Public Affairs on television beyond what was on commercial tv. Notnext administration did think it was a need for in a more Public Affairs, public broadcasting. The watergate hearings changed everything and the reason it changed was because there are several individuals who had the courage to make told decisions. What of them was not necessarily tell broadcast gaveltogavel because many of the stations would not broadcast live one of them was not necessarily broadcast gaveltogavel because many of the stations would not broadcast live. The one held out was at night, repeat them at night. That was a big deal. A big decision. The people running pbs were nervous about it so they said let us pull stations. Oll the stations a but in a very clever way. We polled the stations with a question that was raised in such a way, do you want to be patriotic or do you want to be a jerk . [laughter] and we still barely won a majority. As mcneil said at the time, and i quote him almost verbatim, it was summertime and p best did not have that much to run at night and had no original content and in pbs did not have that much to run at night and had no original content. He said all they would run if they did not run the hearings would be englishspeaking people talking, animals mating, and occasionally English Speaking people mating and animal talking. [laughter] why not replace it with watergate . [laughter] a. M. , thed 3 00 hearings were not going on until 3 00 a. M. , it was a repeat. We would do it live all day. Only has the stations were broadcasting, but at the night, at first, it was the old story the big stations would it not take us and the word got out and it became a big deal. That it proveds beyond a shadow of a doubt that there was a role for news and Public Affairs in public broadcast because of the hearings. When you and robin cook up, Robert Mcneil and the Mcneil Lehrer report. Titlebegan with the worst. The Robert De Niro report. I was the washington correspondent. The Robert Mcneil report. My mom interjected. It was one of story for 30 minutes. It was 75 and then in 1983, it went to one hour. I want to bring in sharon rockefeller. You knew what they were trying to do. What were you up against when it they tried to go to an hour . The stations. I was working, i was familiar with West Virginia educational authority, not on the board at the time because my husband was not the governor and those a gubernatorial position. For onefor one thing thing from my husband, can i be appointed to be and he said yes. No one ever thought twice about it. That is where i learned. The watergate hearings, i watched every single day, all day. Jim had lost the election by the biggest margin in at the state. We were and ask i o. Three hours south of pittsburgh. We were in exile. When the watergate hearings were on, could not receive the Washington Post by mail until andys out it was published i started watching fulltime. My kids were watching sesame butet and i loved history in news and Public Affairs was my Main Attraction and it was what we had it to offer and we at that point was little old Public Television and it was the turnaround. I also came on the board at the same time it through another vehicle coming friend of mine on the Stanford University board which had one woman on the board and i was taking her place. Businesshe founder of in the 1970s. Kcud. S the founder of she asked the where i live and i told her and she said where is it that . She asked if it was near the dakotas or the carolinas . No. She knew mrs. Campbell and called him italy. And called her immediately. She said you have to talk to this young woman. I did not know what about. Mrs. Campbell called me and said you must come to washington right now, which i did. I have always take my orders from elizabeth campbell. Thats how i got involved with wtae. State. Poor, rural it was not as wealthy as it was today. It had a budget of 4 million and now were up to 90 million. It is news and Public Affairs and the watergate hearings put Public Television on the map. And at the news at work which came about in 1983 because without we should be the first and the stations going to one hour of news. In fact, it never did, we did, n and would around to visit stations and speak to them and call them. Up the 300 some Public Television stations and we called every station manager or Program Manager because our accessor of pbs said it is great idea to go to an hour but i do not have the power to do it and you will have to get the stations to do it so we physically called them on the phone and there was a vote. Votes to go to one hour. , i felt like,e never mind all you need is one more. Democracy one. While all of this going on in the daily news, daily journalism world, you had successful career as in commercial television. What was the appeal of Public Television . I noticed something about today that of the things that i thought might come up was the question of why i moved my showed from Network Television to pbs. I was fired. [laughter] that will do it. That is pretty much what happened. It opened the door and paved the way or whatever cliche. Change withderful our Network Television. To get a show, terrified and very nervous at first. The trouble that would come up on networks, nonPublic Television, so to speak, started on the first day. I thought i had a wonderful show. It played about a week later. Vidal andli, gore julia lives very julia landsberry did a show. I went backstage to be congratulated by abc Vice President George Shepherd and i saw his expression did not seem appropriate for a show he thought was i think it was