Munoz, c. E. O. Of United Airlines. Mr. Munoz was a guest at the Bipartisan Policy Center where he talk about his leadership style and how united views his global role. He also talks about the heart attack he suffered shortly after starting with united. This is 45 minutes. Welcome, everyone to what i was just informed the 1th installment of our series on leadership. Some of you have been with us before and as youve seen from some of these sessions the meaning of leadership, but the sense that theres not enough of it is something thats wildly shared here in washington. And the ambition for this series is to call on leaders from national and local politics and business leaders, folks from the education and arts, advocates to try to understand what are the circumstances and characteristics that enable some people to overcome real differences. Its not that the history of this country was made of plastic cohesion. But weve always had people who have understood how to overcome those differences. And so to kind of reflect on this question about what does enable us to overcome the distinctions in any kind of free society, we are delighted today to be joined by oscar munoz. He was appointed in 2015. He is a true american success story. And well talk about that a little bit. But growing up with eight siblings in california. First member of his family to go to college. Hes had a number of rather remarkable leadership roles, rked at at t, cocacola, xepsico and president of the cx corporation which moves a lot of heavy stuff. But the focus of this discussion will be on oscars focus on people. As i prepared for this discussion, the consistency with which the descriptions of your leadership has been kind of just anchored in both your employees and your passengers as really kind of shonle through. And i think, you know, im particularly interested in a field that is neck know logically complex. Low gistically capricious to say it pleasantly. And scared flying. The fact that we dont get scared flying is remarkable. Weve taken whats right and wrong and jammed into these aluminum tubes. Its a pretty remarkable thick that we do. The fact that youve been able to at that moment to really change the culture of the company while achieving more than a 50 increase in stock price sounds pretty cool. And so were going try to explore that a little bit. I should disclose the introduction by acknowledging how pleased we are to be able to have this series in the honor of the Extraordinary Service about elizabeth dole. Bob dole is one of four founders. Again, these are not folks who go lightly anywhere they travel. But they are people who in their careers understood how to overcome real adversity, and how to build the kind of trust that is necessary to move the country forward. And so this is the oneyear anniversary. We launched this series by his 95th birthday. Its been a really great experience. And we are dedicated. I think were going to have our 12th event. Were going to have five female freshman members of congress to come share their experiences. Lets jump right in. Theres a cliche leadership about whether leaders are made or born. My conclusion to the answer is yes. But i guess my question is we f we had your eighth grade teacher here and we said so heres oscar of United Airlines would that person and they would say of course. Oscar whats the famous quote, im e sum of all the pars that i met . She would be honored. When did you start to find yourself in leadership roles . First if i could thank you very having me. The concept of bipartisan bridging the gap, communicating, conversing. Many points of view but have meaningful debate. And this course is just something that feels like weve lost and in a world thats become increasingly divided, i always choose o world thats united. Solid. Im done. [laughter] but your point on the fact that its even more of an honor is the fact that its the dole leadership series. All of us remember senator dole standing up with assistance at the funeral of mccain one of the most touching moments. Just encapsulates the world that used to be. We think that the members of congress are very good people with very bad incentives. Talking about leadership is hopefully part of that process. Reflecting on a life you know, over a friendly conversation is not a fair challenge. But, you know, did you think had there been some moments in your life when you look back and think about your philosophy leadership. Do you look back at any particular people or instances that have affected your approach . I would go back to the fact that you are who you are, a product of your environment. People that you met along the way, the people that you allowed to come into your life and insurance, certainly our parents, our loved ones. Increasingly in my world and has always been a cross of people that have been holed up and exemplary in my life. I had a grandmother i get emotional talking about her. She lived until 96 years old. Was a maid at a hotel for a long period of time. And worked well into her 80s with debilitating arthritis. Not a single ever a single bad word about anyone or anything. She went to work every day. And ive come up with this concept that says proof not promise. Its in her sort of giving sort recognizing her. But the fact that not only her coworkers showed up but management and even Senior Management from a different city showed up at her retirement just for me exemplified the fact what kind of person she was. And so you you aspire to be the same kind of person. Its those kind of things. I could tell you 20 other stories of people that have caught me along the way. My high school counselor, mrs. Duckworth who caught me in a