Good afternoon. Want to build on what we began to talk about last week. On monday. Africanamericans have a civil society, and that is a civil society, i mean a wherey outside the state people had social networks, continuities good continuities. One of the interesting things that has come out of those connections is a kind of leadership out of a black congregation, particularly the. Lergy in the suspicion, i will talk to much about men, but males have dominated in some ways the kind of conversation about american politics for a number of reasons, as we can see. We can see if this will work, lets try this again. So there are a host of characters, im not going to talk about all of them, but there are some things i really want you to Pay Attention to. One, Indigenous Community organization. Black churches are Indigenous Community organizations. It is indigenous because it is controlled by the people at the very lowest level, at the ground level. I dont mean that low in terms of status, but at the ground level. Therefore, you can see this other words, it creates its organic leadership. Leadership that belongs to its own community. A littlealk about that bit more, some of these terms, ecclesiastical politics, National Public personalities, all of those. One of the things you will see, you will note is that black female,eople, male or have to build a support system, have to be affirmed by its own ie, thats what i need mean by organic leadership. Tot leadership is crucial churches,ch black black american politics and so on. 1972, this is one of the few books that tries to examine black politics by charles hamilton, called a black preacher in america. It came out in 1972. Professor hamilton is still alive. He is a political scientist best known for a book he wrote, coauthored with Stokely Carmichael called black power, the politics of liberation. , itcan see at the top there is highlighted, the politics of liberation. Professor hamilton began to study in some ways clergy writing aand ended up book on when on one of the people we will talk about, adam clayton power powell. Very few people have studied activist clergy with the exception of Martin Luther king jr. , who gets a lot of ink like abraham lincoln. More ink is still on lincoln than anybody. The black preacher in america, he wanted to take this wide sweep in the 1970s to look at it. This book comes in the context of a book you have already read. That book, there are a group of books coming out shortly after the assassination of Martin Luther king. All of these books are coming out after the assassination of king as a minister, as a leader. There were a number of books coming out and people were thinking about, what did like history mean . Particularly in the air of black power. , in aoes that mean revision of black history. Work. An get this to you can see that in the 1970s, along with your book, there were tons of books coming out about slavery, revising the kind of estimation of slavery, and all of them made reference to slave communities and slave churches and the invisible institution, as it was called. All of them made reference to asked, the question was why didnt slaves rebel more . Why didnt they rebel like they would have done in a place like katie like haiti . What cap slaves from rebellion . His formulation is that there is a paternalism and religion was one thing that kept slaves from rebelling. These were kind of books that were coming out. The Slave Community wanted to revise how people understood what was going on at the time. And i give you this as a backdrop to the book because it is important to understand that this conversation is in an academic conversation with other books. If you thought about it for a moment, if you thought really hard about what is going on in the 1920s, the American Academic establishment wrote that slavery was a good thing. And that people were happy. And after reconstruction, africanamericans had no place in politics. They were written out of politics. This was then a kind of reversal of this. This became a long going conversation through the late 1950s, through the 1960s and the 1970s. And of course, we keep getting the new studies. I just wanted to put the context in here for you to understand hamiltons book on the black preacher. What was that role . Was it the role of pacification . Was it the role of charlatan . And so forth. The context for black preachers is this black preachers are as much american as apple pie. And what i mean by that is that black preachers come out of the same stuff that White American preachers come out of. The same stuff that you might have heard of for billy graham, or billy sunday, or from George Whitfield in the 1850s. Whitfield in the 18th century. Richard allen. All of those are coming out of the same source material. They are using the bible. They are evangelical in the protestant sense. And, of course, they are showmen. All religious leaders have to be showmen. And i do not mean that to be insultingly. I mean that if you say the mass, you have to be a performer. If you are a rabbi, people want you to be an excellent orator. They do not want to be bored when you give expression. In some ways, there is all of this performance that goes with this. Africanamericans are in an oppressive situation of slavery and post slavery, building institutions so people can live. By politics, i mean how black leaders engage the state regionally and nationally. Pertaining to laws and social inequities. I love this this took place in harlem. There was a Funeral Service for jim crow. That took place on the street. The social inequities. Jim crow. Racial apartheid. Jane crow, sexual apartheid. Voting, economic disparities. Black ministers in a way were different