worded, who in the let us say, hell, gives a damn, a Muhammad Aliwhat and garver dont things about vietnam . That came up. And his reaction was, we cannot really air that as the first show because of that and we are going to air it as the second show. I seem to to remember thinking, are you going to be like this all along . My agent went over. And they did that. We did a second show that was nice. They aired the second show first and then it got mildly enthusiastic reaction. Then they aired the first show the second night and reviewers were reviewing the whole week. Almost everybody said, the cavett show really found itself on the second show. I was sure that the managers waiting backstage could address desk to congratulate me got that. Waiting backstage to congratulate me got that. So that happened. There are other kinds of trouble that would not have gone on and didnt on pbs. One involved that lovable old couple the john lennons. They came on and that was in his events and other people were jealous. The reviews were big. The ratings were big. That was nice and they came back. John, when i met him a week earlier, i said, why do you want to do this . It cannot be much you need at this point. And he said, you have the only halfway intelligent show on television. And i said why would you want to , be on a halfway intelligent show . And he laughed. But on the second show, who would have guessed, the agreement would have been we would do one of their songs, john said, why dont we do one of yokos songs. It had the catchy title woman is the nigger of the world. I thought, are they kidding . My god, we did this song. Nothing happened. Before it was aired, i was told it would not be aired the song. ,and i complained and they said, all right, we will air it, but our decision is to make a hand about thee dangers of watching it. There were 412 perhaps protests. Song, none of them about the song though. Thene woman reported, of a millie mouth to as one woman reported, about the millie mouths speech you delivered. Going to pbs was like going into a green meadow in a way. I want to hear more about the green meadow, but, cokie, i want to come to you. I have heard you say words to the effect that npr should have had the early head start, boost pbs did. Did you feel that when you went to npr . Yes, still to some degree. But it turned out to be a blessing, i think, in the end, that it was kind of a secret at because at the point when nixon first. Did go after the show and the television and the Television Network committed suicide, npr was still there and there was no necessity to disband us because it was not on the radar. So the ability to just grow and thrive was much easier in that environment, but then the growing and thriving became something quite dramatic, and today, we are listened to by more people than the 3 Network Morning shows combined, is listen to to buy more people other than rush limbaugh, and i is listen to to buy more is listened to by more people than rush limbaugh, and i keep saying Steve Innskeep should get what rush gets. The difference is about half a million people. Its widely successful in the primary source of news for millions and millions of people around the world. And commercial radio has pulled back dramatically, leaving a big opening for it. So, you were paying attention to all of this in california, but you and some of your friends decided there was something missing. What did you see . First of all, we had little news on radio, and that is true today. Spanish commercial radio, there is no news. It is absent. It is a shocking truth. There is no spanishlanguage news on radio. We get started in 1976. We got started july 4, 1980. The population of latinos in the u. S. Was around 15 million. It was about 5 , 6 of the u. S. Population. Now it is 58 million and 18 of the population and 72 of latinos speak spanish at home. So, this is not something of the past. A lot of us were young at that time. We had a big dreams but rather , something that can stay relevant today. And yet there is no news in spanishlanguage commercial radio. And that is stunning. Its very, very stunning. It is a story that some of us do not want to believe but it is , true. Back in 1976 we started organizing in fresno. A community i came to because i aca, for theoax fires were recently, and went to the valley, because it was the Largest Group of form workers in the United States and still is today. Among the people i came in contact with, they saw the same thing. All of these mexicanamericans, all of them were u. S. Born except for me. I was the only immigrant. All of us were bilingual. Educated, we were the first generation of latinos to open the doors to higher education. That contributed a lot to the response. We saw this degree of limitation of public broadcast. Not to just public broadcast, but englishlanguage media that we, as latinos, we could not access because of the language. Language just the because of the language, and i see everybody here, you know, there is much more than the language, the culture, the history, the new one since of ofguage the nuances language and that was absent. Wow, it seems like our treasures, our community treasures, our hidden treasures, we have so much wealth of history, so much wealth of art and so forth in our communities and we should be able to share that and learn from one another. That is why we establish it in 9076 and went to the air in 1980. And you are still going . We are still going. And will believe the Public Affairs is a part of it because we wanted to do it like in this situation, we wanted mexican americans and latinos