hallway one day, not quite when class was out. And so i thought i was in trouble. And we had just taken the s. A. T. s, the preliminary s. A. T. s. She stopped to ask me where i was going to college. The concept of college and further education wasnt part of the conversation. So my answer was go to college. She helped me through the process that helped me to go to school. The environment and the the not the environment that i grew up with with my latino groups. It wasnt yet a prominent thing. One of my guiding missions in life is that i dont want to be the damn exception to everything. I want to be the expectation. We should have people of all colors and races and sex. We shouldnt question or wonder, like hey, why are you in position. Its always been another human being around me somewhere. So i give credit to them. I call that my duty to care. Just try to install people thasmss important to care for others. Of course, i work in a world where caring for you and our wonderful customers in this room is really, really meaningful to us. We are going to get there. You gave a long preamble. Thank you for joining us. I want to acknowledge senator dorgan and senator clickman. We got some keys in front. Youre hanging out by the bar. Crown and and is that stpwhill just a private guy. I could tell stories that he a time in my at life. Balanced support. But it was worth while. It was a wonderful experience. So before we go more into kind of the company. And theres a lot i want to talk to you about that . I mentioned its a little bit of a cliche. This is the American Dream story. This is story that we all imagined that this country is about. But the reality is that it really isnt so much. If you look at the recent data has been a lower point now than its been in generations. I think the sclanses of moving from chances of moving from the bomb fifth to the top fifth is about 7. 5 . Doesnt happen a lot. Productivities increased. Doubles since 1980. I want to talk to you as a as a c. E. O. Just in general. Not even just united. You indicated i got a good quote from the wonderful star staff. Principle. Or how are you helping people move up and is that an obligation . Complete and total obligation. Its so easy to in this day and age give that responsibility to others. Not my job. All of it is true. But its the a. M. Social views, full of soft cal kearns. We is it over in my world over 100,000 people that are worldwide. Our vision in life is to connect people to the things that matter most and then the second party is unite the world. And that comes from our 90 people. Its not a phrase i made up. And that gives me a lot of clarity and support and confidence about having to have an obligation to take very strong stance. You cannot find a more diverse leadership than you have at united. Theyre incredibly valued, high performing individuals, all chosen on merits an meritocracy rather than this rments you have to work harder because youre different. And so i did. And when i counseled folks whether its the latino or any diverse phase, i just said, you know the facts of life is we do have to work harder, plain and simple. And more and more people are getting into the position that look like me, standard c. E. O. I theyre beginning to see the value. And its making it work. The opably gation was to continue to use the word but more importantly against, look for this poof not promised. In charge of things that are meaningful. And you watch them grow. And then we have the kind of, you said 50 . I think were closer. It makes a difference when you have success. Principled a long the way. Theres a damn serious obligation. When i had the pleasure of talking to a lot of c. E. O. S. Shareholder vs. Steak holder. Y does the obligation to maximize profits or the community in the country . People basically said, look, im with you. But you know, wall street is an aggressive partner. And when you took over the company, i think one of the things that you were thinking about differently. Was executing the labor agreements which have been open ended for a wloifment let me talk about why that instinct. So just explain, the stakeholder position, i was wondering what you think about it. I thank you people mistake the emotion and the drive and purity around principles as being too touchy feeley and soft. Oscar wants to throw at you. We from day one, we have had a definitive structured plan of attack. And so youve got to have that plan that takes care of all your constituents not only youre community and customers. Sometimes not everyone understoods what youre doing. Because in this world theres no good deed that goes unpunished. Certainly. And so having the plan. In order to take care of your customers, you have to take care of those people first. Well, our team said, you know what, heres the problem in our company. Weve gone disengage. Therefore we need to regain the trust of our employees. One of them about regaining the trust. Disputes are of 1. 