from their white counterparts have had to encounter not just the religious lies of their own people but the very laws that constrict the lives of their people. And it is important to note, that for a while, not now, but for a while, the clergy was the most educated people in the u. S. We forget that in the 19th century, many of the people that were educated were clergy. This is why Morehouse College was called Atlanta Baptist seminary. Spelman college was called the Atlanta Baptist seminary for women. These were the educated people and therefore they would take a place in leadership. And of course, we have now gone over and over the institutional parameters of the African Methodist Episcopal Church with the starting wilberforce college. Normally, the educated people become leaders, spokespersons, whatever the case may be. Because we created indigenous institutions, because the institutions black people learn politics and their institutions. Ecclesial politics is first. Where do your politics begin . Inside the church organization. Inside the temple organization. Inside the rabbi. And so forth. This is where the ecclesial politics become very important. It is a Training Ground. If you want to learn how to lead you need to have an organization , to lead. The women auxiliaries such as we have read about the women of church of god. All of those are places where people get training to have leadership. Leadership and they learn how to play politics. How do you organize your coalition . Within the church to get something done . How are you going to persuade the clergy that your program is valuable . Church politics was the first. As i told you about my grandfather. He became a deacon on sunday and that was a very Important Role and a political role because you had to be elected deacon in your church. You did not just become a deacon. And you wanted to remain on the deacon board so you had to learn how procedure. Ecclesial politics is a Training Ground. Even at the church you think has no similar organization. It has organization. Anrybody forgets that was indigenous learning, training. In 1906,other, born understood roberts rules of order better than the people i see running the meetings here at ku. She could rule you, she had a seventh grade education and she could rule you out of order. I wondered where she had learned all about. And she said at the church meetings. We know what is going and so forth. A clear field ecclesiastical politics. And then there is politics between the clergy. That is, if you are in a hierarchical system, a bishop system, you run for bishop. How are you going to become a bishop . Now, there are people who self appoint themselves bishops. Right . And they start an organization and call themselves bishops but there are also people that have to have that conferred by the people and the other clergy to vote you up the chain. And that also requires organizing and politics. There is nothing like going to a baptist convention, an ame convention, a Church Convention of any sort to watch the politics happen, because people operate at a very high level. And this was a Training Ground for a lot of the people. This ecclesial politics is a part of that indigenous organizing that is going on. Making sure that people learn the rules of order. I want to give you one example. These are two baptist ministers. The one is joseph h. Jackson. The head of the National Baptist convention. And the other one, you will recognize, Martin Luther king jr. King wanted joseph jackson, a chicagoan, to use to be more aggressive about civil rights. And joseph h. Jackson did not want to do that at all. He thought that the church should not be in politics. Im going to see if i can switch here for a minute. Will it work for me . Something is spinning. All right. It is slow. In kansas city, in 1961, the National Baptist convention met in kansas city and it was a controversial action going on. You should look at this site. The king global site. As a controversial leader he was not controversial, he was elected over and over again even if he had to do it semifraudulently. He was a political leader. Jackson often clashed with other leaders who believed that jacksons opposition to the use of civil disobedience for civil rights was too conservative. You have got to persuade your people at the convention who should be in. Jackson was not an uneducated man. Very sophisticated. Born in mississippi. Went to jackson college. Went to Colgate RochesterDivinity School in rochester, new york where Frederick Douglass is buried. And then he came out here to the midwest. He went to Creighton University to get his ma. Up north from us and omaha. He was ordained as a baptist minister. He resisted the civil rights impetus by king and others because he thought the church should not be in politics. The thing about jackson was that in chicago, he was very much in politics. He was very much aligned with mayor richard daley. He was very much aligned with daley and others because he wanted his people to get jobs. He wanted his people to get things. And chicago politics meant you had to be aligned with the daley machine. On the wooden hand, while he was saying, i do not want the National Baptist to be involved with civil rights too much, he, on the other hand, in chicago politics, tried to be kind of like a mini political boss. Anyway, by the 1960s, there was an outright battle to take over the convention from jackson. At the 1961 convention, you see this paragraph. In kansas city, missouri, jackson and taylor both claimed the presidency. Two people, gardner taylor, a famous black preacher from new york city, brooklyn, concord baptist. And a scuffle broke out. And a man was pushed off the stage and