to tell the stories. Tell our own narrative to be inclusive. The printedat population today in the united prison population today and the United States, 19 of the prison population in the u. S. Is latino. A lot of our communities are in need. The highest dropout rate from high school continue to be latinos in the United States. And, yet, you see the figures how we are significant and projected to go even larger. That to happen. We have been able to document some of the stories and some of the other media have not. Thats been the case of an indigenous woman living in the her childwas denied at birth because she could not communicate in english or spanish. Because she spoke a native language from my home state, i oazxaca. It is in that kind of case where some Community Folks from, i think, it was alabama called our station and told us the story and we broke it and pick it up and it drew coverage. That is the kind of story we cover. Right now, what is happening, there is a lot of fear among our families about deportation. And, maybe to those of us in this room, it is just another topic. For people who listen to us, it is very personal. I think, about a couple of months ago, we had a call from a mother from california. When we opened the lines there was an opportunity was an opportunity to renew daca. She was saying her son had gone into a depression after the election. He knew what was about to happen. And he was a daca recipient. He had quit his college after the election and soon, later, he quit his job. The mother was worried about her son and what was about to happen. This is the kind of stories and narratives that i carry around. You are touching stories of all american lives and that is what broadcasting public media was founded to do. Jim, lets talk about how hard or not it has been to survive as public media and news in Public Affairs. A lot of competition out there. The news, the commercial news environment has changed so drastically. Why has public media remained, news and Public Affairs remained as strong as it has . First of all, meek mill and i said at the very beginning mcneil and i said at the very beginning, if commercial television came when Cable Television was growing, if they started doing what we were doing we would quit doing it. , there was no point in us doing what is available elsewhere. We would go on and do something else. We had a lot of ideas of other things we could do. As we sit here now, nobody has done it. In fact, there is more, now more than ever, they would say, the kind of journalism that is practiced on the news hour is more needed now than ever before because journalism on television has had its own growth and its own kinds of changes. Those changes have been away from the kind of separation of straight reporting from analysis, from opinion, that sort of thing, of the news hour which is still true of the news which is still true of the news but not true in some hour elements of commercial television. Particularly Cable Television. The reason for our being is to cut to the chase. It is stronger now than it ever has been. Good point. [applause] let that just sit there. Because hes right. Sharon, as someone has to look at this. You know journalists well, but you have to think of it as an executive how hard has it been , to keep news and Public Affairs going . And we should add that you oversee the ken burns, not just of the news hour and washington week. It is many others. I think one of the things that is great about the Public Television audience is that it is pretty well educated. Above all, it continues to want to learn. Keeping up on a daily basis is important. But, putting in context, weekly as we do on washington week, is very important. And history, the arts, science, kits all of the rest means we , served so many different people in so many different ways. Our signature is the news in Public Affairs. It is the hardest to fund and yet our membership money, essentially, helps subsidized. Although we raise a lot for the news hour. We raise a good bit for washington week. But we never make a profit. Let us put it that way. We always reinvest in the product and could spend a lot more than we take in. I think it is our trademark, our signature. We are proud of it. I think our audience is proud to be associated with what we do. But it has always been difficult to keep it funded. Always. We have never had, the word surplus doesnt mean anything. It is not our vocabulary. We are always overbudget or having to cut back. And that has been from day one. And i hate to say this. At the very beginning, when we first started, which is now 37, 38 years ago there was a , commercial Television Guy named marvin kalb and i ran at him socially. We have been on the air a year or two at that point and i didnt know marvin kalb. And he said, let me give you a warning. I said, what is that . He said do not let them give you too much money. And i said, that is not a problem. But, for the hell of it, tell me why. And he told me a quick story. One of them, 90 news cbs news, czechoslovakia has been invaded. He was going to do a minute and a half thing. It was going to be a major story. They kept cutting it back. Cutting it back. Putting it back. About one minute before air or two minutes before air, they got great fire footage from downtown little rock, no nobody was hurt in the fire but it was great pictures of fire. And they cut his report back to 20 seconds. And he said, if they hadnt had the money to fight that fire, i wouldve had my minute and a half. Its clearly stuck in my mind because i told the story. Mcneil always said that too. If we