Certainly worth 25,000. So how that will work in the future is a little unclear to me. Probably the best sort of reporting that ive seen on that recently is that its actually going to begin to control itself because our enrollment simply because the demographic population United States and the number of students who will be applying to college in the future because of the demographic sort of shift in the American Population, the numbers to the point of college is actually going to shrink and we will have a supply and demand problem in the cost of college is going to come down relative to the past and that may actually fix itself. I dont know if that is a full answer to the question but thats at least my sense what has happened. My name is david filson at northeastern. I guess i have a question somewhat similar. The truth about your thoughts as we see this modification to Higher Education commission from the common good to the private good and how its funded in all of that, whether we think is sort of those common literacies, weathers did the engagement or leadership are some of these other pieces, if those have evolved over time and whether we analyze what does our, if that would bring the common good perspective in the private good perspective together. I think about data and analytics and the ability to make decisions based on data or systems thinking or just kind of new perspectives that i dont know if have always been a part of the common good with this new for the industrial are going to be critical moving forward. Great question. In my study of this curricular history in Higher Education, one of the things that i found interesting is how much convergence there is. Ill give you a good example. So well go back to the early history of my Home Institution both in college of which there is this classical education being offered in the rationale for this it is going to foster sort of mental discipline and integrity and virtue and that is what is necessary in order to prepare us to his to go on to what were called the liberal professions at that point in time. There of course have been changes in the way we conceive of how that works over time and changes to the curriculum, but its not much of a stretch to imagine the college or the university today saying we have a curriculum in place for the purpose of fostering a certain thing that will serve students as they move into their professional careers. The same narrative we changed the composition of the curriculum and the institutional structures to meet that. So will Higher Education inc. These Innovative New search to development . Sure, as it has done over time and it will do that in a way that at times seems very. A good example of this would be Higher Education in the late 19th century when practicality, and the idea to park to go curriculum and orientation and Student Learning things they will need to know how to learn after they graduate is that conventional curriculum in the second half of the 19th century and what is the other thing created in Higher Education in the second half of the 19th century . The research university. How do those fit together. There are many ways in which they dont. But one of the sword of great capacities of Great American education is its actually able to take things that are seemingly in contradiction and to integrate them into a Single Institution that may have multiple missions in most missions may at times be in contradiction with one another, which is what takes me back to joseph, mickey and that these institutions exist for the purpose of advancing the common good and good and exist in order fill the liberal professions in the region. How does that work . That is in some ways the genius of american Higher Education. Thank you for a wonderful presentation. I enjoyed the eliminating historical event and the parallels to the 20th century were fascinated in particular. You can also see why that might have been the case. Fabulous wealth, inequality, but i dont think anybody foresaw as you said the first world war, Second World War crushing economic depression. While many of us know what distraction for higher ed, would you care to speculate on what the great levelers of forces for change may be on horizon that most people are not paying attention to . Let me get my crystal ball out here. Im actually chairing the working group at my college, thinking about liberal Arts Education 10 years out from now and one of our sub questions were trying to ask her what are the forces that are going to affect Higher Education that will lead to change 10 years from now . The number one item on my list in response to that question is inequality. I cant imagine how Higher Education will continue to grapple with the kinds of stratification that developing in the United States. It is important for us to keep in mind when we talk about socioeconomic stratification or inequality, one level we are talking about dollars and finances, but at such a deeper level we talk about the quality of peoples existed than the quality of their lives. We know that kind of inequality compels stratification at the k12 level. We note that leads to greater segregation in schools and these things have profound consequences for students education, the opportunity to learn and how that is going to relate to what happens at the Higher Education level at this point is anyones guess. So i certainly think inequity and inequality would be central to that. The reason that i put this site appear towards the end, if indeed we are in this moment of another transitional moment of transition in Higher Education and we are heading somewhere or something thats going to be created into reaction to what came before, what is that going to look like . I dont know what thats going to look like, but my hunch is it has something to do with the way colleges and universities are using information from the technology to make Higher Education more, quite frankly accessible, affordable, relevant how that will all shake out is not clear to me whatsoever in that it is encouraging occurring only on consternation that it is occurring with older establishment institutions and none of that in some ways its a surprise. That perfectly characterizes these moment that weve experienced historically in american Higher Education. So that we are sort of groping towards the future here is not surprising at all. What the