died. Baptist ministers, you know, all churches can get into a scuffle. They got into a scuffle. What happened was that jackson would blame king for this and scurrilous opeds. This is the internal politics of a community. However bad this may seem, this was a struggle and it led to the formation of another baptist convention. Called the progressive baptist. Remember, i told you. One baptist cannot tell another baptist what to do. These are the internal organizing politics of a community. All of them knew the procedures, the ways of moving, and there is always a power struggle. A power struggle for who will run the institutional levers of the community. During reconstruction, there were roughly 2000 black elected officials nationally. They were all males given the 15th amendment, and roughly a third or more were clergy. I pointed out to you Henry Mcneil Turner who was in the georgia statehouse. He was an ame bishop. They were all part of it because they were the reading populace. The question was whether or not these clergy people were on the side of their own people or were they on the side or were they too easy to compromise . This is a question that scholars ask all of the time. Do they compromise . Are they selling out the people . There is a myth that black clergy are selling out people for their own self interests. Some are. But this is the kind of thing that black clergy had to be the spokesmen because many of them , not all of them, had access to the kind of education that was needed to make legislation. One thing that you have to understand, black space and religion grew up in oppression. Of protestpeak politics. You have to always address the issue of inequities. Not as a matter of a local church issue but a national issue. Slavery was a national, international in many ways, slavery went from argentina all the way up through north america and the caribbean. Clergy were always speaking. One particular clergyman, garnet , really wanted to say he called for slave rebellion. He believed that slaves should rebel against their masters. One, he thought this because first of all, he said it violated his own theological proposition. The sabbath. He said slavery violates the sabbath. And so, scholars often miss this point of his. This is a violation of the sabbath and that means this is not a godgiven institution. They are damaging people. They are working people. Even god took a day off, and the sabbath ought to be honored. Slavery had stretched its dark wings of death over the land. Prophecies too falsely. It has grown, is established, and reigns triumphant and now 3 million of your fellow citizens are prohibited by law and public opinion. Which in this country is stronger than law, from reading the book of light. You could not even read the bible. Slaves could not read. It was against the law. He is a good protestant with the book. The bible for him, the protestant version of the bible. He died and is buried in monrovia, liberia. Like Henry Mcneil Turner, people began to think maybe i should return to the african continent. But you see, this is a long tradition of people protesting the very public sphere. This is not a new thing in black life. Womens movements, with an black within black Protestant Churches are also a political ground. More women, scholars studied club women a great deal, but to church vant adjoined black womens clubs. I will probably get hit by some of my scholar friends. But more women went to church. More ordinary women went to church and this is where they learned their politics. They first learned their politics sometimes in support of or against their clergy. Sometimes, they learned politics in support of or against their clergy. They may not agree with their clergy and they would withhold funds. If they wanted their clergy out, they would whisper. Three, many of them were married to the deacons if they were baptists or other forms, and they would say, get that person out. It was a form of politics going on. And also, black clergy, as ive told you before, are trying to make sure that they dont allow women to get too much power. It is a power struggle. Sometimes, about who is going to control. Women and womens movements within the black Protestant Church is all over. Methodist, episcopal. You name it. Our reading was from women of the church of god and christ. Im going to move up a minute. This is my man. Reverend ike. If you are a student of black churches, you have seen these. And if you havent, you can go on youtube. Reverend ike is one of the most fascinating americans. Why i chose him is because most people associate black clergy with a reverend ike or the big televangelists. He is kind of the father of televangelists and the prosperity gospel. That has been around for a long time. Before reverend ike, it was Norman Vincent peel. Be happy. Think and grow rich. Positive attitude. Having good faith people think confers value. These have always been in the american psyche. From the 19th century. Being positive, being selfreliant. There was no one quite like ike in this regard. This is from the new york times. This is his obituary. And, these were the kinds of lines that he used. You can see in the third paragraph. Your eyes ande see green. Right . He would tell his 5000 parishioners in washington heights. Way uptown, past harlem in new york. Much of it is a dominican neighborhood. This headquarters of his church. Money up to your armpits. A room full of money. There you are tossing it around, in it like a swimming pool. Like the cartoon character, little richie rich. This exhortation was quoted by the new york times. It was a vivid sampling of his philosophy. Which is called the prosperity cs. Pel or thinkonomi you just have to think of it and