5 with our flight attendants. Who touches you more . Your flight attendant. We havent treated them like meaningful part of the family. So you have to fix those things. And yes, theres the cost to it. You fast forward. We have a better customer experience. We have better profitability were able to invest in things like sustainbility. Meaningful, mean for proof and how to accomplish that. Its not this nily willy plan. We laid out a plan last january about a group los angeles. Youre talking about wall street going crazy and theyre crazy. Were we put together a team. Wereer vet delad plant from months on ends. When we launched i, we had every expectation that its going to do do everything. Well get word. But you have to have this conviction about everything that youre doing with a fairly strong laid out plan. Its not just about hoping its going to well. We worked very hard to work for those things. Talk a little bit how youve seen the sweep of the company. It seems to me that the role and the expectation of c. E. O. Is changing quite dramatically. E expectation that you are a public figure, that you have videos on policy issues. As you have been in the last role in the last decade, is that a fair assertion. Do you feel like the public expectations different. Accountability. Theyve all increased heavilyly. You know, we all grew up in a different world. Because being a c. E. O. In the fondlies you look back at that time. I dont look at it. Just the new reality. Its an important one. I think think most of us who is it in our roles today. Its the right thing to do for weve developed as a social community here in the u. S. One of things that weve seen it. Public policy agents. Youre not just about air travel. I guess Peter Drucker said management is doing things rights. Leadership is doing the right things. You and delta took a pretty strong position after the parkland shootings, which everything about that was controversial. Why . What role did you have in that public policyish shew . So the facts behind it all are very simple. One of our pilots lost his daughter in that shooting. I mean, that puts a whole different aspect on anything. I flew down to miami to see them a few days afterward. We had our annual meeting the following week. And the stance we took is there was a big n. R. A. Conviction. And we were offering discounts. I think we felt this was not the property thing that it do. Ban together i was the first one on the modem to be able to ask the question. Were accusing them about police cal baez. I love a family member. Plain and simple. So it did become personal. The media picks it up saying munoz said it was a personal decision. It wasnt the full context of it. We have to do d right thing. We have the separation of children. Of the world allowsiswhat part for separation of children from their families . In fact, we went further and ended up flying people to reconnect people that have been separated. Those are the kind of things are important. If you look at the broad nature of our United Family and ask about these decisions, they are fully supportive. They gave me the confidence and they came up with this that says we unite the world. Lets talk about the world and an issue you have been focused on, environment and Climate Change. United made a commitment to 2050, emissions by 50 by which is a tough thing to do if youre fighting gravity. Being 4. 5 billion gallons of jet fuel year. Talk about your thinking. The airlines has not been a leading voice and climate debate. It just does not see a lot of options. Electric planes being unlikely in the near future. While you motivated to do that and how do you think about the ability to achieve papal commitment . A pretty bold commitment . A former Vice President who is very involved in sustainability, i heard him say these words. Different environmental issues. Do you believe Climate Change is real . There is much debate. Do you believe . Do you see the facts . If you do or dont, thats the first question. The second is can you do something about it . All of us can do something about it. The third question, will you do something about it . We faced that question as a United Family. Generally we felt the facts are increasingly more obvious that Climate Change is affecting different parts of the world. Can you do something about it . Be difficult,ill expensive, hard. Will you do something about it . This is who the United Family is. We will do something about it. Andtarted with straws developed the concept of biofuel. The largest investment in wastetoenergy manufacturers. More importantly, us leading the industry and the planet perspective, we have more traction. Delta has come out recently with a similar plan. We are working with the International Association of airlines. Just as we are beginning to do ist, this concept of esg beginning to rear its head. Its wonderful to be ahead of that with known focus, no lines in the sand. Its an important topic for us. We can only bury our heads in so long. We have to be mindful of 4. 5 billion gallons of jet fuel we burn every year. We have to do something and move forward. That is what we have been doing. You dont think the Green New Deal will be a giant boon for amtrak . No comment. We will turn to this question of people. Employees,000 or so under 60 million passengers. You made a strong point you thought the ecosystem of the Company Ethos of the company and the system was out of whack. The focus on safety happened to a protocoldriven culture and driven the humanity out of the process. Core fouup with these r, caring. This has been a central thesis. Talk about when you joined the company. What were you perceiving that had been lost and what you did to try to bring it back. Its a big operation. If you think about your next flight, you think about one thing. Is it going to leave on time and get where i want . Dont, until recently, think about safety because we expect that out of the great Regulatory Oversight we have with regards to that. Over time we run a big operation. We cant have anarchy and chaos. We have to have order in process. He cant jump up and go to the airport and go to whatever line and just get on the airplane anytime you want. Southwest tries to do that. [laughter] we dont have quite that luxury. We need policies and procedures to ensure, again, your safety and security. Once we have taken care of the issues of your safety and security, we have