get too fat and sassy, you will do things that are not required. This way, when you are limited by money, you do what you must rather than what you kind of want to do. In radio, that is not true. What we are doing is opening beer wrote all over the place. Bureaus all over the place. When we are living in a world where what happened in athens affects your 401 k you need to , have more International Coverage rather the them less and more national coverage. So, really, the money goes to those very expensive foreign bureaus which are very difficult to do. I would argue it is essential in this time. We need all of the money we can get. Thank you. [laughter] is probably a story i shouldnt have told. The one thing i would say is, sorry to interrupt, corporations, in the early days. We went to at t, etc, we got huge amount of money, in retrospect. That has diminished drastically. But, foundations have upped the ante and they understand there are more visionary. You can give as an individual which was never possible before. Unidentified speaker have a lot of money and is not that we never had a surplus. But, foundations and individuals support the program now. You can give us an individual to support the pbs newshour. Which was never possible before. But we are doing that in a membership kind of way. Did the funding situation affect the work you are able to do it anyway . You. I recognize my name. I like fires. What a story. I was never thinking about such things as funding. It is a bad habit, sort of frame of mind. I have to be urged every now and then to make a phone call or in effort or Something Like that. But the shows i was able to do people say you are going into , Public Television. That is for intellectuals. Intellectual is a very dangerous label to have put on you when youre in television. Whether it is public or the other sort. But i remember appreciating the fact that abc would have gone a gotten a little nervous when i would have on Great Entertainment reporter, actor, philosopher teacher and would have him on five nights in a row a couple of times. And people wanted more. I can imagine trying to do that elsewhere, shall we say. I really was not conscious of funding in ways that were probably harmful to me. I might have been able to help with it if i had pitched in in certain ways. Did you feel the freedom to do what you wanted when youre working at pbs . Interview the people you wanted and do the kind of programming that you wanted to do . I did. I usually just did the kind of program i wanted to do. I got away with it. I am not aware of any particular gripes of the sort i was used to on abc. Good. We will take that. [laughter] i am, am i disgustingly happy . I want to come back to hugo. How do you see this question of resources . How much of an issue is it . Are you able to ignore it or how does it affect what you do . I want to say that its really important that we maintain the independence of public broadcasting whether it be radio or television. It is a value have to be militant about. That is also true for bilingual stations. How do build not only a station but a network when you are serving people with literally no disposable income . Part of it is the employees subsidized the service, in part. Which, from the history of Public Television subsidized hal . Subsidized how . Low wages. Keeping those employees was a challenge. The other is that foundation that we managed to attract. As the competition for that has grown, our share of it has gone lower for Public Affairs and news and information from the foundation. That is competition. It is really difficult for us. So i would say that, for news and information in spanish is really difficult for us to maintain. That leads to my last question. How do you see the future of news, the future of Public Affairs in radio and television . Do you feel confident about it . I like to feel very confident about it. Wherever i go, i hear good things about the news hour. What do you hear . I think one of the things that we are learning is that congress likes npr. They cannot always say it out loud. But the truth is that it gets back to what the nick was saying earlier. They are all on and it is in all of their districts and it is the source of news. But, of course, the federal funding is a tiny percentage of npr money. It is really just a satellite. But the stations rely on it a lot. Particularly the small rules small, rules stations. Rural stations. That is an important thing to keep in mind. That these are people who are desperate for this kind of information. Sometimes, it is also the only emergency signals. All of that. So, i think the fact of the service is so wide spread and diverse and so well listened to by people in all areas of american life, that i feel confident about the future. But i do think it requires resources. I was going to say that the last two years have proven more than ever the need for what we do. It is so complex, depressing too many, hopeful to those who thought they were electing someone who would stand for them. But, the country is changing so fast. The political system is practically impossible to understand. The despair of being ungovernable, but delivering some sense of rationale to what happened today, and this week and this year, plus analysis and plus, the, complex, sensitive ideas about what might happen in the future. We are doing that in a way that nobody else is. If we just stay true to our mission, stick to the straight and narrow, i think we have a great future. I agree 100 . [applause] every one of us im sorry. Two vaud evillians competing. After you, my dear. I was just