The breakdown might be. Well, lauren, i think it actually is sort of acrosstheboard. It really starts with k12 education and the fact that for too many young people cannot be getting to think about whats next intellect high school and that frankly is i think too late. I believe we have to start exposing students as early as Early Middle School to a variety of opportunities and pathways, and giving them the opportunity to hear from and experience what some of those things might be like to give it a broader view from what might come after high school. K12 in general is simply walled off into many ways from higher ed, from a traditional fouryear experience or a Community College or a career and technical experience. And we need to really be intentional about taking those walls down, taking those silos down. And for business in particular, i think theres been a giant silo between business and education for too long. And im seeing now many places where the communities had really come together, and business and Industry Leaders are introducing themselves to educators, and vice versa, and saying how can we Work Together to meet our longterm needs for this community . I see a lot of those kinds of partnerships popping up and i think its because Many Companies realize government is not going to do it all. Even, you do, or we cant rely on the government to do this kind of training. Weve got to take more of an active role in it. Theres a lot of innovation and experimentation happening now which is exciting. What do you think the government can do to facilitate more of that . There are some things we can do on the margins at the federal level. I think states have a much larger role to play in this regard, but we have advanced a few ideas that we think will help to provide young people different opportunities, pell grants today are not available for shortterm certification or credential programs. We think that this is a good step to look at expanding those opportunities. The reauthorization of perkins five really provides states a lot of flexibility in creating new on ramps for students for career and Technical Education, and we are encouraging that this is with the perkins five reauthorization, this is a really important point where point in time where industry cae together with educators to create something new and different. Thats the villa authorize i think . 3 billion of spending . Yes. And i would just say that theres not, i dont think as much, enough focus on or if the federal government is going to invest in Higher Education, they should be more focus on supporting the multitude of pathways, and recognizing that for a lot of students today coming out of high schools, the opportunities are great for a highpaying challenging career through which they can grow and advance, you know, while not taking on a bunch of student debt, and yet we continually talk about Fouryear College or university as the path that students should really take. The messages around that are very mixed or sort of confusing to parse out because on the one hand, student debt is at a record level. Its 1. 5 trillion now. A lot of people Start College and dropout and basically get nothing for that investment for the most part. On the other hand, the college premium, the amount your wages will be higher than somebody who graduate from high school is higher than its ever been. Clearly theres a good reason why people think of college as the obvious next up for the best next step. Do you think there are too many young people going to college today . I think theyre too many young people that are starting a Traditional College with no idea of what they really want to pursue and theyre taking on student debt, and after year and after two years there dropping out and having to start over with really nothing to show for it. With 1. 5 trillion in student debt, it is an important time to take a step back and look at how we can message different and encourage young people to explore what they are really wired up to do much earlier on in their life. And not wait until graduating high school to say okay, well, i guess the next thing for me is that Fouryear College. I have no idea what im going to do or what i want to do, but again really winding it back and helping students know and understand what their innate aptitudes are and getting a good idea of what they might want to pursue as i think something that communities have to take responsibility for any major way. I just visited a really interesting place in texas last week, very Large IndustrialConstruction Company that is not having nearly enough success in finding workers who are skilled for the jobs that they have. They have welcomed veterans. The welcomed unemployed. I met a number of previously unemployed young women, one of whom had earned a Fouryear College degree and couldnt get hired anywhere. And they went to a 16 week program and now have, they are earning a great wage. They have every opportunity to continue to build on those skills and advance in this company with no end in sight in terms of what they might be able to do. Thats just one of many places that i see really thinking creatively and taking matters into their own hand. Because theyre just not been able to get the skills they need to do the jobs they have. We are seeing the Companies Say were not going to require a College Degree anymore. Google has done that come some other tech companies. Firms are getting the message both because they cant hire you think keep the requirements of high and also because some job simply dont require that kind of background and that kind of debt. I do want to ask you, given tt her audience here controls the Purse Strings basically, what do you think companies should be doing . What is their responsibility comes to figure out how to prepare their workforce . I think its really an opportunity, an opportunity to think differently about the kind of workers that your Company Needs today and in the future, and to look creatively within your own community as to how you can solve the problem or need the needs of your business both today and tomorrow. Im sure youve all heard the prediction of kindergartners starting this year, it will graduate from high school in 2030, and 85 of of the jobs have not yet been created. So this is a really important time to really approach things differently than we have before. And i worked with enough individuals in the financial world to understand that sometimes that might not, that might be a little more difficult to think about and to do, but it is i think a really important opportunity to work more closely with your own communities and look at ways that you can partner with educators today. More and more