to learn to put the customer at the center of things we do. How do you feel about flying . How to we take into account the things you want to do . You want to fly with a sixfoot peacock but the answer is no. Soma did bring in emotional support peacock on your flight. We stop to that well ahead of the gate. Im told someone brought in emotional support dog for their emotional support monkey. Its only unclear if it was for the monkey for the dog or vice versa. You cant make this up. You think about the logistical things that have to happen to put a flight in the air, we have a lot of rules. If you sit outside and watch the gate and the plane is being boarded, you will hear people come up with hey, can i sit next to my friend . Can i bring this 30pound bag . The answer is and has to be to a degree no. Not because we dont want you to but because somebody is already sitting next to your friend. If we move you theyre all these practical things. Over the course of time we lost that caring feeling. Anddo we tell people no explained to them and and in impactful, personal way, and create an environment we dont where we dont always have to say no . The interaction you have with us and with another human being, and how they treat you, react to your question, how they answer your question is a really important part. That comes from the core. Giving our folks this cour four principles of always say first, dependable and efficient which you would excite the company to say. The second most important thing is caring. When you see a mother of three running down the terminal to make a connection and it is the last flight of the day, and our rules and my procedures says it is 5 30 and the gates are closed and she is close by but i will get in trouble if i dont close it at 5 30, that is when care comes in. I am a mother of two or whatever, i will wait. That that has been in a culture that has been so fixated on rules and procedures. A constant affirmation and education next when nation of what it is. We have become so entrenched that people wanted to kno how many minutes can i care for . Is it two minutes, six minutes . That bread another thing called connections matter. We build technology, big data ai kind of thing. We know where the aircraft are going. We know how long a plane can delay and still make the connections. Plane of 160 people, most are on board. The family of three is a small number. Lets let the masses get to its point in time. But if we have room, lets wait for the plane. That hurts us because our ontime metrics will decline. You will read Airline Service degrades. We have been doing it into cities and we have saved 25,000 connections. That may not be a lot in the world, but if youre one of those 25,000 people, you cam a lot. It made you feel good. Somebody was waiting for me. We are averaging 4. 5 in his delays, but minute were always there on time. It helps you as a customer and thats right thing to do. We have to educate the world that the metric alone does not tell the whole story because connections do matter. I have a seared memory of seeing the door close with two kids and two strollers. It was not a united flight. We have not flown on them sense. Was on a flight last week from denver to d. C. With my 13yearold and 11yearold. She generously shared her ear uds so he could listen to the same video. He dropped it in the envision no invisible gap between seats. We dont keep what we find. Its creating a generational fissure between my children. One of your flight attendants saw this happen and she took the seat apart and managed to do it in a way that my daughter was not humiliated. It was remarkable in my children still love each other. [laughter] he told me the story. s decision attendant to assist in that manner did not come from a digital tool, and investment or a class we sent them to. That came from a pure, unadulterated personal desire to care for someone else. Allowing people to care for others is the meaningful part of our core four. Its a meaningful thing and its exciting to see and hear those stories. Youd be amazed how many heroic stories my friends here all the time. We are trying to publicize how important the industry is and how much good we do for so many people. That story times 1000 every day it happens. We dont hear about any of those things. Hear about whatever it is. I clicked the four stars. We will open up to questions in a minute. This is the kind of question on leadership in crisis. You get asked this a lot. You had a heart attack shortly after becoming the ceo. As the story goes, you had to have a heart transplant. You said i will be out for a few hours. He went in and had a heart transplant. Huge ithis is a dont mean to make light of its, but im interested in relating back to imagination of leadership. One of the notions of leadership is presumption. A lot of politicians and ceos like to create this aura of being above it all. Mortality was put in front of you in a dramatic way. Has that affected your leadership, your approach to your job . , there is in my case a fact when you go through Something Like that, but im pretty much the same person i was before. The sum of all parts we talked about at the opening continues to drive me. Understand note just mortality but the example notn of invincibility. Whats a good word for it . Obstacles, alle going to face issues. Some being deathdefying and disastrous in our life goes topsyturvy. The right level of support from family and loved ones, the right mindset about these things. This health crisis, i never once thought anything bad was going to happen to me. Thats not the ceo invents ability. That comes from a lot of peoples hearts and minds. My family was amazing. I was only on the job for 37 days before i got stricken with a pretty massive heart attack that would have killed most people. The level of support from the United Family was immense. 