you get it. People associate all of black clergy with ike. Even the ikes had a social role. We will get to that. But then, we have another kind of black clergy. , in theof protestantism nation of islam. A debate stemming from alternative theology as a challenge to the state. Now, Elijah Mohammed is probably the most misunderstood and misinterpreted in many ways because he was his faith was nationalism. He believed that black people were priority and his cosmology came that way. I will see if this works for us but there is a little part of an interview that i want to show you. There is part of an interview i want to show you. [indiscernible] the white man, we say, is the devil. Why . Because of his [indiscernible] prof. Jelks the reason i show part of this is Elijah Mohammed built an organization with an interesting conglomeration of islam to try to pose for people an identity outside the state sanctioned black identity. That is, in his era you were born negro, you died negro, and you are impoverished. He is trying to come up with a cosmology that is different. And that he is trying to reshape the minds of people he considers that are poor, misguided, and he is trying to build an organization where they have some strength of identity. His targets were people who were migrating from the south like he did. Him his targets were people who had substance abuse, like he had once had in detroit. His targets were these people. He tried not to make himself known too much until a discovery of the nation of islam by tel aviv, by mike wallace in a documentary the hate that produces hate that came on television, that they discovered there was a whole nation of islam. I know you all know about malcolm x, but nobody really knew about this organization outside the black community really until it hits television. He has a substantial following of people in major cities, philadelphia, chicago, new york, and he is trying to give an alternative identity. My colleague at princeton has written a wonderful book about these kinds of organizations the nation is under called new world coming, about great migration, religion, about the transfer. For someone like Elijah Mohammed, the problem is the oldstyle Christian Churches are the real problem, because it pacifiies, as he argues. It pacifiers the people. He wants something that will make them selfreliant. He is not that much different in the practicality of what the church of god in christ is doing. Modestly dressed, hair covering, good work ethic, family life. This group along with Marcus Garvey becomes the target of fbi investigation already, because these are alternatives. Elijah muhammad is a little bit controversial, because he was rooting for the japanese. He said, that is a colored people who might defeat these europeans. There is a long history of black people until world war ii being enamored with the japanese as a colored people that might beat back the european imperialism. Without questioning the imperialism of the japanese. So he has got an alternative. Secondly, he goes to jail because he refuses to fight in world war ii. So he is seen as a threat to the state, whereas the other people we are talking about had not been seen as a threat to the state and its policy. One of the great characters of all time, very interesting in the depression area, is Father Divine. I know you have not heard of them. There is Father Divine and daddy grace, but we are just going to talk about Father Divine. Father divine also uses his religious notions to offer alternatives. The first thing you notices is his wife, right . This is the 1930s. In 1967, the Supreme Court ruled against the state of virginia in loving v. Virginia on interracial marriages. He says his religion allows him to marry whoever he wants to. Lets take a little peek at over the country, people pay homage to his name. He speaks with a loudspeaker in his inner sanctum. [indiscernible] prof. Jelks so Father Divine is different. Actually he is feeding people during the depression. He is also providing some kind of that Peace Mission is supporting some kind of alternative identity for people. So religious identities are different. He is not challenging the structure in the same way that Elijah Muhammad is, but he is in essence doing the same thing, creating businesses, trying to create jobs at the height of the depression, and creating a sensation. You have a question . Got to go to the mic. My question is is this on . Yes. My question is why is it ok why were they calling him god . Why is that ok in his eyes . Usually it is blasphemy, people are calling other people god. I know in the muslim religion, that is really bad, but also in christianity. Also judaism, it is blasphemous to call yourself god. He is calling himself god for a number of reasons. One that he is delivering the manna from heaven, and people buy into it or they go along with it, we cant tell. Some people actually believe, some people im getting things from this dude while it lasts. There were attempted investigations of Father Divine, Peace Missions. I forget exactly the details of the story, but one of the investigating people died. He said, you know, i told you. Because he was using uppercase g instead of lowercase g. That was all i had. And where they praying to him . We dont know if they were praying to him or just saying, as long as he is delivering goods. This is the tricky part. We dont know if people in this and of course, this is shot to give him more publicity, so it is shot in the positive. But he is a radical alternative than what is going on in general society. He is breaking rules and he is saying religion can break the rules. That feeds political struggle. Thanks. So he says his religion allows him