educators are open to and cognizant of the fact that education fundamentally has to change. But they need encouragement just like i think you can be encouraging of them to really take the steps to come together and solve those problems together. I just, i know that ivanka trump has been working with a number of large employers to advance the pledge to the american worker, and today she Just Announced that over 10 million commitments to expanding opportunities for current workers, the pledges have been made and they are again so many opportunities today but we have to think more critically about how to meet those needs and look at the development of Human Capital in the same way that would look at Capital Investment of other goods and, you know, equipment within a business. On that note i want to pull up our poll question for the audience. In the current fiscal year my company has, made significant new investment in employee training, kept spinning about the same, and decreased it. We will take a look back in a moment to see where the result in up. I recently wrote the story that included some statistics that i had not been aware of before, which is that the u. S. On a list of oecd countries, we are second to last in terms of our spending, government spending, on career and continued education. Should we be putting more money into Postsecondary Education specifically for Career Training . I know we have the perkins act. Thats 1. 3 billion. Should dollars. Should we be putting a lot more in . I think its an important question for congress to wrestle with. This administration has been very supportive of really supporting the multiple pathways to a successful adult life and careers, and i think, i think that we do need to examine where the resources are going from the federal level and what messages we are sending either overtly or sort of subliminally about what we value. We should be valuing a lot more types of opportunities than we have sent signals for in the last several decades. Certainly a Fouryear College and university is a a good ansr for a lot of young people, but for a lot of them it might not be the answer today. It might be, it might be for them five or ten years from now. We really need to i think embrace a learning as a lifelong pursuit, not one that is episodic and that we check off the box by the time we are 21 or 22 or a few years older with a graduate degree. Everybody talks of Lifelong Learning but baked into her educational system is, and just kind of like the way we think about this issue as a society is an idea that education is over by the time you are about 25. We dont have a lot of resources for people or are continuing ad especially in an era where we are upscaling is so critical of your skills from your current job, we skill for a Career Change is so critical. I think a lot about how we can encourage a vet in people, how companies can encourage it and how we can do have policies tht encourage it. Right now we see this proliferation of, theres a lot of innovation in the world of education, Educational Technology with boot camps. With Online Education platforms. Nano degrees, certificates every much anything under the earth. Theres linked in learning, all these places where people can get additional training. Theres not a lot of oversight or standards for that, and in many ways it nears the forprofit education system, where mirrors most of these comp is have profit motive and again that not a lot of oversight on quality or standards. When i talk to employers they dont recognize these credentials. They dont know how to value them and thats very frustrating for workers who have gone and gotten them. In this wild west of situation right now, where can government stepped in to help kind of managing this profit of innovation provide some oversight . Well, i think the role federally is to provide as wide boundaries as is feasible and possible, particularly if federal resources are following some of these efforts. But i think its really important to ensure the most innovation and creativity, the opportunity for it to develop appropriately and robustly to, you know, really let the market work to the greatest extent possible. And on the other hand, look to some of the education innovators who are having Great Success as validated by the marketplace. Are they graduates of whatever degree or Certification Program getting hired, and are the advancing in their career . Well, they should be highlighted and more people will emulate them. Ones that are not take effective probably wont be very longlived. Clearly where federal resources our involvement there have to be appropriate boundaries, and that is i think an important piece, but i think we have to allow for a lot more creativity and innovation to enter the Education World because we have not kept up with the rest of the world in terms of opportunity. I think we will end up at a place with us a little more transparency because i hear a lot from workers who say i wanted to get a degree or want to get some training in Digital Marketing. Its always Digital Marketing because it seems easier than data science and people are familiar with marketing. So they will google it and they will come the top three results, they will choose one of those programs and sometimes their spending 1000 which can be tough for a lot of people and really have no idea whether or not theyre going to get the outcomes they are looking for. I see a lot of vendors also selling directly to corporations but i think theres a much better vetting process hopefully. I do want to take a quick look at our poll results. The 2 say theyve theyve made significant investments in employee training. Each of us and keeping it about the change and know what is decreasing their investment in training so thats good news. That is. Id be interested to know what the plan is for next year and beyond, if thats going to continue to increase. There are some other countries that are trying to get things like france to start a program where they are each worker or person of working age is given 500 euros to put towards their training that they can either spend that year or save it up to about ten years or so. You see countries experimenting with how how do we invest in the notion of Lifelong Learning . Exactly. I really think that we could benefit from learning what switzerland has done in terms of apprenticeship opportunities, and i dont know if youve had any discussion about that here, but it was really interesting for me to learn when visiting their that almost 70 of their High School Students are in some kind of an apprenticeship. So theyre earning what they are still learning in high school, and they can go on to anyone at 230 different