37 days. The amount of mail and gifts and flowers that came in from that community. My children opened bags of mail and read it in the morning to me. Wase thats coming back never a question, but it helps me help other people. I go to a lot of hospitals and speak to a lot of patients. Its important for them to see someone. Your life does not have to be narrowed down just because you have a transplant. Its an amazing process. The psa i always give to folks is really simple. Many are so many, many, symptoms of heart attacks. The difference between men and women are immense. Got i used to run marathons and triathlons. I was a vegan when i got mine. I dont recommend any of those things. [laughter] my mates it was a cardiologist who says some of the youngest in fittest people have symptoms they never managed. If you ever feel anything weird or strange, immediately call for help or assistance. That makes it obvious. He said something that was stuck with me. If you call 911, give me daily tell them where you are. That makes sense because you may not make it past the phone call. I remember exactly where we were when he said it. This was two years before by event. One morning in chicago, by myself in my apartment i worked out and i felt something weird. My legs gave out. His words came rushing back to me. Call 911 and tell them where you are. Im on the 50th floor of a highrise in a big city. Most of the deaths occur when people say i will jump in the shower and feel better or they down. I told this story so many times. I tell it because literally thousands of notes have come back from people that heard this story and responded. I told that to my dad, my brother. Ate had people stop me airports in tears telling me how meaningful that was and it helped me make the decision to call 911. It must give you some if you bringn back tomato juice were not. You have thought about airlines a little bit. Something is leaking over here. Let us know who you are. Danny lichtman. They complement any question. There is no question your service has materially improved in the last couple of years. That is not just because i wont make Global Services renewed. In truth there is a remarkable difference in how people are treated on an airline. All the carriers. I fly united more than anything else. I would like you to comment on the 737 max 8 and how you as an airline responded to that when you are so reliant on getting these new airplanes and that they were certified by the faa, and how you have dealt with that particular crisis. It has probably been the most serious crisis affecting the Airline Industry in many years. This is where things like the four and flightsafety in particular. There is no disagreement on how important that is. Any airline, certainly in the united states, its immediately dealt with. Once we had the decision process was we have facts and data that support the ground. Thats important because to return an aircraft to flight you have to use the same facts and data. There was a lot of emotional issues around the world. I think the faa did the right thing. Bestthe base Safety Record in the world with the faa. They were doing their analysis. Once we learned the right facts and data, we had that airplane grounded in five minutes. That is how we dealt with it. It is like the aircraft will a flight at the right time at the right level of support from not just the u. S. , the u. S. Airlines but around the world so everybody feels comfortable. Its important for people to feel comfortable. Yes, we take a hit. Remember profitable and principled. There is no bigger principal than you would have us have than personal safety. [indiscernible] issue thatipartisan started with obama and goes on with President Trump now regarding airlines complying with the u. S. I flew to jfk on emirates. Qatar emirates has a controlling stake in air italy. How big of a problem is that for you . Do you think we should get rid of our forward ownership barriers and allow crossborder mergers . My people are like dont go there. [laughter] debate with the qatari in the emirates having chronicled well have been chronicled well. We dont mind the competitive playing field. When it is so and even with subsidies, that is what we have in working with. The number was 50 billion over a decade. People disagree with the number. Cut it in half. Its still a hell of an amount of subsidization. There is a reason no u. S. Carriers fly to golf carriers. Its impossible from a financial perspective. Will continue to have those conversations. Them andd flying surrogates, we think that is cheating. We have been very prominent in those debates and conversations. That conversation will happen again. The qatari government had a dinner last night. We did not get an invite to that dinner. With regards to the broader issue of ownership, thats an issue for governments to deal with. We have our views certainly. Fair and balanced competition and open access is something we all support. Hello. My name is maria. Sorry for my accent. I would like to thank you for the amazing conversation. As you come from a company that i love im working at the Cocacola Company for 23 years. You work now when a company that i also love because it brings me to my country directly. I have to jump when i go to spain but now i can go next week with united. What did you learn from cocacola to bring it to the airlines . Thank you. Thats a great one thing i is theafter i left coke direct consumer branding capability. What i envisioned