future is going to see is anyones guess in the same way that the Higher Education reformers and we are really trying to break from a collegiate model and during the antebellum period were really trying to break from that to do something new and innovative and to propose Something Like an Agricultural College or teacher training schools were so completely different from what came before that error quite a few people and you can see this in the archival record, wondering what are you doing. If they come true this Agricultural Colleges and teacher training, if that vision comes true, you will destroy Higher Education in america. That is in the archival record. Of course we are those conversations coming today around this kind of movements. Just because things are well in the past. And it doesnt repeat itself all the time. We are going to destroy american Higher Education. It will be that apocalyptic. Other questions . I want us to just say a significant change in the last 50 years in the cohort and the addition of nontraditional populations who are returning at different ages. But the historical perspective, how we men mistake assuming Everyone Needs a ba and allowing the diversity they are towards the concept of an undergraduate degree with the necessary threshold to Enter Society successfully. Thats a great question. I should mention in the introduction i got my start as a High School Social studies teacher and so i spent about a decade teaching at the high school level, so i had the interesting experience of beginning my own career at the secondary level and working in higher ed and constantly been interested in the nature of the connections between the way that we often overlook the power of k12 reform to have implications or influences their effects on colleges and universities. So when i was in junior high school, we took woodshop, Vocational Education was woodshop and its a long story, but my mom and dad built their own home, but i had to take a course in woodshop to learn to make a shelf or Something Like that. And of course all the girls in the school took home that commits another conversation for another time. By the time they started teaching high school, Vocational Education was english, math, history. Vocational education, what has traditionally been declared college prep had become Vocational Education because the future invocations were going to require people have these abilities associated with reading, writing and that sort of thing. This is a long answer to that question, but theres a way in which the pipeline, the k12 pipeline has led in recent decades only in one direction to a college that offers a primarily academic experience. Was that a mistake . We couldve had a much more expansive view of what we meant by Higher Education. We couldve had a much more expansive view of what we meant by vocation. We couldve had a more informed view of what International Trade view of International Economy and that sort of thing. I dont know if it was a mistake. I can speak from my own personal experience fade color should a whole lot more for me than just prepare me for a job. There were a lot of things today that i am thankful for. But it is true we had a very narrow conception and that has led us to some challenges. As you examine the evolution of our University System in educational system, would you Say Something about the government structure for the beginning and how it has evolved in the definition of faculty and the idea of expertise. Sure. The government structure. The United States has a very interesting structure and Higher Education compared to the European Countries we borrowed our models from. Does make for an interesting history. So the models, the agricultural liberal arts colleges, Teacher Education schools, does we imported and then sort of changed up a little bit. The government structure has been very different week as for the most part our Higher Education institutions have had to support themselves over time. Even our Public Institutions in the early colleges and universities have had to do a lot to support themselves. And so, that actually led to a kind of hierarchy that looks very different from that kind of hierarchy that youll see in Higher Education institutions in europe. The idea of the board of trustees korean students and a president selected looks very different in the United States and even South Carolina is a great example where you have sort of numbers come a governing board that essentially came from the Political Class in the state. That looks very different from what weve seen elsewhere in the world. The story of the faculty of course is very interesting and i have a wonderful quote in the book from the late 1800s where theres a faculty member whose written in the scribners magazine, saying basically the role of the faculty member is a little bit like being a member of the crew on the ship. You know, i have this hierarchy above me, the administration and they basically call me to ask for input ones theyve already made the decision that they are going to enact. Which way is the boat going to steer . Ill ask you for your input after weve already started steering the ship. The sense of the faculty as a secondclass group came out of the hired hands would be a matter for a just came out of this. In the second half of the night teen century when Higher Education did become incorporated in the same way he wrote about the corporation of america. Higher education was a part of that incorporation and we see it happening in really interesting ways that the beginning of the 20th century the percentage of College President s coming from corporate ranks rather than ministerial manx changes dramatically. They do become more corporate institutions and as they do come in the faculty begin to really conceive of themselves at the service to and that creates an interesting tension in Higher Education. This is the moment in which the American Association of colleges and universities begins to form an faculty join professional associations that have sort of divided loyalties between their institutions in these professional associations and this is the moment the rest of Academic Freedom in the United States. The second half of the 19th century and early 20th century cases like the edward ross case of Stanford University in which faculty are beginning to assert themselves as a professional body and begin