apprenticeships as decided by the canton and businesses jointly. They are constantly dropping off her friendships that are longer relevant, adding new ones, and they are really i think perfected a system of lifelong education that is very permeable. So you can come into it and come out of it as a formal Education Program at any point in your life. And the notion of apprenticeship is, i think we were pretty narrow view of it here. If my view was broadened when i realized that the ceo of ubs started as an apprentice in the bank. Well, i think that are very few sectors where earning and learning wouldnt work in some way. And i think, i think, you know, business can be challenged to think more broadly about how that might look in your own company, and i know that there are companies that are informally starting these kinds of programs today. I think as theres more interest generated that will be more opportunity to come together with diseases of similar size or scale or focus, and develop some more of these opportunities. Apprenticeship is one of those rare bipartisan issues. Were going to get some questions from the audience. Questions . Over here. Very interesting, thank you. My name is christina. Wondering what advice you would give a painting student coming, entering their college, University Years and what kind of programs you think of right now applicable to that person, just looking at what to do versus apprenticeship, school, curriculum engines what the output is in the job market. Well, i think that would depend very much on the individual and what, you know, what he or she was interested in pursuing. I mean, theres so into the opportunity for the types of programs that one can pursue, and i think, i think for a lot of young people theres almost too many, and trying to sort through that is challenging, and i think thats another opportunity for the k12 years is to start at a younger age to talk about what kinds of things you might actually have the innate skills to do. So i cant give you a very specific answer because it really would depend on the individual. Tell us a little bit about sorry. [inaudible] in terms of training and teaching the child what are the options out there. Well, i know that there are some places that it began to look at this more seriously. I think about a school i visited in tennessee. It was a really multifaceted career and Technical High School that had a lot of different opportunities for students who are both going to pursue a traditional fouryear experience in engineering and or some other subject areas, but also ones in career and technical. But i but i believe it was in eh grade all of the students in that high school did some kind of an aptitude test. So they would have a better understanding of what their innate gift and talents were, and how they might be able to actually develop them and what kinds of locations would line up with those aptitudes. I think a lot more schools, a lot more communities might look seriously at that to help students know and understand at an earlier age what some of the things they are innately good at doing. Tell us your thoughts on immigration and the role it plays here here as a businessman i spoke with who does a lot of business in china and the United States, says he thinks the United States should staple a green card on the back of every diploma it hands out to every credit student west come from abroad. We wanted to stay here. We want their expertise here. Dont go home and compete with us. Do you buy that idea . Is that a good idea . I think immigration and the future of what immigrants can bring and add to our country is of critical importance. Our president clearly believes this and thinks this as well with the most recent proposal around immigration that deal specifically with international students. The focus has been on exceptional students and students coming with, and maintaining high levels of academic achievement will have come , under this proposal would have opportunity to apply before the even graduated for green card, and if they can demonstrate a job waiting for them when they graduate, we want them to stay here. We want them to contribute, and i think, i think that this is a really important policy that we should all be embracing. Any of the last questions . Right here. You touched upon this little bit, but does it concern you and whats your perspective in terms of the Tipping Point we might preaching in the u. S. Where an undergrad gets to school and spending a quarter Million Dollars to get a degree . And how the u. S. Maintains competitiveness with other nations in terms of how they evolve . Because a guy thats got three kids, im sitting there even in the cfo role thinking about the future and how to help im going to help pay for three kids go to school. I genuinely think we get to a Tipping Point. I couldnt agree more. I think the cost, clearly the cost of Higher Education in the u. S. Has gone up astronomically, at an astronomically greater rate than the cost of nearly anything else. And theres lots of theories as to what has fueled that and what the reasons are for that. But i think for students going forward, giving a lot more information about what they are buying is of critical importance. Importance. Helping to become a lot more financially literate as they enter a higher Education Program. One of the things that were doing as we really reforming and reframing the federal student aid platform is to put on one side, the college scorecard, the Program Level data for every higher and institution. So if you want to pursue come if you think you want to pursue this type of program but you are considering for a five different schools you will be able to look at what the cost is for the program at each of those institutions, and that also what youre likely earning potential is, two, five continues at based on data from those who graduate from those programs. I think this is going to be really Important Information for Prospective Students to have. I also think, i also know that the reforms that we are advancing around accreditation are going to afford a lot more opportunities for creativity in Higher Education, and the more, the more opportunities there is a bear, the more that ultimately i think the price is going to be, start to come down because theres going to be more, there are going to be better opportunities at lower costs advanced as as a result of somf these reforms. One last here we go. Tell us a you are. Meredith jones with amazon web services. So having been the beneficiary myself of a very diverse set of educational experiences, homeschooling, public school, private school and so forth i see tremendous value in having diversity of