for our united and the more difficult issue is the emotion. You see her smile. When you think of cocacola, we get warm and gushy about it. We remember coke and a smile and those things. Thats the kind of feeling we want to bring to your flying experience. How important are consumer is, how our brand is. We did not become the family skies overnight. We arent that over the last couple of decades. To live up to that, thats the standard, thats the drive we have been working to regain. Thank you. One or two more questions. I will ask one on behalf of congressman crowley. Nexgenstion of technology. The partnership between the government and the private sector. I know it is probably apocryphal but the assertion there is more navigational capacity on my iphone than some air names, probably a little bit of an exaggeration. How can we not figure this one out . What is it going to take to bring modern navigational capacity to the air Traffic Control system . Everybody faces this dilemma about how we move things forward that have meaningful improvement and meaningful advancement to our way of life. Air Traffic Control in our world is so outdated and so obsolete to some degrees. It is still safe but we have to slow everything down. We talk about sustainability. The big manufacturers are building aircraft that are the equivalent of ferraris, but the air Traffic Control makes them run on gravel roads. You take away all the joy. Fuel savings in fuel efficiency, you have to slow them down and you burn all that fuel. I think what happens, and this is partly a solution. It became politicized. We started using the word five is asian. Privatization. It aligns itself with 65 countries that use it. We are behind the 65 other countries. The word is privatization. We tried so hard to fight to say that should not be the word. The objective should be modernization. That is what we are trying to accomplish. How best to we accomplish that as a nation . We are supported on both sides of the aisle and that is where he failed. It became too politicized. It was a debacle when it went across party lines. I said to certain leaders, great, you one. Won. We still have a problem. Thats on our to do list as well. Its your show, i forgot. Michelle . Run the Infrastructure Project here. Thank you for your comments about publicprivate partnerships. We have been waging that battle for a couple of years. More specific to the d. C. Area, we are getting a metro out to the dulles airport. You guys are doing a lot at the airport and it is it a northeast hub or midatlantic hub. Can you tell us about what you doing it dulles . Tel aviv. Traffic that flows into here. A lot of local communities can flow into that hub and fly internationally. Its improving to the point where its one of our most profitable hubs. We have grown 7 or 8 the last couple of years. We are doing what you need us to do. Give me places to go and aircraft i want to fly. Our business is simple. Unfortunately the aircraft is very expensive. We want to fly to many places immediately. Andwill see more of that tel aviv is a perfect example of a flight that matters to a lot of people in this community. The infrastructure at the is not up to par. Mature, certainly, or nonexistent. All of us know what dulles is about. They are trying to do a nice job but we have a train that goes nowhere. We have the same rental facilities from 20 years ago. We never connected them to anything. That requires a lot of money. A lot of money that is local. Infrastructure is a big thing for our country. We have the broader debate about infrastructure for our country. Our roads and bridges. Purport that is the thing we have to fix. We have to fix all infrastructure. It comes back to publicprivate partnerships to accomplish modernization. When was the last time we fixed the highway system . There is so much stuff for us to do. We have great capability. Somehow, again, we have become divided. I will end where i started and we choose a world that is united. Thats a great way to close us out. In a true demonstration of servant leadership, they will not give the door open for him. I want to thank you for sharing your thoughts. It resonates with all of our experience and it says a lot about how we want to make this country work better. I appreciate it. Thank you. [applause] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2019] [crowd talking] washington journal live everyday with news and policy issues that impact you. Coming up this morning, Board Members of the one country project, including heidi talking and jd shelton about their campaign to reinvigorate the democratic partys relationship with rural issues and voters. Ohio republican congressman bill johnson will discuss the debate over federal spending and efforts to avoid another government shutdown. Emily martin of the National Womens law center will join us. She will talk about efforts to close the gender pay gap. Watch cspans washington journal live at 7 00 eastern this morning. Joined the discussion. Join the discussion. Live wednesday on the cspan networks, the u. S. House begins work on the 2020 Defense Authorization bill. Thats at 10 00 a. M. Eastern on cspan. The u. S. N cspan2, Senate Continues work on judicial and executive nominations. The house, at 10 00, Financial ServicesCommittee Hears from Federal Reserve chair Jerome Powell on monetary policy. Examining the conditions of Migrant Children and facilities near the u. S. Mexico border. Next, lawyers and legal scholars review the supreme courts just completed term, including decisions on the senses Citizenship Question census Citizenship Question, gerrymandering, and the death penalty. This is an hour and 25 minutes