going to say amen. The basic need for the free press was set up by the founders. They are the key to our Democratic Society is an informed public. The only device that the founders created through the First Amendment was the free press. That is the device for people to get information and cast informed votes. At all levels of government. We and public broadcasting, and we in journalism, we who facilitate journalism, who practice and participate in it at any level are part of the democratic process that is particularly critical right now with this explosion of information coming out. With the tsunami of electronic this and that gadget and this other. This is a critical time and i agree with what sharon said. We must not lose sight of what our purpose is. It isnt about making people laugh or making them cry. It is about keeping them informed enough to function as informed people in this country, informed citizens. [applause] i do agree with sharon on that, particularly on you dont agree with me . I always have. As the are all living in this sphere of this seeming time of plague, certainly there has to be the service that only public broadcasting can do so well and continues to be this great garden of thrilling, varied, wonderful things that are not available elsewhere. There is still not beholden and they are, puppet television is still vital to our lives. I believe it. It sounds corny, but i believe it. [applause] if you are not optimistic, you cannot speak. I am optimistic and i agree with the distinguished panelists. In terms of spanishlanguage news and information, i think the need is there for basic information along with news and information to the latino community. I think the future for the spanishlanguage is to be able to communicate that it informs. Thank you for the invitation. Or what the reality is and the need for that because it is so critical. Thank you very much. So critical. So critical. I want to thank all of the panelists. But i want to read a little bit of an email that we at the news hour got from our colleagues jeff brown, who had been interviewing inmates at san quentin prison for a story they are working on about a podcast they are producing which will appear on the news hour. What a want to share with you is jeff wrote all of us to say that several dozen inmates in different parts of the prison, from different places and different parts of the country came up to him and the cruel while they were there to say, hey, pbs. We do not know what we would do without pbs. That is how they felt. Youre probably right. No, but they went on to say how much the Program Means while to, while jeff is interviewing an inmate, they can hear the program in the next cell being listened to. I just want to say we have reached people in public media in every corner of this country. We are not in intellectual and political capitals and places of great wealth. We are in parts of the country where people are struggling and trying to get their lives back together. And those are the stories we will always tell. What an amazing panel. Thank you. If they were if some of those inmates were to join their local public broadcasting, it would be a wonderful funding to transfer. [laughter] i will to you one quick story because it is so funny. It gets to the xlib point you just made. Showe point, i was on the and the host took a leaf to write a book and a former and a took a leave to write a cow and a farmer said my will not give milk. He said he was always going into the milking barn and turning on all Things Considered and they heard susan and gave milk. Without susan, no milk. [laughter] [applause] ok, we heard it. Thank you all. Interested in American History tv . Visit our website. You can review our tv schedule and preview upcoming programs and watch college lectures, archival films and more. American history tv at cspan. Org history. Cspan where history unfolds daily. In 1979, cspan was created as a Public Service by americas Television Companies and brought to you today by your cable or satellite provider. Week, a 1980s training video on Sexual Harassment awareness created by the Walter Reed Army medical center. Heres a preview. To make aing to have tough decision. I am going to look at both of your records and see which of you really is probably qualified more than the other for the program. I will make a decision on monday morning. How is that . Thank you, sir. I needed to see for a moment, please. Did you want to see me about my application . Yes. And some other things. You know, debbie, how are you doing . Fine, how are you. I have been thinking about you the past couple of weeks. Please, think about what i have been asking you to do the last couple of months. Larry not that again. I would like to spend some time with you. Why not . I have given you a million reasons before. Cant we drop it at that . Drop it at that. If you selecty, me this weekend, i will select you for the course. It is up to you. Watch the entire film on reel america here on American History tv only on cspan3. Tvnext on American History from the society of the cincinnati in washington, d. C. , candidate rachel engl discusses the subject of her dissertation, americas first band of brothers, friendship camaraderie within the Continental Army during the revolutionary era. This program is just over an hour. Good evening, ladies and gentlemen and welcome to the headquarters of the society of the cincinnati and home of the American Revolution institute. An the cincinnati and the vice chairman of its history committee, it does me great honor to introduce to you this evening speaker, rachel engl