to marry whoever he pleases. Was his marriage legal in the eyes of the courts . Thats a good question. We dont know. There are several different biographies on him and several different really good books, about three of them. We dont know. Was she the money funder . They were in a relationship. The difference is that clearly he has also a social mission involved. He is engaging people at their very basic needs, food, jobs, businesses. Both he and Elijah Muhammad are, in that regard, trying to create a broader infrastructure that provides people for their needs, because the state blocks people from those kinds of things. By breaking the rules, saying, i am allowed to marry outside my race, he has got to be a bad man, because he is doing something nobody else though the other person who could get away with that would be jack johnson, the boxer. Of course, he got jail time. But not Father Divine. The great churches that were established in the United States that still exist in 1808 was Abyssinian Baptist Church. Abyssinian is one of the names you can look up used for ethiopia or as part of ethiopia, the kingdom of abyssinia. The man in the back is the pastor of the Abyssinian Baptist Church, the reverend Adam Clayton Powell sr. He will move Abyssinian Baptist Church from roughly its midtown location, where central park is in the 1950s, up to harlem, and they will build a building in 1925. That is the building all these students are standing in front of. Adam Clayton Powell sr. Was a traditional pastor. Harlem had several large churches, all kinds of different churches. Saint philips episcopal, abyssinian, and the list could go on. A sizable Roman Catholic church. Allblack in this neighborhood. But abyssinian had a storied history because it will become the storied history of his son, Adam Clayton Powell jr. He will inherit the church. This is a very interesting thing. Churches and religion become the family business. So if i am the son or daughter of a rabbi, i might become a rabbi. If i am the son or daughter of a baptist minister, i might become a baptist minister. And i will learn, even if i dont become them, i will learn politics at the foot of my father or grandfather or whoever it was. Adam Clayton Powell was this sort of social gospel. Like Father Divine, they were roughly contemporary he has all kinds of social operations coming out of Abyssinian Baptist Church to serve the needs of people who are desperate, looking for jobs, looking for the good life. Black preachers have to serve as their congregations in all kinds of levels, not just abstract spirituality, but at the level of god and social needs. The Church Functions as a social service unit. This is his son. Adam Clayton Powell jr. Baptist minister, married. In 1941, he was elected on the democratic ticket as new york citys first black city councilmember. After serving on the council for three years, powell in 1944 adopted a progressive civil rights platform. A Successful Campaign to serve in the house of representatives representing harlem. When powell took office in 1945, he became the first black congressman from new york state. Having chicago roots, he is johnnycomelately. In chicago we like black congressmen. Im just saying. But there was nobody more flamboyant than adam. Yes . What was his he looks very white. Is he black people can look white, right . I was wondering, was his mom black his mom was very fair skinned. We have this very crazy role in crazy rule in the United States. One drop from sub Sahara Africa and you are black. The powells proudly claimed their blackness, even though adam was originally born with blonde hair and blue eyes. You look at his baby pictures, it is like, no. But he is black and his father is black and they are the blackest of black, right . Let me give you a little clip of adam. [indiscernible] god said to moses, whats in your hand . [indiscernible] he said, let me use what is in your hand. God used that to divide the red sea, bring water out of rocks, and bring his people the freedom. Whats in your hand . [applause] whats in your hand . [indiscernible] walk with him and talk with him, stick together and fight together, and with gods hand in your hand, the victory will be accomplished sooner than you dreamed, sooner than you hoped, sooner than you planned for, sooner than you imagined. Good night and god bless you. So adam was cool, all those things. He led in the congress until he was unceremoniously put out of congress in the late 1960s. Adam, unfortunately or fortunately, had a little trouble in an island called bimini. That seems to be a very sticky place for politicians. Both he and president ial candidate gary hart both probably got caught on the monkey business, let me put it that way. Again, the fatherson business is political. Martin luther king jr. Is the son of Martin Luther king senior and was the grandson of the second pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist church. That is the line of succession. His brother albert, named after his grandfather, was also a baptist minister. The kind of ways that one learns leadership is in the kind of context of the ecclesial politics. How to galvanize people, how to bring people together, how to win a majority. All those things are useful when you go into electoral politics, whether you are the mayor. Of course, we dont live far from kansas city here. We have a sitting congressperson representing the city of kansas city, missouri, emanuel cleaver. He is an ordained methodist minister. These kinds of ways the Training Ground for families is the politics. Politics becomes very important, because anytime you are running an organization you are engaged in policy, whether you are the School Principal or you