educational expenses and in particular very immersive education expenses. So what can we expect to see with regard to more diversity in education, particularly in the formative years . Thats a great question, and i am thrilled to build to talk about our initiative to advance education freedom. So i term as education freedom, particularly for k12 students, and we know that for a lot of kids that are, everybody is assigned aced on your zip code, your address, you live, Traditional Public School refer to be of the students its not working. And yet their families dont have the option of moving somewhere else or paying the tuition for a private school. We are advancing this notion that parents should be empowered to make those decisions. And if were spending money on the students to begin with, let parents and students take that money to a school thats going to be the right fit for them. So the proposal is to establish a federal tax credit that individuals and corporations could voluntarily contribute to. States would decide whether they wanted to participate or not. No mandate from the federal level. Not creating a new program to administer. And if a state did elect to participate, they would be able to create a program or programs that would empower these students ultimately with the scholarship to choose the right fit for them, educationally. So i encourage people to think more broadly about what they could look like. Because immediately those who are, you know, defend what is and defend the status quo will say, well, its just taking money away from public schools. But no, we think more broadly about expanding career and Technical Education opportunities for high schoolers, expanding dual enrollment opportunities, course choice so that you could take a language from the finest instructor living on the other side of the world, or some other course that your school is not able to offer, or apprenticeship opportunities. Think very broadly about how we can introduce different choices and different opportunities to really fit the needs of the wide range of learning styles and needs that students have. And that is a proposal thats been introduced both inhouse and the senate. Both the bill sponsors and i working hard on gaining support for that for the initiative. We think its a really important way to advance this notion that we should have a lot more freedom in education during those k12 years. Did i see one last question . Way in the back. Yes, please. Can you share your view of University Score . Are you referring to the s. A. T. . Yes. The recent i think that speedy can you tell us what that is for the general audience . And im not an expert in the s. A. T. Test or anything. I think that anything that does not recognize students as individuals and treat them on their own merit is illconceived and it ultimately will have, you know, the downstream effect is not going to be what the original idea or intention is. What i think we need to be focused on is this notion of more education freedom so that we are not forcing all too many kids into a one size fits all approach in their k12 years. I think we sometimes focus solely on Higher Education and forget about the fact that high schools, yeah, 12 graders are graduating every single year, many of whom are ill prepared to enter the workforce or enter a Fouryear College or university or any other higher ed setting. In fact, i would be really curious how much, how many resources everyone who, you know, the company that you represent here, expand on essentially on remediation or preparation that many of these students should have had after coming through 13 years of formal education. I believe our focus needs to be on providing more freedom and more opportunities for students at those earlier years, and ultimately that we treat students as the individuals that are. Standardized testing like the sap have a role, or is it too problematic and should we get rid of the s. A. T. . Well, i think, you know, i think Higher Ed Institution could have a wide range of measures that you look at in their admissions process, but i think, you know, theres a lot about education in general that needs to change, and i think we need to be open about having those conversations begin with, particularly with the k12 year years. Secretary devos, lauren, thank you very much. Thank you. [applause] most of us would think a Winston Churchill we think of the older man sending young men into war. But no one knew better, and few new as well, the realities of war, the devastation. And he said to his mother after his second work, the raw comes through, you cant give the he actually knew the disaster that war was. Sunday night on q a, historian Candace Velarde talks about the early military career of Winston Churchill in her book hero of the empire. And he says get me a regiment. I want to go and want to fight. So we can stop going with the regiment on the day that it fell to the british, and he takes over the prison and he frees and then within his fellow prisoners. He puts in to present his former jailers and he watches as the flag is torn down and the union jack is hoisted in its place. Sunday night at eight eastern on cspans q a. The reviews are in for cspans the cspans the president s book. Recently top the New York Times new and noteworthy column. With fathers day this weekend, cspans the president makes a great gift. Read about how noted president ial historians rank the best and worst chief executive. From George Washington to barack obama. Explore the life events that shaped our leaders, the challenges they faced and the legacies they left behind. Cspans the president s is now available as a hardcover ebook today at cspan. Org president s, or wherever books are sold. I look forward to running against him. Tuesday President Trump hold a rally in orlando, florida, officially launching his run or a second term watch live at 8 p. M. Eastern on cspan2, online at cspan. Org, or listen live on the free cspan radio app. Up next the House Intelligence Committee looks at some of the Lessons Learned from the Mueller Report with a focus on Russian Election in a fierce. We will hear from former fbi officials and a former assistant u. S. Attorney for the Southern District of new york. California congressman adam schiff chairs the committee. The committee will come to order. Without objection the chairs permitted to call recess at any time. In april of 2016 as u. S. President ial race was getting underway, an individual with links to the russian government reached out to the Trump Campaign to telegraph the kremlin preference for mr. Trump. A londonbased maltese professor told george papadopoulos, a member of trumps Foreign Policy team that he