to demand certain rights and protections that Academic Freedom that all comes out of that. That afternoon. Going back to 1862 for a moment, and the reasons behind it, about two years later, almost two years exactly to the day, Congress Passed the disseminator landgrant act which is the first time the United States set aside land for a lot of the same reasons the more landgrant act was passed, the benefit of the people, society, things like that appeared in my mind those two things have been tied together and its been interesting having that perspective about where they got started here they both had to do with land and benefit of the people, but in a way that parks eventually became these laboratories for the folks who went to those colleges, things like that. Im curious through your research and the archival record, has been giving you any insights into that tenuous connection between the two in just the way that in a lot of ways as theyve grown becoming a Major Institution that affect our lives, does your research give you any insight into that . What are the interesting things about the moral act, one of the sword of his store will be then and we do a little digging. They encoded nonprior to the civil war. The Congress Passed it in the president vetoed it and it was dead. Many of the Southern States that eventually formed the confederacy said this is a violation of states rights. The federal government was overreaching by becoming by being involved in a states issue, education, whether k12 or Higher Education and they should stay out of that. The landgrant act as we sort of know it today was dead in the water. Why did eventually pass because the word became come in Southern States withdrew from the union will find the confederacy and now they want there to vote against it anymore in the past. Which i think is a telling event and that the passage of the act that wound up having profound ramifications for Higher Education in america really cant be understated was essentially a product of the political dynamic of the time and how things change at that time. I would say if theres anything that i sort that i sort of take for the study of that. In these major pieces of legislation, it is the importance of the political context in which those things arise and interested in actually are voted on in our written into law or not. Again, the landgrant act, the moral act in and of itself had a profound influence on Higher Education in america not only as you all know because their institutions were created but because previously existing institutions suddenly had an infusion of support that allowed them to do innovative things they wouldnt have otherwise done. Cornell university serving as a good example of a private institution that was a land grant recipient. Good afternoon for this discussion. Earlier today we heard in the context of middleclass republicans who are questioning the value of Higher Education and seemingly that has always been a base of support for Higher Education. Im wondering if in your research youve seen any difference in how certain classes of our society viewed Higher Education and is that a differentiator now . The mac for sure come or gone through these interesting areas where theres been a populist revolt. Good to be the rise of mechanics and find in the military. These old collegiate to be seen, a fairly crass example, that Andrew Jackson supporters at a part of the populist movement came to be seen as they were passing on advantages to this sort of privileged class and they werent actually benefiting america. That piece is crucial that it was not just that they were doing good for a certain segment of American Society and not everyone, but that they actually didnt have the capacity to promote the common good any longer and so you wound up with creation of a whole new set of institutions that came out of a populist movement, in reaction to that. So we have seen that many times. Another good example would be at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century when college becomes remarkably popular in the United States. This is the rise of the college man in the college women. Theres a whole fashion that becomes associated with being a college student. So although a remarkably small percentage of the American Population is going to college and they 800, there is this outside influence the colleges and universities are having in the american imagination in the popular sort of imagination and so we see that. So that has come and gone and ive been floating log of different ways. I would say this at least in terms of the present moment there are sort of two things that seem to be going on. One has to do with the perceived political orientation of the faculty at most colleges and universities in america and how these are bastions of liberalism and so it maybe would not be surprising that a survey of people who are identified as republicans might not have as positive a view of american Higher Education today than other folks. That seems to make sense to me. But there is another piece of that sort of questioning or antagonism towards Higher Education that is much more interesting and that is coming to these places actually do anything . What do they do for america . How do they contribute to the common good, the public good, how do they contribute to the nation and that is a pretty profound question to ask of Higher Education in the United States today and see that there is a percentage of americans as we go who are answering that question by saying maybe they dont contribute any real meaningful or profound way. Thats obviously a disturbing trend and i do think a lot of that has to do with two colleges, we speak this language all the time, do these places provide an education that is going to benefit my child, my son or daughter after they graduate in the workforce. Explain to me how majoring in english is going to do that. I think that is a question people are asking. The guy who works on my car asked it the other day and i give my answer, but thats just my answer. I think weve run out of time. Thank you. Thanks, everybody. [applause] [inaudible conversations] im not an expert on patriotism, but the effort of the book is to start a vocation and make sure people understand by definition there is a difference between patriotism and nationalism. Patriotism is a deep love of country, but being a patriot