are the superintendent, you still have to bring people together. And how are you going to do that . When there are oppositions to your point of view, these are the kinds of questions, the kind of Training Ground where people learn their politics, is at the local level. So black people learn politics from their local organization. One of the few women that i want to point out to you is a woman i met when i was a high school student, addie wyatt. Her maiden name was once cameron. Addie l. Wyatt. Wyatt worked as a meatpacker between 1941 and 1954, combining that with looking after children with her husband and increased involvement with the labor unions. The packing house Food Alliance workers union. By the early 1950s she was a wellknown activist and in 1953 was elected Vice President of her branch, becoming the first black woman to hold a Senior Office in a American Labor union. In 1955, wyatt was ordained into the church of god. Not the church of god in christ, there is another church of god where her husband was a minister. Wyatt worked on the south side of chicago organizing labor. They served together at the vernon Avenue Church of god in christ in chicago. She was quite the dynamic person. Once again, she is not at the national level. You dont read about addie wyatt at the national level, but she is an operator. She understands the internal politics of the church because she is married to a minister and becomes one herself, but she is also a labor organizer. Having the experience of bringing people together to work. Im going to show you a bit of an interview with her, talking about her labor experience. She is older then. I was impressed. How could two young black women meet with two white bosses and achieve [indiscernible] i was told it was because of the union. It was a violation of the Union Contract and she explained to me, and i was really rude. I wanted to do something to help the union. I knew i needed help and here was a place i could get help. [indiscernible] i could join with them to make the union strong and powerful enough to bring about change. So addie wyatt combines that with her own religious beliefs, that working people need protection. That became a very important aspect of it. When i met her as a high school student, she was trying to convince us why we should be thinking about what labor meant, not only as a sort of way of keeping wages at a certain level, but what it did for peoples lives immediately. How do you protect peoples lives . For her, she combined both of these things and became a very important local leader in the chicago area. Outside of chicago, not a lot of people know about her. But in my era, she was a very important local labor leader and religious voice, because she could go into many Protestant Churches around chicago and talk about what Labor Protections meant for ordinary people, why was important. Not in this interview, but she saw this as a religious duty as well. You have a question . In her in the union and when she became part of the church, did they just help africanamerican women, or did they also help africanamerican men, in the sense of show the labor union was for everybody. Right, right. Im just asking because, was there a sort of, kind of specifically detailed way for africanamerican women to get not only be a part of the union and get help by the union benefits, but also by the church. We should say in a certain era, all people who attended any kind of black religious organization were working people. They were not always collegeeducated working people. They were working people who work in retail, domestic service. Cities like kansas city, chicago, omaha, were still centers of meatpacking and other things. If you read the jungle, in high school, it is enough to make you a vegetarian, right . But people worked in these conditions. You wanted to make sure people had safe conditions, that they were properly paid. She fused her labor organizing with her religious activity, so they became one. She often will come to work with Jesse Jackson later on. Bill gray, not too many people know about him, but the other day i mentioned florida memorial Baptist University down in miami. It was on the powerpoint the other day. His father was a baptist minister, so was bill gray, and his father was the president of florida memorial. He was also a politician. He became the first in the house of representatives to become the House Majority whip in 1989 and 1991. He served as chairman of the house budget committee. Those are all big deals. If you Pay Attention to the tax proposals right now, if you are the chairman of the house budget committee, you are powerful chairman. This is something everybody learn from Adam Clayton Powell jr. For all of his interesting dalliances, he was a politician and served on very powerful committees to get legislation through. That is how you get legislation through. Powell, bill gray all learn how to work the system and to navigate it. He is the first person he dies in 2013, too early. He became after leaving congress, he became the president of the United Negro College fund. Of course, he is at a very powerful time, being in the House Committee on the budget, because he is working with george bush the first. He has to help shepherd him raising taxes through, because under the Reagan Administration the budget gets out of kilter and they have to raise taxes. Bill gray is it. If you look at his background, you can see he has learned the art of politics, again through those organizations that he is trained up in. That is primarily in his case the baptist church. Jesse Lewis Jackson sr. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2017] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org]